 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Tundi College, University of Allahabad and today I am going to discuss a new topic under a new theme, research methodology in which I discuss qualitative research methodology. I am going to discuss a new methodology under qualitative research theme that is grounded theory. We have discussed qualitative research and the difference between qualitative and quantitative research so that we can understand the basic assumptions of qualitative researches. So today we are going to discuss a very important methodology, grounded theory. It is often asked and it is very difficult to understand the people who want to research and do qualitative research. It is very important for them to know and not only those who do quantitative research but also to know what kind of work is done in qualitative research. Okay, so lecture will be bilingual mode and useful for various examinations and for your research purpose too. So do subscribe my channel, Grounded Theory, Grounded Theory is a qualitative research approach. That attempts to uncover the meanings of people's social actions, interactions and experiences. When we talked about qualitative research, we talked about what is the aim of qualitative research? What does it want to attempt? It wants to attempt, it wants to explore, it wants to uncover the meanings of people's social actions, their interactions, their experiences. That is the main basis. These explanations are called grounded because they are grounded in the participants' own explanations or interpretations. So the explanation that will come out and we will get the outcome, it is grounded. Where is grounded? In the participants' own explanations, in the interpretation of the participants, that is, our subject, which we will study, which we will talk about, which we will interview, which we will observe, it will tell us about our own experiences and it will emerge from it. That is why it is said that it is grounded and nowhere else is it grounded. The grounded approach has been used by researchers in various disciplines. It is totally based on data rather than trying to emerge theory from data. It means that what we generally do in quantitative research is that the theory comes from data and emerges from it. But here it is totally based on data. It means that as we collect the data, the theory emerges from it. And the same data will tell us how much further we have to collect the data. Studies that incorporate the grounded theory approach are basically a step towards conceptual thinking and theory building rather than empirical testing of the theory. What do we do in quantitative? We know that we have a hypothesis and we check whether it is verifiable or not, whether it is testable or not, whether you accept it or reject it. We have a hypothesis first. Here we have to build a theory, from whom we have to build it, from the data, from the participants. As it is this systematic development of theory in social settings and it depends upon inductive approaches which are appropriate for the study, mainly aid in theory development. That is, for theory development, inductive approaches are the best and it only depends upon inductive approaches. Inductive-deductive means, I know, I think you must know, where does inductive approach come from? From specific to general. And where does deductive approach come from? From general to specific. So we will not go into inductive-deductive right now. Data collection, analysis and eventually theory stand in close relationship to one another. It means that when we are working on the grounded theory, we are using the grounded theory. So the collection of data, that is, we are in relation to the eyes, the visualization of the eyes, and the emergence of theory. These three are interwoven, they are closed in a close relationship to each other. The researcher begins with an area of study and allows the theory to emerge from the data. The researcher is an area of spiritual knowledge and he gives the permission to get the theory out of his data. Grounded theory is because they are drawn from data. That is why it is called the grounded theory. It is likely to offer insight. There is insight from it. Enhanced understanding, understanding is mixed. And provide a meaningful guide to action. And for our action, our action, we get a guide. Artful. Sorry. Then it goes into history. From where did it start? How did it start? How did it become a methodology for qualitative results? So, grounded theory was first developed by a sociologist bargaining laser and insulin straws. So, it is famous for the name of laser and straws. During this period, they criticized the pre-dominant approach to qualitative research, which they found to be very limited. That is, when the theory was developed in those days, then when qualitative research came, first quantitative, then qualitative, and then merge. So, they found that there are very few approaches that are being used in qualitative research. So, what did the laser and straws do? They pioneered a new methodology. They developed a new methodology for discovering theory so that we can take out theory by taking an inductive approach to qualitative research. During Gujarat Mahatma Kanna Santhan, they followed an inductive approach to take out one theory, which was called the laser and straws methodology. They formally presented their newly developed research method by publishing the discovery of grounded theory strategies for qualitative research. So, in 1960, this book is written in Discovery of Grounded Theory, Strategies for Qualitative Research and from here, it comes to the literature of qualitative research. Discovery of Grounded Theory. How a grounded theory was approached and how it can be a strategy for qualitative research. After the first publication, the duo continued to work together on various research products, projects, and wrote four more books. That is, laser and straws. They continued to work on it, and they did a lot of other work, and in the end, their paths were removed. These people are different. They take different stands on different themes. Laser published another book, titled, Theoretical Sensitivity, Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory, and Glazersburg is often considered the classical grounded theory. Later on, another book was written in the name of theoretical sensitivity, and its work was considered the classical grounded theory. And straws, another book was written in 1977, qualitative analysis for social sciences. But philosophical perspectives have changed. So, here, a laser and straws are changing both the philosophical perspective. Whereas, the Glazer's is the positivist version. Whereas, the straws and forbidden take post-positivism stands. As you know, what is the difference between positivist and post-positivist? Positivists believe that logical things should be there. I mean, every thing is verifiable. Logically, you can verify it. Whereas, post-positivism stands not there. We can't know everything. Nothing will go wrong when we are studying in humans, when we are studying in social sciences. So, these are the two main stands. So, the Glazersburg classical grounded theory was in positivism, or they adopted it, and the straws were in post-positivism. And, since then, various evolutions of the grounded theory were present. After that, there were many evolutions of grounded theory. Including basics of qualitative research, grounded theory, procedures and techniques which are being written here. This shifted from the concept of the natural emergence of theory by designing an analytical coding framework for generating theories from data systematically. Meaning, they separated their