 Yeah, thank you also for inviting me to give this presentation here as part of the links webinar series on large-scale research facility. I'm very pleased that I can introduce you to the Neutron Scattering and Imaging Activities at the Swiss Spellation Source SYNCQ. I will give you an overview of our facility, talk a little bit about the instruments and also discuss some recent highlights that illustrate the capabilities of our instrumentation. Okay, so the Paul Scharer Institute is in Switzerland. It's in this location here. It's close to Zurich. It's about 40 minutes by car from Zurich. So it's in a sort of hilly area north of the Swiss Alps. It takes about 60 to 90 minutes by public transport from Zurich Airport, so it's very accessible. It's also a very historical area. So five, six kilometers from here is the town of, used to be the town of Indonesia, where the Romans had a big camp defending the northern flank towards the Germanic tribes. And a little bit to the west, about 10 kilometers from here is the town of Habsburg, where there is still the Habsburg Castle from where the famous Habsburg dynasty emerged many, many centuries ago. So here is an overview of our institute with, you know, you see the mountains in the back that's maybe 100 to 150 kilometers away, the mountains on the horizon here. In the front, you see an overview of the Paul Scharer Institute. It's separated by one of the largest rivers in Switzerland. It's called the Are, about 10 kilometers before it will join the Rhine further downstream. So here that's the eastern part here and that's the western part. And you see the biggest facilities that we have at the Paul Scharer Institute also already on this bird side view. Here on the western side, we have a muon facility, a user facility, then we have SYNQ that I'm going to mostly talk about today. Then we have a synchrotron, the Swiss light source. And the recent addition is a free electron laser Swiss valve that is here on the eastern side in the woods next to the river here. So I should say that all these facilities are run as user facilities. So we operate them, we maintain them, we develop them, and we make them available through peer review processes for users from academia and also industry can use our facilities against payment. So who is the institute named after? It's named after Paul Scharer, not surprisingly. He was a Swiss physicist, he studied physics and mathematics at EDH Zurich afterwards in Königsberg and in Göttingen. He was a professor at EDH in Zurich from 1920 onwards, the director of the physics institute there from 1927 onwards. And he was famous for the clarity of his lectures. Initially he worked on x-rays scattering on crystals, liquid and gases, and the Dubai Scharer rings that most of you may know are partly named after him. Then later on, as it was often the case at the time, he changed field, he worked in nuclear physics, he became the president of the Swiss study commission on atomic energy, and he was also involved in the foundation of CERN. So he was quite an important physicist in the first part of the 20th century in Switzerland. So there are some numbers that you get a feeling for how big we are and how we organize. So we have an overall staff number of 2100, of which 1400 are our finance power internal study funds, so to speak. Then we have 320 PhD students, 100 technical students. We have many users that visit us every year, almost 5000 users, pre-pandemic of course. We publish about 1400 papers a year, and we also operate partly as a hospital. We have almost 6000 patient visits per year that come to the PSI to get treated. I will talk about this briefly later on. In terms of research, here on the right hand side you see a distribution of the main research areas. So the largest area is materials research, it's more than a third. Then life sciences, that's about a quarter of the research activities at PSI. Then we have energy environment, 20%, nuclear energy and safety, 13%, particle physics, 8%. So here are some examples of what kind of research we do on the left hand side. There's the example of the development of new materials for batteries. So we're also studying such batteries in situ. Then on the top you see the study of a particle filter. We are using neutron tomography, one can study where the suit ends up in the filter. Then on the right hand side you see a transmission electron microscope picture, also showing where the suit is. Here on the bottom you see an example of our activities in the area of human health. It's a study of the magnetic release of a medical agent that is encapsulated in a double walled lipid membrane. So in the area of energy and environment, here are some other examples. So some people at PSI also study the efficient use of alternative energy, such as the use of manure, algae or wastewood as energy carriers and also for energy storage. Then there is one big division that focuses on the security of nuclear power plants and geological repositories. And another division studies the climate. It analyzes climate data and studies the environmental pollution. And here you see a picture of an outstation of the PSI. It's located at Jungfrau Joch. It's a very touristic spot. I think it's also called the top of Europe. There's a little train that goes up. It was built almost 100 years ago for the tourists and from which one sees the biggest glacier, the Alach glacier. So that's the biggest glacier in the Alps. Look in the area of human health. So we cover a wide spectrum on one hand. PSI studies the structure and the functionality of proteins. Then we develop radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostics for diagnosing tumors, for example. And we also use protons to treat people, patients with tumors. And that's where almost 6,000 patient visits come from. So people come here to be treated with proton therapy. So the proton beam is directed towards the area within the body of a patient where the tumor is located. And with the