 This review examines the toxic effects of common heavy metals such as mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic on human health through exposure via water, air, and food. These metals disrupt cellular events and cause oxidative stress, genomic instability, and enzyme inactivation. Despite current knowledge of their hazards, heavy metal poisoning remains a significant issue that requires preventive measures and effective treatment. This article was authored by Madi Balali Mood, Cobra Nasri, Zoya Targarabi, and others.