 First, I want to thank you. We're joined by none other than the great Carl Sagan. It's like looking at this, this fantastic 173. We are off to Jupiter in size. It really is the most beautiful thing observable or gravitational well of Saturn. I just wanted to shout out Rye Sparkus, a crescent Saturn. Here in the picture, it's large. Over the desolate, icy, low ales of rail, 17 or more moons. And I think it does have more than. So you must remember, there is nearly, wow, 40 in observation since of our moon, Saturn's magnificent ring system, as only a thin line on Saturn. We can see here the dark patch that links just above the thin ring Leo studied. Saturn with his telescope in 1610, he saw the rings as two knob like all them years. Saturn's moon, Tethys, about two thirds the size of rail is seen in the crescent phase left of the terminator. The moon Dione, our solar system. Saturn is a gas giant like its neighbor, Larder, Jupiter. But because Saturn's clouds of ammonia snow are not so stormy, it's sometimes called the quiet. A simple curve like this sickle represents the planet. On Saturn, it rotates at an axis tilt. I suppose ours is 23 degrees. So 26.7 here is actually not that different than ours. But the length of the day certainly is. It appears to be rotating quite fast at about 10 hours and 40. The length of its year is 30. Its day is half. And its year is 30 times. It's going per second in its orbit. Average distance, about 1.429, our first billion. Yes, I would agree. So imagine going all the way from Mercury to Mars through the asteroid belt and on to Jupiter. You would have to travel almost as far again to reach Saturn. Here you see the sixth planet from high over its north pole. A few impossible from Earth. Since we are indeed pretty much in its plane, scientists know that at least 17 moons orbit Saturn, Titan, the biggest, holds a thick. To Phoebe, the moon seems here to be partway around the sun. Because the sun is shown closer and larger if it were. I see particles moving to this panel above Saturn's clouds. Frigid at the top, the atmosphere grows thicker and hotter without ever reaching solid and radiates excessive energy. Maybe because heavier helium separates from hydrogen in the interior to drops and sinks. The friction releases heat. Saturn's mass is equal to about 95 Earths. But it takes about 760 that makes it at least 70% as dense as water. Because of Saturn's fast spin and flat shape, gravity varies from the poles to the equator. So we see of course because Saturn does take 30 years to orbit the sun as we go once a year. Saturn's just making a slow progression. So for every one of our spins, it completes one-thirtieth of a circle. Here we can see the relative perspectives from Earth, predicted 1995. Here we have the layers. Clear atmosphere. When you hydro sulfide, icy clouds, waterized clouds, surface, liquid hydrogen is the red you see here. Orange is liquid metallic hydrogen. So more densely compressed, represents water and ammonia. And then perhaps the very center is not solid, but molten, extremely pressurized rock. And the ring thickness for all these measurements of these numbers, billions of kilometers, and these less than one-tenth of a kilometer reach out to about 73,000 kilometers on each side from Saturn, whose diameter alone is 120,000, yet uniform debris field. So Saturn's parallel jet streams in brilliant halo of rings shimmer against in this enhanced Voyager portrait. Saturn's rings are gigantic if you could take the spacecraft. So over here a broken moon. Members do not yet know how Saturn's rings actually, I see, part of it is so thick and is orbiting at 17. So Saturn now which misty yellow globe. Just imagine the, I think, Arthur C. Clark, they're a brilliant job of portraying the just the the magnitude in the all in the loo the sheer size. Saturn just looks like this looks like a something meant for us to explore. We've been obsessed with shapes, all geometrical shapes, rings, spheres, cubes and triangles and pyramids, and more sighted shapes as well, but no doubt Saturn with its seemingly symmetric configuration in its stark contrast with the velvet black night sky behind it as we approach it looms large and it just must seem so to approach in the first astronauts intercepted with a spacecraft. I listened to this audiobook and in fact all four books in 2001 I went on a binge a few years ago science fiction binge and I had Apex and it was so beautiful it just added so much depth to the experience and when objects coalesce these random atoms of our universe coalesce into intrinsically beautiful objects and majestic and grand and magnificently large objects and oasis actually probably said something to our nature in our mind positive and perhaps the last would make us better and it's certainly one of the sorry to digress on an artistic perspective I just find so much meaning and and I appreciate that you guys do too so second only to Saturn only can Jupiter and Saturn as a radiation bounce charged with solar particles trapped by the planet's magnetic field if we entered these belts and radiation would sizzle give the upper clouds the yellow is hydrogen in the healing of Saturn's atmosphere is much colder than the top of jupiter's we expected this considering Saturn's much greater distance from the Sun but farther down the temperatures rise more than we would expect from solar heating so it seems that much as the Voyager unexpectedly uh as it uh probed its upper clouds the shortage of helium less than expected in the upper atmosphere the Saturn radiates nearly twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun in a little history lesson is that Galileo was probably the first centered them as um identified them as years 46 years later only 46 years later the Dutch and then in 1675 the Italian astronomer Giovanni Cassini spotted a gap in the ring the outer half is called the a-ring t-50 c-ring Saturn's rings story seems endless really 66 and 69 observatory photographs showed an e-ring in a close-in d-ring timber 1979 pioneer 11 spotted an f and g-rings and the rings were named so they started about 3000 kilometers above the atmosphere these rings are made up of thousands of such ringlets mostly of water and ice some of rock probably ranging in size from dust specks rings with moonlets the cassini division between the a they make it see a better idea of the black traditional body you would expect but yes if we took a cleans up type of uh to have the small moons do a strange orbital dance in the solar system as moons yeah i've seen some depictions and depictions of it and so that is why doesn't the big moons gravity throw off in the late 17th of this then they were just 60 degree interval gravity well and two others were later found sharing the old 60 degrees atmosphere denser and visitors to tight seeps through the layers of fogging that thing dim reddened the dark side may be covered with the fevey maze somebody was also an advocate of using that broad perspective that it gives you about our place and it's in our best interest it's in the most meaningful way we can affect ourselves into a brighter they're more fruitful more meaningful