energy and with the spot size, one can exactly map out the tumor inside the body without destroying as much tissue as would be the case with X-ray therapy. So another important area at PSI is particle physics. And they also operate a user facility that is called CRISPs. It stands for Swiss research infrastructure for particle physics. And here are some three highlights of their research. So for example, they study or search for charged leptone flavor violations. And they have basically the best number for excluding the kind of processes are present. Then they study the radii of proton, the trutron and helium, three and four atoms using laser spectroscopy of light in muomic atoms. And that is quite an important result. Then these results came out over the last 10 years and basically they showed that the proton radius is slightly different from what was believed before these studies. And the third area here is research that is done with a second neutron source that we have here. At PSI, I'm not going to talk about that a lot. It's a very ultra cold neutron source. It's used for particle physics only. And the research that is done there is to search for time reversal and CP violations by measuring the permanent neutron electric dipole moment. Okay, so here is an overview of the large user facilities for materials research that we have at PSI. So we're very lucky to have four of such facilities at a single site. It's unique worldwide to have a muon, a neutron, a synchrotron and a free electron laser source. And with these four facilities, we mostly study materials. Here's a picture now of our neutron facility that I'm going to focus on now. Here's a picture of the guide hall, I think taken around 2014-15. So before the upgrade that I'm going to talk about later. And the picture was taken from this spot here and basically overlooks many of our, or basically all the instruments in our neutron guide hall. So you see it's a very nice space to work. There's a lot of light. It's easily accessible also from the outside. And as you see here, we also have many young people that work here and that makes the place very lively. So we have about 20 instruments as you can see down here, 15 of which are usually in the user service. And then we have an additional five instruments that serve for testing purposes or are of purely industrial interest. We should also mention that we have special programs if someone wants to come and do a postdoc with us. We have so-called PSI fellows that can come to PSI and that have more freedom than typical postdocs usually have. And we have a next deadline for such applications in September 2022. So one and a half years from now. Okay. So thank you. The neutron source, it's an international user facility. It's nationally operated, but the user base is essentially international. And it can be accessed through a peer-reviewed access system. We have a science advisory committee that advises the management on how to operate the source and also selects the proposals. We have typically two calls per year. The next call will probably be November 15th. We just had a call last week. And in addition, we have institutional collaborations with the LLB in Sakle and with the Institute for Energy in Norway where they invest money here and in return get access time. And there will be additional beam time calls that are synchronized with ours for French and Norwegian users. So access for industry is also possible against payment. So where we stand out is that we have a high quality sample environment support. And I think we are very PhD student friendly with a few in-house beam lines where people can really get hands-on experience with neutron scattering. And in addition, we have an in-house engineering unit with workshops and the support that makes experiments often feasible that are not possible in other places. So we underwent a major guide upgrade in the last two years that gives more flux and increase the performance of some instruments going to talk more about that in a bit. Okay, I was asked to also say something about our operation during the pandemic. So many users were not able to come to PSI, are still not able to come to PSI. That makes it rather difficult at the moment it's not possible to perform the experiments completely remotely. Instruments are not optimized well enough and often one does an experiment was as the loader sample was to change samples and all of these things make it that it's not really possible to completely operate these instruments and perform experiments remotely. However, what we do is that we perform the experiments, some experiments, they proved experiments that qualify for the users. So the users would send us the sample, they would discuss in advance in detail what kind of measurements the users want to do. And then the instrument contact that's of course have a very heavy burden on them and then perform the experiment in close contact with the users who are at their home institute. So medium and long term we hope that all the users will come back. And then we can welcome here again. It's very important for a user facility such as ours that we can interact with users that we can talk to them about the recent developments and science, and they can also, in return, learn about our new capabilities of our communication. And I think it's an important ingredient also for the success of an experiment that one has a daily very close interaction during an experiment. So here's some statistics about the use of SYNQ. So a little more than 50% of the time is used by Swiss users. And then we have 12% German users, I think the, it's about one third of the users come from Europe outside Switzerland. And then we have 10% of the users that come from East Asian countries, and, and then a few percent of the users come from from the remaining world. So the research that is done at SYNQ is very heavily focused on hard matter, about 50% of all the research that is done is in hard matter that's sort of historical