 Hi friends, we are going for Yojna May month 2021 federal structure part 2. So we already finished of part 1 and we are taking two issues in part 2. So those issues are the title one nation one election and challenges in federalism on the way forward. So these are the two topics we are going to see today and we also see some previous questions based on this topic. Hi friends, we go for the article one nation one election. So first we need to understand the importance of this title one nation one election. So we know that India is geographically spread very large and also it has a diverse country. So that requires to make a political system and also constitutionally we have the concept of federation where we have union government and state government union governments for entire India and state government for respect to geographical spread based on language in India we created state governments that is not the only criteria. So on this context only that comes the idea called one nation one election. So what is this one nation treating entire geographical unit as entire India as a one geographical unit consisting of union government and state government combined that is one nation. And what is this one election as as a citizen of India you are asked to vote in different elections in India. So what are the different elections if you want to put in layman teams when we say about MP election and there is ML election and also local government. So these are three elections where as a citizen we directly participate. So in this concept of one nation one election here they are referring about conducting an election simultaneously for both MP level and ML level that is called one nation one election. I think you are able to get an idea if you want to put in very simple terms one nation and one election here when you say one election means they are speaking more about direct election. So indirect election good example is Rajasabha MP and president is a good example of indirect elections. In this direct elections there are three in layman terms MP, MLA and local self government. And this one election is speaking about this one MP and ML elections. So all this two combined is called as one nation one election. So you just have a basic understanding of this term. So we go for the article that is a page number 29 paragraph one. So in this paragraph one they speak about the constitutional aspect. So constitution regarding this one nation one election that is regarding article 83. So article 83 subclass 2 the house of the people unless sooner dissolved shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. So it's saying about the tenure that is any any looks about life span is five years. And why this becomes important is especially regarding on India one elections. We need to synchronize combine union government and state government terms. So that's that's the reason they're referring is article 83. Finally when you go for next page I put as paragraph one three. So so there is a reference of article 174 which also speaks for state government. So what the bottom line of this article is any any legislative body especially Lok Sabha our legislative assembly is being formed in India the lifespan is only five years. Or if you want to call it in other sense if any government is formed if you are a prime minister or chief minister your tenure is five years as per constitution. So in the concept of one nation one election. So that should be a synchronization. So these need to be combined then only can conduct a simultaneous elections in India for both Lok Sabha and MLA level. So that's the point they're saying about. So ultimately they're asking as saying is that should be a constitutional amendment constitutional amendment constitutional amendment for article 85 and 174. So article 85 is for union government 174 state government. You need to amend it regarding this tenure so that you can synchronize both union government and state government for conducting elections. So why this synchronization is required is though constitution says that there is five years for Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly there are chances where they can't complete this five years. So what may be the reasons for that one aspect is so at the mid of third term or sorry at the mid of third year or fourth year if government lose the confidence what happens that need to be dissolved. Similarly if a state is being implemented the president rule because of any constitutional failure. So all these are the different possibilities which acts as a challenge for this one nation one election to separate all these things this amendment need to be done. So that's the thing what they highlighted here and also the most important thing they are saying why we need to what are the things along with the amendment need to be done is so whenever in assembly or whenever in legislature that is given in paragraph three so whenever in legislature no confidence motion so no confidence motion is being passed in legislature the advice is given us or the recommendation what they say in this article is once this no confidence motion is being passed you know what is the outcome is the government need to resign and the governor or it can be president think about the other possibility to form the government if that is not happening automatically house is dissolved that's what the constitution says but this article gives a recommendation saying that whichever party comes with this no confidence motion mostly to be initiated by a portion parties the name itself says no conference mostly it will be done by a portion parties once they are coming out with this no confidence motion this particular paragraph says that that particular party also need to have the conference to form the government so they say that along this no confidence motion they need to come along with confidence motion that's what they say vote of conference so this is a suggestion so given regarding this one nation one election so that there will be a commonality in conducting elections so assume that in a state government a party is losing majority and they are going out of government and when the opposition party is initiating this no confidence motion that party a portion party also need to come out with the ability to form the government so ultimately you can have this one one India one election or one nation one election so that's the suggestion given so these are things