 When we talk about stopping human-induced climate change, we talk about the need to stop burning fossil fuels and we absolutely have to do that, but that's not enough anymore. So we also need to be looking at the new technologies that we can use to start to pull those greenhouse gases back out of the atmosphere as well. There's a whole range of technologies which can be used to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. These range from the nanoscale to the very large-scale land-use change options and everything in between. Those are things which are relatively well documented as possibilities and there's about two dozen of those. But what I'm really interested in is whether ANU can add to that list by bringing together our expertise across disciplines so that we can actually start to have additional things to that list which other people haven't thought of before. And in particular to work across this from the very start, from a technological perspective through to the governance perspectives and right through to implementation so we can actually have solutions in relation to removing greenhouse gases. But this issue doesn't exist in isolation. When we're dealing with large-scale issues about emission removal, we're dealing with billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide that has to be massive-scaled and that means it's going to impact on other issues, impact on land use, impact on water, impact on innovation. So we really need to take a very comprehensive and integrative approach and I think that's one of the strengths of ANU where we can actually bring together a seriously interdisciplinary approach. For me the grand challenge associated with this whole enterprise is coming up with governance solutions that overcome political and social apathy towards the problem and as we all know in this space the magnitude of the problem is almost inconceivable but we're going to continue to struggle with the fact that society and politicians aren't overly invested in this problem. So we are calling ANU to get involved with this research. We need chemists, climate scientists, economists, lawyers and policy experts, earth scientists, engineers, social scientists and philosophers, biologists and communications experts and the list goes on. The need for large-scale emissions reduction is clear. We are doing a lot of work around the world to reduce our emissions but we need to do some work on negative emissions. Now what we've got are a range of technologies that are promising but they're not ready to implement at large scale and that's why this is a grand challenge. We need everyone to get involved. So if people are interested in this research contact us, get in touch with the Climate Change Institute so that we can actually put people together so we can form some teams to work on this issue. I'm particularly interested in cross-disciplinary approaches where we can bring people together so that we can provide integrated solutions.