reasons, only 10% at the moment is in soft matter. Currently, we're trying to change this. We reorganize the lab to reflect the importance of soft matter. And we now have a soft matter group by grouping the people who are from that kind of issues, and also by hiring new staff, and by having a close collaboration now with the LLB in Sakle. So we hope that this number here increases in the coming years. Then 5% of the research is done in the area of energy and environment. Five additional percent in engineering can apply to research. And in the remaining research areas and about a quarter of the time is used to develop our instrumentation, improve it, maintain it, and also to organize practicals for students. So down here you see how the number of users has developed over the years. And in red, that's the number of individual users that we welcomed every year is about 500. That's pretty stable here apart from this year where the facility only ran half of the time, half the length that it usually runs. And of course in 2020, we had a very low number because of the pandemic. I mentioned it briefly in the slide before, we organized university practicals also. Here is a practical that we organized a few years ago. We do this for a number of universities, Swiss universities, ETH, EPFL, University of Basel, also University of Zurich in the future, and also for some foreign universities like the Niels Bohr Institute and the technical University of Denmark. And we've done, we've organized one also for sweetness a few years ago. Of increasing importance is the use, industrial use of SYNQ. Here on the right hand side on top you see the number of projects, industrial projects that we were able to acquire throughout the years. And you see basically that the three year average points clearly upwards. So we have at least a doubling of industrial projects over the last seven, eight years. We still, we think there's still a huge potential in that area. For some projects, the use of neutrons is absolutely essential. For example, we have one project with Dassault aviation that provides pyrotechnical components for the Ariane 5 and Vega rockets. They rely on neutrons to check whether their pyroelectric elements are according to specification. Not only after these studies are done, these elements can be installed at the rockets and the launch can be prepared. So we would like to increase industrial use further. And two years ago, we founded a public-private partnership for the use of PSI large facilities by industry. It's called ONUXUM stands for analytics with neutrons and X-rays for advanced manufacturing. Here is the website if you're curious. We also now have an English version of this website if you're curious to look around. So in terms of numbers here, for example, in 2020 where we only ran for half the year, we had about 15% of the beam time on the instruments that have industrial uses, the imaging beam lines or one of the reflectometers. We had about 15% of the time that was used for industrial use. Okay, taking a step back, how do we get the neutrons? So we have a proton accelerator and this proton accelerator accelerates the protons to very high energies. We have done this through several stages. We have a Cockcroft-Walton accelerator here that accelerates the protons to 72 mega-electron volt, then an injector, sort of a pre-accelerator that accelerates the protons to 272 mega-electron volts and then finally to 72 mega-electron volts and then finally the main cyclotron here where the protons are accelerated to 590 mega-electron volts. This proton beam is then directed in this direction here. Here are two targets where muons mostly are produced for particle physics and materials research and the remaining of the beam that's about 70% is then directed here onto the SYNCU target. So it's about one megawatt of protons that hit the SYNCU target at that stage. The ring cyclotron is quite old. It was built almost 50 years ago in 1972. It's called HIPAA now with all the other accelerators. And here you see a picture of 1972 with the eight magnets here and the four RF components that accelerate the protons. So initially, the ring cyclotron was built for a power of 50 to 100 kilowatt, so much less than it's operated at now. And here's a picture of 2010. So essentially looks very similar still. But we have now many more people that work at the cyclotron and here you see what is the case. So the cyclotron was operated between 15 to 100 kilowatts for about 10 years up to 1990. And then because SYNCU was planned, the power of the cyclotron was then ramped up a factor of 10. And in 1997, SYNCU was then able to go into operation with the power of about one megawatt. Here's the SYNCU target station. So the proton beam is directed from below onto the target. It's the heavy metal target here. So we have a large cooling unit that has to cool one megawatt of power that is deposited here. And here you also see then how the SYNCU target station is built up. So here's the target. Here we have beam ports. Here we have a cold source where the neutrons are moderated and then taken out through these guides towards the cold neutron instruments. It's a top view. So here's the target. Then we have heavy water in here. We have light water as a reflector so that the neutrons get moderated, can spend some time in here to lose the energy. They have a very high energy when they get produced because they're produced by the exploration process. So at that stage some of these neutrons have mega-electron energies and what we need are neutrons that are at melee electron energy. So that's many orders of magnitude lower in energy. And to achieve that we basically moderate them in a bath of heavy water first and then in the cold source in a bath of cold deuterium. So we have two water scatterers for thermal instruments that are located in these directions here and we have a cold source from which these instruments along this direction are being served with neutrons. So here now