regarding constitutionally what need to be done and next in paragraph 4 why we need to have simultaneous elections actually the article is designed in such a way that they start with historical background why it all started how it all started one nation one election and historical examples are given so 1950s until 60s we have this practice then right now what are the things need to be changed then the author comes out with the reason why we need to have this one nation one election so there are two major reasons given one is to reduce labor time and expenditure so there's one reason and second one is regarding governance so one nation will one election improves governance we'll see all how it all happens first first and foremost thing when you take elections you take elections who are the stakeholders that we need to clearly understand so stakeholders are the players involved in this particular process so we know that stakeholders first and foremost thing is political parties next thing is election commission of India a stakeholder and third people so these are the major stakeholder in election process why I'm listing out this is why we need to have one India one election or one nation one election you can understand from the stakeholders perspective so what are the benefits for political parties what are the benefits for people and election commission of India we take this first point reduce labor time and expenditure and you can relate that with political parties and election commission of India ultimately you can understand the importance of this particular initiative so that is in paragraph 4 so there are two major reasons one is to improve the governance we'll see that and also to reduce the labor time and expenditure for stakeholders and they have given some points based on that if you take paragraph 5 so especially regarding election commission there is no duplication of electoral roles and there is no need of extra labor expenditure involved in this counter so when you take this election commission of India what are the benefits no duplication no extra labor so electoral roles no duplication of electoral roles and no extra labor or expenditure so what are the benefit for election commission of India is if they're conducting simultaneous election for MP level MLA level they can prepare one electoral role so what is the concept of electoral role for example in a constituency who are the people going to take part in voting so they have given the list of voters all this part of electoral role so they can prepare once which can be used both for MP and MLA level and there is no wastage of resources in that because there'll be a you create one a booth where you're conducting election simultaneous for MP and MLA level so these are the benefits for election commission of India that's given in paragraph 5 and paragraph 6 what are other advantages again that is related to election commission so especially deployment of so deployment of central police forces so you know that for elections election commission is responsible to have free and fair elections so when you say free and fair elections especially for this free and fair especially fair elections so that should be a requirement of law and order maintenance so that comes the role of central police forces and when you have simultaneous elections deployment of central police forces will be very easy for election commission of India it all you relate with this reducing labor time and expenditure why we need to have one nation one election so you can easily understand that deployment of central police these are all benefits for election commission of India and also saving of transportation these are very microscopic so saving transportation so election commission is able to save transportation apart from transportation they're also able to save training remuneration it's because one payment of remuneration or money for one time and you're conducting elections simultaneously so these are the benefits for election commission of India there are four or five points which we can relate with why we need to have one nation one election first point correct and also there is a question being asked because of one negative aspect or one of the challenges for election commission of India is when you're getting a simultaneous election when you're going for simultaneous elections that may be an expenditure incurred in EVA missions because when you go for electronic voting missions you're conducting two elections MP and MLA level for that you need to increase the numbers so that is one argument they say that is what being highlighted here in page number 30 and again in page number 31 I just list out p1 p6 p7 p8 so they have given some factual informations for example in p1 paragraph 1 so what are the costs involved in it so they'll be for EVM purchases so EVM purchases of extra 4000 crore need to be there for simultaneous elections but they say that there's not extra burden on the election commission of India especially in financial terms because you're able to save in other areas so expenditures of election commission other areas being reduced for example transportation or training or remuneration so all this administrative cost is being minimized which can be used for purchasing this EVM missions which cost around 4000 crore extra for simultaneous elections and what are the benefits for parties that is given in paragraph 2 so election expenditures for parties election expenditures for parties so this article speaks about the legal limit of election expenditures okay and we know that based on state the legal limits varies in India for developed states it will be around 70 lakhs for MP elections at the maximum limit limit variance pain but practically it runs into crores and crores of money but when you write an answer you are speaking more about legal version of it so the point says this says is where the political parties were able to save the election expenditures so this is regarding parties so we are going for the second stakeholder that is political parties what are the benefit for them so that is one and also how they're able to reduce the cost test because advertisement cost election campaigning and all these things are reduced because in one go you're going to convince the people for both MP level and MLA level MLA level elections so that's the benefit here what they say about paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 next we go for