 A wide range of vanadium oxides have been obtained via the hydrothermal treatment of aqueous V, V, solutions. They exhibit a large variety of nanostructures ranging from molecular clusters to 1D and 2D layered compounds. Nanotubes are obtained via a self-rolling process while amazing morphologies such as nanospheres, nanoflowers, and even nano-urchins are formed via the self-assembling of nanoparticles. This paper provides some correlation between the molecular structure of precursors in the solution and the nanostructure of the solid phases obtained by hydrothermal treatment. This article was authored by Jacques Livage.