you see the overview with all these instruments. So the target is here. So these are the instruments that see thermal neutrons in the east and west directions and in the north and south directions these instruments see cold neutrons. So the spectrum of the disinstrument sees so for the thermal instruments there's basically a maximum distribution of energies that peaks roughly at 1.5 angstroms or 30 melee electron volt. And for the cold instruments it's about 4 angstroms and 5 melee electron volts. So the neutron guides at SYNCUE have been quite old. They were installed in 1993-94. SYNCUE was the first neutron source that used super mirror guides to guide the neutrons towards the instruments. That was very crucial because that allowed to increase the flux. So basically save as much phase space of the neutrons and deliver that to the neutron scattering instruments. So the super mirrors that were installed at the time were of nickel titanium type. They were all made of the PSI 72 by layers. They were very relatively simple but state of the art at the time and had rectangular shapes of 35 to 120 millimeters. In the last 30 years however there has been a lot of development and so these M equal to 2 super mirrors that were state of the art back in 1993 are now greatly surpassed by M equal to 4, 5 or even 6 super mirrors. And that allows to transport much larger phase space to those instruments that can use that kind of beam. In addition there are also completely novel guide systems developed since the mid-90s. Here's one example of an elliptical guide. Here's a test that we did together with I think Swiss Neutronics at the time of an elliptical guide. And that basically has the advantage that fewer reflections are needed, ideally only one to transport the neutron from the source to the sample. And that basically allows that the flux that can be transported to the sample position is higher for such a complex guide system. So all this motivated us to think about an upgrade of SYNC in particular the guide system. And the motivation finally, the scientific motivation was as follows. So these days many people want to study small samples of the size of one millimeter cube. Often these samples are inside complex sample environments. So the reduction of unwanted scattering is important near the sample position. Then the use of novel beam optics offers new possibilities to focus on small spots, for example, or to avoid the scattering of neutrons at sample environment. Then we also put some effort in reducing the fast neutron background that comes directly from the source. And at the same time, we wanted to build or rebuild three instruments and operate them. And so with this, I think our facility is going to be in a position to play an important role in the current research landscape for the next 10 years or more. So with a relatively limited budget of 20 million Swiss francs, I think it's about 15 million euros, 15.5 million euros at the moment. So compared to, you know, the budgets for instruments that at ESS, for example, was a relatively modest budget to upgrade an entire facility. And here are some impressions of the Zincu upgrade. So it was executed in 2019, but we didn't have any neutron beam. And in the first half of 2020, you see here that we removed all the neutron guides in the neutron guide hall. This is the neutron bunker here that is usually closed. And here is the area where we have the neutron guides usually and the neutron instruments and you see the neutron guides were removed, all the instruments were removed. And at the same time, we were upgrading some of the instruments. So it was a very tight schedule, but nevertheless, we were able to remain almost on time. We had two months delayed due to the pandemic and we're able to go back into operation in July 2020. And we're able to offer neutrons to our user community from September 2020 onwards. So for four months. We then, as we do every year, we have a shutdown in January, February and March. And we're now back into operation for more than a month now and have users, if they can come back on site or we perform experiments for them. So here is the flux upgrade that we were able to achieve. So we had some instruments. So first I should say there was a flux increase in all instruments in the guide hall, at least the factor of nearly two. Those instruments that obtained complex neutron guides, novel guides, they have a much higher gain factor. For example, Amor that can profit from a focusing guide over 30 meters. And also, Kamiya has an increase of the factor of six because it has an elliptic guide that focuses the beam or will focus the beam then on a focusing monochromity. Yeah, so in addition, we're building now sounds and be at this position here. There was a different instruments before. And because we are increasing the diversion slightly we're using an M equal to two guide here for the science instrument that may be useful for some experiments. We're also able to increase the flux by a factor of nine for this instrument compared to the flux of the old sounds sounds to instrument that sounds LB is replacing. Okay, so here's an the map now of the Sincu instrumentation after the upgrade. And basically for diffraction have a single crystal diffractometer thermal with a powder diffractometer HRBT and we have a cold neutron diffractometer that can serve both as a single crystal and powder diffractometer. For the neutron spectroscopy we have Kamiya. We have a triple axis spectromotor TOSP and with a thermal triple axis spectrometer like TOSP is cold. Small angle scattering there we have two sounds machines and a reflector that imaging we have. We have an icon and boa that can use to about 50% for the users service, and we also have a thermal engineering diffractometer. So mentioned before we are very strong in sample environment at low temperature cryogenic sample environment. We have a whole range of of cryostats magnets, we have three horizontal magnets for vertical