a second point regarding this governance improving in governance so now the biggest challenge right now in India because of election related to governances the term called model code of conduct so that is given in paragraph 4 so model code of conduct so name itself you can understand so model code of conduct especially implemented during election times in India and it's a self model code of contact for political parties there is no legal backing of it so all the political parties accept it and this model code of conduct creates level playing field for all political parties so why this is most important is especially ruling party has a greatest advantage during elections because they have a lot of resources at their command so it can be a government resources which can be used for the election campaign to avoid that they created this concept of model code of conduct so because of this model code of conduct how it impacts governance is right now it's a rule says that whenever elections are being announced government cannot make any major decisions so that's a requirement so take an example of union level every five years elections come but when you take union governments and this model code of contact in contact impact in governance we can see that because state governments comes into picture so major decisions cannot be taken because of this election process happening with the state governments though it applies for the state level so you can ultimately see that governance is not enhanced because of this short duration of this model code of conduct to set right that only so they have given this concept of one nation one election okay so they have given all this what are the reasons for this model code of conduct okay so they've given the background of it okay next thing is local body elections that is paragraph six and seven so regarding paragraph six and seven local local government elections which cannot be coupled with one one nation one election there are reasons for it so what are the reasons one aspect is as it's a local elections where you can see that state election commission comes into picture so that is one reason we have two authorities correct central election commission of india and state election commissions so these are two different entities involved in election process when you take local self-government and conducting simultaneous election for the all the three at go that is mp level mla level and local self-government it's very tedious process because two institutions are involved in it so that is the reason we can't do that's one one point they are saying now apart from this the polling stations one is authorities are different so authority is different in this particular election that is state election commission and apart from this polling stations so polling stations for local elections is very different when compared with mp and mla level so polling stations are very microscopic in local self-government elections too little to say that even that can happen in each villages okay but as you can see that in mp and mla level that's not a situation so polling stations are very different apart from this jurisdiction is also very different what is jurisdiction is so if there is any issue regarding elections of mp and mla level the jurisdiction goes for high court so you can take the issues for the high court whereas here it's district court is involved so but the implementation authorities are the same personals if you go for one nation one elections including local self-government so that is very tedious process for them and different authorities are involved administrative wise it is election commission of india and state election commission on that aspect and another thing is jurisdictional wise high court and district court is involved so it will create a lot of confusions and coordination problems will be there so that is the reason why we should not have this one nation one election including local self-government that is the reason they have given so why it's not possible then lastly for people that is paragraph eight so what are the what are the advantage for people in one nation one election is so they have given this election fatigue so election fatigue factor because of frequent elections people also lose interest in election process because most of the people right now after 1991 got migrated and settled in different places and frequently going to their particular constituency and going for voting that is one reason apart from this people also not like going for elections very frequently so that that may be the reasons why election fatigue sits in so to avoid that if you have one nation one election people also getting benefited this is the key term election fatigue factor which can be avoided okay so you'll see a question on this to understand how we can fit this point into that particular question okay so for this topic we'll take a previous year question of UPSC and right now the question will be displayed to you so what a key focus of the question is when we have a simultaneous elections where it is able to save time and money in electionary and the next part of the question is it reduced government accountability to the people discuss so that's a question so there are two aspects of the question so what it says that is able to save a lot of time and energy time and money and another part is on the critical dimension they are asking whether it's government accountability is being compromised reducing government accountability discuss so you need to say all the different dimensions of this topic and as the first part of the question so you need to say why simultaneous of election is required so that is a initial part of the answers and next if you need to focus on how it is able to save time and money in electionary here you can take this stakeholder perspective so you can say for election commission how that is being done so saving time and money and you also need to focus on political part is how time and money is being saved so that may be the focus of the answer so in this you can also discuss about the evm cost because it's a discuss question you can say what a different perspective of this even though the money is being saved there are issues where there are areas where election commission also need to spend extra money so there's a first part of the answer you need to address and this points what we discussed right now is ample points to write the