 My name is Gui Ping Yan. I'm a dermatologist from NDSU, you know, and I already mentioned that I'm a dermatologist. So I will talk about nematodes. Nematodes are very, very minor, very tiny, small worms. So they are microscopic. Yeah, you can't see it with naked eye. So we only need to do specific nematode assay to identify the nematode disease. So one question is, can you go to field based on the symptom to identify the nematodes? Oh, this field is infested nematodes based on the vagio-symptom. Do you think you can do that? No, because the disease symptom is not specific, is not diagnostic. So like I said, we do need to do nematode assay. You know, either pull out the roots, check the roots, if you can see any cyst, any structure of nematodes to tell the nematode disease, or you will get nematode out of firm roots and also out of soil. And then do microscopic observation, you can identify if you have nematode or not. There are several nematodes that are important in potato. Number one is potato cyst nematode. Yeah, this is really big one, right? So because it's regulated in the nematode species, very important for quarantine. So luckily here we do not have potato cyst nematode, like golden potato cyst nematode, pale potato cyst nematode, like in Washington, like Idaho. So Pacific and also vast in potato production area, there is a big concern. But here, or luckily, we do not find this nematode yet. Another group is potato rot nematode, is caused by Detylanka's disjunctor. So this nematode can cause obvious symptoms on surface of potato tubers. You know, in dry tubers, you can see the cracking surface. And third one I think is very important is runal nematode. I think if you live in southern United States, in Florida, California, those areas, that's a big disaster. And again here, yeah, from our nematode assay, we may see very, very minimum number, but so far we haven't seen some number in the field, in commercial field yet. Two other group of nematodes, runal nematode and stabby runal nematodes. That's the one we want to talk about, because we found stabby runal nematode and runal nematode in this region. Several species of runal nematode could be a problem. For example, in central Minnesota, Pritlanka's penetrate, runal nematode has been detected in the light area. And so this nematode can cause direct damage to potato. And another important thing is it can interact with vorticillin fungi to cause potato early dining disease. So you may see early dying of potato. So that is a big, big problem. In addition to Pritlanka's penetrate, in North Dakota potato field, we also found Pritlanka's scrimmary. So we also have field trial to test different cultivars for their response to Pritlanka's scrimmary. Another group is stabby runal nematode. Like I said, yes, stabby runal nematode, the number usually, if you find in the field, is a low number compared to runal nematodes. For runal nematodes, you may see thousands of nematodes. But for stabby runal nematodes, you may only see like 100, lower than 100. It's a low number. But the importance for these nematodes, because it can transmit tobacco runal virus, which cause cochlear spot disease in potato. So that's a really important disease because it's served as a vector for virus. So all our research, because they're important, our research focus on these two groups of nematodes. So far, we have four research projects. So number one, first one is we are trying to identify effective color crops for managing disease in potato. For the religion nematodes, Pritlanka's neoclactase. We test about 25 color crops species and cultivars, and see if some of them can be used to control Pritlanka's penny choice. From all our funding, we found alfalfa, annual rungrass, and the winter rung. Yeah, they showed a poor hosting ability. So that means they have great potential to serve as good color crops. But we only test one cultivar for each this crop. Right now, we are doing more testing to test additional cultivars of alfalfa, annual rungrass, and the winter rungrass to see their hosting ability and the population reduction ability to this religion nematode. The second project we have, oh, I want to mention, I really want to take the opportunity to thank our funding agent and Minnesota area to grow potato association and also MPPGA and all the plants potato grower association for funding this research project. The second one is we're trying to improve detection capacity and the resistant evaluation for control on nematode disease in potato. This project is founded by North Dakota specialty crop block grant program. So now we are developing digital job lead PCR IC and also recombinant polymerase amplification IC to detect, you know, stung beetle nematode pericotterus allures from nematodes and also directly from soil DNA or field soil samples. Another important area, like I said, because it transmits tobacco rental virus, it's good to detect which population carry virus, which populations, you know, do not carry virus. I think that's very important to determine. So if we need, you know, make some planting decision, if the field infested with the stubby root nematode, also this, you know, virus, that means if we found nematode, virus on nematodes, so means, you know, it's better to avoid planting potato because it has a big risk, right? So another project is ongoing. So in greenhouse study, we are also testing different potato cultivars for their response to stubby root nematode species and also dagger nematode. So two other group of nematode I haven't mentioned. One is dagger nematode, another is sparyl nematode. This year we got sample from Andy, also got some sample from Dr. Julie Peiqi. So we did some nematode, I say, we found a high number of religion nematode and also high number of sparyl nematode. You know, just like sparyl nematode, dagger nematode, the role of this nematode, you know, for a potato is not well known. We don't know what they are doing, what population might be, you know, cause a problem. So we also do some greenhouse study trying to see their effect. And a third project right now in collaboration with a scientist in USDLS lab in Prussia, Washington, we're trying to determine the difference in different population of stubby root nematodes collected from North Dakota and also from Washington state. Because from their field trial, they found, you know, real difference, you know, real difference of these nematodes. So we want to see if they have some genetic difference. So we did a sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. We, you know, right now is still, you know, trying to determine the difference between population by sequencing, sequencing of different genomic regions, see if they have some, you know, difference on different population from different geographic regions. Last one is, we are, is testing a different compound like valium prime and the monotone. So our combination of these two compounds and the multiple application of those compounds see their effect for nematome management and also for corns by disease. This project is funded by Bayer Crop Science. We really appreciate that support, you know, for years. Let's try, has been done in a grower field. So my tech, my research specialist, I, some placent, will talk about some research results from his trials, research trials. I also want to take this opportunity before that. I want to take this opportunity, you know, thank you all funding agents in this, you know, for support or research. Also, I want to say, yeah, thank you all, your support. And if you have any questions about nematode disease or if you are interested in nematode research work, feel free to contact me.