magnets we have several dilution fridges. And basically that reflects the importance of heart matter at at Sincu. So as part of the reorganization of the lab and and with an increased focus on soft matter. We have now also started a number of projects where we try to improve the sample environment for a soft matter. For example, rheometers, humidity chambers, solid liquid cells for reflectometry, etc. Okay, so now here a few words about some of these new instrument concepts. So one thing that we finished already before the upgrade, but whose full potential we can only take advantage of now after the guide was also upgraded. It's coming up the new concept where the scattered neutrons are analyzed for their energy in a wide range of scattering angles, 60 degrees and for six different or eight different energies. And that basically makes it possible to measure much more efficiently than that was possible for a triple axis where one had to measure every such point individually. So we hope that through this concept here, our neutrons spectroscopy measurement will be much faster than another highlight in terms of instrumentation and that was something that was invented. Here at SYNCU is the new reflectometer or more that basically allows to combine angle dispersive and energy dispersive measurements because of the use of a of a focusing optics that has a must have a very high accuracy that allows to direct the beam on a very small area. So this distance here is about 30 meters here and it's possible to or the goal at least was to to focus the beam onto about one millimeter or two, three millimeters cross section. You see here, that's the picture of that of that neutron optics. One segment of those 30 meters. Here you see the demonstration that indeed one can focus the beam and we can basically map the source that is one times three millimeters squared onto a spot of equal size after these 30 years, 30 meters. Quite impressive and then after the two meters after the focal point you see now that the beam is now larger again. Here are some test measurements. I think that's a measurement of a nickel titanium super mirror. And this was before the neutron upgrade neutron guide upgrade and in in gray and in red that's after the neutron guide upgrade you see. This, this is a measurement that was done 10 times faster here in red. You see you get better data in 10 times less measuring time. So this is a technique that works very well for specular reflection does not work for measurements that require the measurement of specular reflectometry. So here is something that we're still building up. We will commission this later this year in October. It's basically the complete rebuild of the DMC instrument will get a new sample table that is completely non magnetic and a large detector that covers 132 in angle and vertically 15 degrees total so seven point five degrees up and down. And so here, this instrument will be excellent to study magnetic structures, powders, but also single crystals so one can easily map them order parameters one can look for order parameters. If one doesn't know where they occur in reciprocal space. And finally, one other big project is the replacement of sounds to with the sounds and be. So that's an instrument instrument that was relatively new spilled up at the LLB because of their shutdown. We were able to to get that instrument. So it's a modern long sounds instrument 20 meter tank. So we have on that instrument, higher neutron flux now of at least six to seven times higher thing the other slide at nine. Not sure. It's somewhere in between probably. And so we, we hope that we can go into user operation with instrument with his instrument in the spring 2022. So we have further upgrades so we have a few instruments that are relatively old. And among those are our imaging instruments and also our engineering fraction instrument baldy. And so what do you would like to do from 2022 to 24 is upgrade these two instruments so the thermal imaging neutral we'd like to change that it's more flexible so we can access different locations along the beam to choose high flux or a higher resolution position if required to put samples that basically more space for for putting the samples at the appropriate position. And we'll also like to have more space for in situ x-ray diffraction setup that can be used simultaneously. And so for baldy, we're, we're now purchasing a new detector system, and there will be two of identical tech detectors left and right will make the measurements much more efficient. Plus we will install vertical focusing optics that will increase the neutral flux to fold. Now, none the last seven, eight minutes a few scientific examples. So here is a very topical example. It's the study of unusual spin textures. There's a very high interest at the moment. And skirmjohns in particular because they have certain biological properties that makes them very stable, sort of similar to what you would you see here. This is essentially how what kind of materials can sustain such skirmjohns, skirmjohn phases, and what are the mechanisms and here's a study that of this material here that demonstrated that there are at least two skirmjohn phases in this material. And there is this disorder skirmjohn phase in this part of the phase space where basically the skirmjohn lattice is not ordered and where the skirmjohns arise from frustrated magnetic interactions. This is one of the sort of things that people are looking for in that area, because it would mean that the skirmjohns are relatively small and that would be an advantage to increase the data storage if one uses skirmjohns to save data. Here's another example of novel spin textures and how they could be interesting for applications at some stage in the future. So it's a study of the magnetism in this material here. What you've seen here is that this material has this kind of structure in part of the phase space that has these meron and anti-meron type spin textures. In the meantime, it