answers because we are seeing from election commission of india perspective and political part is perspective in the aspect of how to save time and time and money correct but a second part if they say that whether government accountability to the people will be reduced here you can take a stand stating that that's not the true aspect when you go for simultaneous election it's not that government accountability is being reduced the reason is when you go for simultaneous elections it doesn't mean that people are going to vote for a party for both MP and MLA level that's the argument right now kept by some people in india especially from the political angle but the reality is not that because lot of research says that in india people vote based on understanding the issues very clearly so what is national level issues state level issues based on that they're going for voting so accountability is ensured in that aspect so it's not that accountability against the government is being reduced by one nation one election and apart from this you can also add a point that election is not the only accountability mechanism for the people so election is one of them what are their accountability mechanism either it can be social audit or it can be RTI so based on that government is accountable to the people on day-to-day basis so election is accountability only for five years or five years once so you can write an answer based on this ideas okay so that two aspect of this question just touch upon that two aspects and the first aspect of the question regarding how it reduces time and money this part of what you know what we discussed you can literally write all the points there that would be more more than sufficient and second point regarding government accountability to the people we doesn't need to accept the argument saying that even our government accountability is not compromised here because people are very conscious in making their decisions especially decision about their candidates whom to win so that may be the answer for this question okay so we go for the next article so next article is challenges in federalism and way forward so we already saw that federalism includes three major types when we say federalism means so you need to divide into three layers one is administrative level so federalism happening at administrative level legislative level and financial so these are three levels of federalism and they're saying about the challenges so how these challenges are happening in these areas so challenges and who are the stakeholders in federalism stakeholders means who are the parties involved in it one is union government comma state government relationship between union government and state government and state government comma state government so these are the stakeholders involved just give a outline of federalism and challenges in these areas okay so in this we go for page number 42 paragraph one so in India we say federalism okay so in India we say federalism but so India is not a true federalism so there's even a term called centralized federalism centralized federalism it's a federalism with central centralized character so so why this required they have given the historical perspective in paragraph one so the founding fathers especially a prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru so very much interested to have a strong center the reason for that thing is diversified India so on India is a diverse Indian diversity is very high so what is the outcome of the diversity we are an young democracy just came out of colonialism so there may be a tendency to move out of India so we can see that historically also when British left India there are two administrative units in India one is British India and princely states and there are around 500 princely states and which was being consolidated and war fought for it and you know the historical perspective so all this resulted in influencing a constitution towards strong center or what we call the centralized federalism this is the historical reason why in Indian constitution we have this strong center so that is given in paragraph one and next we go for page number 43 so paragraph one two and three so in paragraph one so Indian federalism is called as by K.C. Veray as quasi federal so quasi federal means half federal so so which with unitary feature which more focus on unitary feature so this next constitutional expert giving comment on Indian constitution saying that though we say a federation India is not a true federation we have a strong central tendency for this he gave the term called quasi federal so this point you can use it in your answer writing any question regarding federalism especially Indian federalism based question or anything based on that you can use the quotation of this particular thinker and you can quote it in your answers as an introduction to make the examinee clearly understand that what's our Indian federalism background so what we are focusing on to clearly state that Indian federation is not a true federation like us start you can relate with paragraph one and paragraph two so right now our Indian federation one important constitutional office is related to federal concept that is regarding constitution so we have this finance commission so finance commission is one important constitutional office directly related to federalism especially fiscal federalism so which recommends revenue distribution between center and state and we know that center have the majority control over the financial resources especially based on finance commission recommendation but the state say paragraph says that this being altered after gst introduction so finance commission so determines so determines resource sharing so determines here means determine the principles on which the resource need to be shared between union government and state government and and most of the financial resources controlled by union government controlled by union government and recently we have gst which altered this relation so this point you can clearly state that what are the challenges for federalism in modern era so challenge for federalism one one point is regarding the reforms happening in tax structures like gst which has a huge impact on physical federalism so that can be a challenge here so that's the title says challenges of Indian federalism and way forward so gst is one particular challenges for Indian physical federalism because