was observed that the electron transport properties show topological hall effect and that basically makes this an example of sort of a wild semi-metal where the magnetism can affect the electron band structure. The proposal is essentially that these whale points are separated spatially in this material. Then another important topic is the study of materials that don't order at all. If they have a low spin, if they have a low spin, so the equations from theory of materials can undergo length and slight pyroclose system with a relatively low spin here where the excitations are measured. So that's the diffuse scattering at the close to the elastic line and here these are CDR that are interpreted as coming from a continuum of scattering that could be fractional excitations living in a quantum spin liquid. Okay, given the time, I think I'll skip some of these. So here is our first published paper from Kamea. It was a study by Kim Lefman and his group. He studied this material. Here is a triangular system that orders, but at the same time curiously shows very low energy excitations here. Something that also is often observed in systems that are believed to be quantum critical and this paper argues that this can be explained with critical scattering alone and it raises the question whether some of the results in some of the other materials should maybe also be interpreted as critical scattering. So here is an example from Soft Matter, self-feeling of micro gels. So micro gels, they can avoid formation of defects upon crystallization because they can change their size, but it was not really understood why that is the case. And this is a study that was done by Urs Goster and his group. He did a neutron scattering study that showed that counter ion clouds that can percolate and because of the percolation that basically then has a strong enough effect to change the size of one of these particles. And that leads to this flexibility informing a structure in these micro gels. So this is the last example. So it's the study of pseudo boiling of supercritical water. So what was studied here is the liquid gas transition and supercritical water that was predicted by theory, and it's observed by some systems, but not for water. So using neutron icon, it was possible to observe this transition directly. You basically see here, so this is a pressure cell, heat adopted a specific temperature and as the temperatures increase the contrast changes here that basically reflects the change from a water, sort of a liquid heavy phase into a gas dominant phase. And then more recently, this was started more detail, basically shows that there is a more liquid phase that is separated by a gas like phase by the so called rhythm line that was predicted theoretically. Okay, so that's just the last highlight about the development of imaging techniques. And so a lot is going on in that area, particularly here at the PSI leading that area for for 1015 years. There's some some highlights that basically shows that with grating interferometry imaging, one can tune to what kind of length scales one is sensitive to. You can also do three dimensional dark field imaging. So do do tomography with quite reasonable resolution for at least for for neutrons. And there's also a development now to use to the ratings to do such studies. So that was the show a short overview of our activities here at sink. I hope I was able to show you that we have quite a diverse portfolio of activities capabilities. Hopefully some of them are interesting to you and you would of course be very happy if you can welcome you sometime in the future. So before I finish, if you have more information, you can go to this link here. And I'd like to thank, of course, all the people who may call this work possible that's the staff mostly offer LMS and Lynn staff and of course all the other staff at PSI. And also the users of course so so we wouldn't be in such a strong position without without our excellent users. So thank you very much for your attention and looking forward to your questions. Thank you Michael for my presentation so much. And we have some general question to start with. First is how for the postdoc fellowship, how can one approach for this program is it. Do they have to contact the supervisor or find a host there. The next call is in 2022 in the fall. So typically in about one year time, there will be a call that there will be a list of projects that put the camera over there will be a list of projects that will be published with the mentors. And, and the people are interested would then contact these mentors and work out an application together. That's the usual process. Nice. Thank you. Then we have a couple of more technical questions. And this one is how is it possible to measure the green size in a magnetic material or do you suggest some beam line some instrument to do that green size measurement in magnetic materials. So I think that would be the just structural grains not not magnetic grains and so to speak. Yes, that's possible. We can do this. We can do a physical 3D tomography and that didn't show that we have one such example where one can basically map that out 3D. I forgot now there is a spatial resolution loss. But I think it was in the order of don't remember 100 microns or below. Okay. I would have to check it up. It would be nice for the audience also if they can if they can contact you directly. Yeah, there's another one with the electrical chemical part is is it possible to do the measurement on the electrical bilayer in batteries for example. Yes, so we've done such measurements. So if it's a let's say a sort of on the surface like, you know, sort of a bilayer that there is flat then one could do that with reflactometry and such measurements have been done and one one is highly sensitive of course if you want a lithium ion battery to the presence of lithium. So that's that's these are kinds of the kind of measurements that we've done on our reflactometry or more.