right from our Indian constitution we have finance commission to share the resources right now gst is there and we when you say gst means you also need to relate with gst council which determines the rate of taxes and all so all this has a huge impact where right now you know that most of the taxes of indirect nature comes to the union government sharing need to be done so all are being altered so this gst can be a challenge for federalism so that you can write as a point in your questions anything asked about Indian federalism and its challenges so that is given in paragraph two and paragraph three so they say about administrative relations between union government union government and state government and they have given example where health belongs to state subject health belongs to state subject and here you know that the major player in health is state but coordination role is done by so coordination role is done by center so constitutionally health belongs to state subject but health has a huge impact on entire Indian system where union government is playing the role of coordinator so how we can relate this challenges is right now in the pandemic situations so you can see that there is the biggest challenges for federalism because the prime mover of health is always state and where coordination need to be done by union government level so this is one good example how in the environment of India changes where challenges exist for federalism especially from administrative angle this is one good example where they have given health as an example for it so that is in page number 43 and next we go for page number 44 so paragraph one paragraph two and paragraph three so what they say is after this pandemic situation the finance minister have given greater leverage for state governments to get financial resource that was given in paragraph one and paragraph two so that they say that state governments can get borrowing to the limit of five percentage of gross state domestic product so directly they can get it from the market that is the point they're saying and also other percentages based on their performance so here you can say that so both paragraph one and paragraph two so relates to covid situation covid situation and borrowings so previously you know that state governments need to entirely depend upon union government for financial resources because of this unique situation of covid union government is giving the permission for the state governments okay state governments can get five percentage of gross taste domestic product as borrowing an extra few percentage okay probably around extra percentage extra percentage based on performance it's based on performance so and they have given some numbers for it correct so for example one percentage will be permitted for borrowing with specific reforms such as debt sustainability job creation so all this if a state government is doing it they can get extra point for a point five percentage of this gross state domestic product as a borrowing another extra point five percentage for another reasons so all together around six percentage they can get is borrowing directly from the market and this again you can relate with challenges to federalism how this pandemic situation has altered the physical relationship between union government and state government where here you can see that state government directly approaching the market because of their direct requirement of money so these are points you can use it in your answer writing and whereas in paragraph three on page 44 so federal relation India's majorly function of so federal relation so federal relation is relation between union government and state government they are saying it's a function of function of political forces function of political forces and structural aspects so structural aspects so there are two major variables in federal relations in India one is the political forces what a political forces means what is the party in power union level and state level what are the parties in power that determines the federal relation and also structural aspects the example of structural aspect you can relate with finance commission or previously we can say about planning commission right now we have nithya yog so all this structural aspect also has influence on federal relations but this aata says that mostly the major determinant of federal relation is the political forces so what type of political forces existing in India have a huge impact on federal relation and they say that when entire India is dominated by single party where federation you can see that it's more towards centralized attitude where the national party at the delhi making all major decisions in federal relations the opposite when we have coalition politics at the union level where federation becomes more decentralized and every state governments trying to enforce their or trying to reflect their interest at the federal level so that's the point what they're saying so what's the bottom line is so indian federation is more a factor of political force rather than structural elements so though we have a structure for federation it's more about the political factor so this can also be a main question so paragraph 3 is the regarding that news news aspect our next thing is page number 45 so paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 so in paragraph 1 regarding federation so international conventions and few examples are given so whenever india sign international conventions there are subjects which constitutionally belong to the state governments so that they have given the paragraph saying that how this international conventions are linked with this federal relations so what the procedure says is whenever india signs an international conventions on subjects where the state list is being involved so they need to consult with the state governments and they need to make make laws which is not against the state government laws so that's the word paragraph 1 says that is before ratifying the conventions all this need to be done consultative process need to be there so so indian federation so when you take federation especially from legislative purpose legislative purpose it or more based on consultative process more based on consultative process here this can also be a challenge for federation because when you are going for global level governance lot of conventions are being created where it cannot reflect the state aspirations because it's more about supranational bodies or a larger body global institutions creating conventions which may match with the national objectives but not with the state objectives so there may be some challenges in federation regarding this but what are the processes in india is so before going for ratification there's a proper consultative process with the state governments so that is given in there as in paragraph 2 so this is regarding globalization paragraph 2 especially what we called as LPG era so LPG era vast state governments are being allowed to negotiate for loans fdi is in overseas bank institution directly after 1991 when we introduce our LPG era so LPG era have a huge impact on indian federalism especially fiscal federalism vast state governments one of the unit of indian federation directly interacting with global forces it can be global institutions or global markets all you can relate it so all these are linked here so here where union government is considered as a facilitator so union government is considered as a facilitator in this aspect that is to attract investments that is fdi's so global institutions correct so fdi or no loans so global institution loans so this you can see that how our indian federation transformed after LPG era so this point you can relate and page number 46 and paragraph 1 and 2 so based on the previous points so they have given the examples in india so investment in vibrant gujarat where gujarat government directly went for other countries try to attract investments happening after this LPG era so they have given the example where gujarat government created a desk in uh usa china japan to facilitate investments okay state governments can create a desk is nothing but a facilitation center in those countries to attract investments this is all possible because of LPG era and the impact on indian federalism where the union government is behaving more maturely and giving the space for state governments to attract global investments for that only they give the example of so invest in vibrant gujarat investment so this may be a point so how this can be a challenges is as you know that state governments are given the liberty to attract investments but actually investment where goes is there are state governments have some natural advantages what are that natural advantages example the state governments have a coastal areas or have a very good infrastructures and most of the fda investment naturally goes there so this is a challenge right now for indian federalism where few states can attract larger investments so that comes the role of government here so government how try to balance all those things so how government is trying to improve the other states this you can relate with sharing of revenues so all these are a link here so even one criticism is UP is getting larger share of union government the reason is because of this because it's disadvantageous position so central government try to give a lot of money to union UP so that they can develop their infrastructure develop their human resources that creates a level playing field if that is not being done naturally that will create a biggest impact on indian federalism and also in indian development process because UP have the largest population and without proper development that will have a huge impact on entire india so there's a logic behind this why government is doing it so if any question regarding regional development you can use these points and also why government is doing in that perspective so that's a challenge because of globalization and state governments are allowed to approach global players for investments so certain state governments have natural advantages which can be exploited by the state governments especially coastal states and they have given the example of invest in vibrant gujarat so this is an interpretation what we are taking correct next thing is conclusion that is paragraph 2 so there are six pillars of federalism autonomy of states national integration centralization decentralization nationalization and regionalization so all these need to be properly balanced indian federalism the reason is geographical spread diversity so all these factors play a role in federalism so they have given six pillars of federalism six pillars of federalism one is autonomy of states autonomy of states so national integration national integration centralization so decentralization decentralization nationalization and regionalization and you can see that all the concepts are opposite of each other for example if we take centralization opposite is decentralization nationalization regionalization and autonomy of states and national integration so all these are opposite concepts so in indian federation you need to balance all these six parameters to get the best outcome of federalism so that's a conclusion part so we'll see a question on this so the question here what we are going to discuss the previous equation so questions crux is so in indian federation we have a strong center and it goes against the concept of federalism so there's a crux of the question so we need to say that why we have a strong federalism so if you take this question you need to say what is federalism and why we have strong federalism what are the reasons behind it these are historical reasons we need to list out what are the historical background on which we went for this strong federalism from this article you can relate with javelal nehru's view why we need to have us centralized federalism so you can write that aspects of nehru and you can say that why we went for this type of federalism and what are the structural ways of we are achieving it so if you're able to write the answer for this question that dimensions half a part of the answer we can take it from this particular article and you can say that why we have a strong center and we can say about in the same article the importance of finance commission and you know that in finance commission when the money is being divided between union government and state government so what we called as horizontal separation vertical separation so all this being done by finance commission but if you go and see on the total pool union government get greater share all this is a tendency of strong federalism or a central federalism so all this you can quote it and you say that why that is being required so that may be the focus of the answer okay thank you