ways. Then, this new, I mean, the classical grounded theory, which was made by Glazersburg, which I will tell you later. Then, the evolved grounded theory of straws was made. Grounded theory was made. And after that, there comes the constructivist grounded theory. I mean, this is exactly the second one they adopted in the 1990s. It was said that, a former student of straws and glasers published a new approach called constructivist grounded theory. As soon as the constructivist word comes, it means that the participant is making the same theory of construction. And argued that neither data nor theories are discovered. Instead, what is happening? But are constructed to the researchers past and present experiences. The researcher's old and new experiences are emerging to the grounded theory. In 2006, Chair Mares published her book titled Constructing Grounded Theory, A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. This makes her worth the third grounded theory. So, when her book comes, Constructing Grounded Theory, this is in the next slide. Traditional and classical genre evolved grounded theory and constructivist grounded theory. So, the classical grounded theory was created by Pratipada Khan, who is a laser, who evolved his straws, collin, and clad. And the constructivist, he said. So, what do the traditional people say? The goal of traditional GGs is to generate a conceptual theory that accounts for a pattern of behaviour i.e., this is a positivism stance. So, he said that the theory is grounded and emerging. But what is the straws collin and clad? They say founded on symbolic interactionism. What is symbolic interactionism? And stems from work associated with this and this. Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective. It relies on the symbolic meaning people ascribed to the process of social interaction. Symbolic interactionism is a symbolic meaning that is associated with the process of social interaction. Symbolic interactionism addresses the subjective meaning people place. We give subjective meaning to things, behaviour, and actions. So, the meaning is given by the basic how this is going on. And constructivists are saying participants are constructing, researchers are constructing, interactions are constructing area of inquiry or theory. Okay. Stages. If we are going to ground theory, research, concepts are derived from interviews, observation and reflection. Where will the concept come from? We will interview participants, we will do observations, we will be organized. We have to organize data. In qualitative research, open-ended data is the most important thing. So, what do you have to do? You have to organize it. In what categories? What type of data will go to what type of data? What concepts are coming from it? What are the different similarities? What will be the themes or the categories developed? They are compared with one another and two or more competing theories are identified. The categories developed will have comparison and theory will emerge. And what will be the last one? Research, hypothesis is in more statement and concept. The last step of ground theory is to generate research hypothesis. Whereas, in quantitative, research hypothesis is carried out. So, this is the difference. Then, theoretical sampling is important for ground theory. This is what theoretical sampling is used in ground theory. Generally, in qualitative research, there is purposive sampling. In theoretical and purposive, there is a little difference. And in your quantitative, there is a random sampling. So, theoretical sampling is an integral part of the ground theory approach. It has an internal part. How? As it leaves the researcher on what to collect next. You don't know how much data you have to get. If you are doing an interview, if you are doing an observation, if you are reflecting, the amount of data you have got depends on who you will interview and from where you will get the data. So, it shows a way. Who will be the next sample? In this regard, the important definition of theoretical sampling will be presented by Glazer and Strauss that what theoretical sampling is. And what is its role in the ground theory approach? They say that the process of data collection for generating theory is that the analyst jointly collects quotes and analyzes his data and decides what data to collect next and where to find them in order to develop his theory as it emerges. Because what is going on? The collection of data, analysis, synthesis, emergence is going on. So, we get an idea of where we have to collect the data from, who we have to collect, and how much we have to collect. And you will get a point of theoretical saturation that when will we collect the data. Similarly, we have 300 samples of our students. So, we will keep doing it until the point of saturation and until the data is repeated and until there is no such thing which is not there. Meaning, we have to collect data until the new thing comes. Strauss and Corbin are saying that theoretical sampling rather than being pre-determined is not pre-determined. The first solution is that we will have 4 samples before beginning the research. It evolves during the process. It is based on concepts that emerge from the analysis and that appear to have relevance to the evolving theory. The aim of theoretical sampling is to maximise opportunities. What we have to do? We have to maximise the opportunity so that we can compare events, incidents or happenings. To determine how a category varies in terms of its properties and dimensions. Then, what is the difference between theoretical sampling and purposeful sampling? Because we have chosen someone purposefully but it is purposefully sampling according to categories that one develops from one's analysis and these categories are not based upon quotas. They are based on theoretical concerns. Which we have chosen is purposefully sampling but it depends on categories. It does not depend on quotas. It depends on theoretical concerns. Everything will evolve and everything will be based on the future. What are the benefits? For example, it is not concerned whether or not something has been done before. It does not matter whether or not something has been done before. What does a grounded theory do? Researchers are interested in what participants say about their experiences. What are the experiences of the participants that these researchers are looking for meaning. The grounded theory allows researchers to use inductive reasoning and ensure that the researchers use the participants' perspectives rather than imposing their own ideas. It is very important that you have to discuss and involve the participants but do not impose your own ideas. It is also called confirmation bias. If we impose it again and again then we do not have to be neutral. Subjectivity will come but we have to be objective where we are talking to it. This encourages objectivity. Pre-conceived notions should not come on our research. The experience of the participants should come out. It allows for constant comparison. I told you that researchers choose to conduct experiments in the last stage of research and you can verify quantitative research. Researchers have also chosen it. It produces a theoretical model. Researchers often produce more refined and detailed analysis of data and because grounded theory emphasizes the interpretation of the data, it makes it easier for researchers to examine their own preconceived ideas about the topic in critical analysis. Limitations are very important. It does not promote consensus. If we say that we are going to make the birth together then it will not happen. Because there are always competing views about the same thing. We do not have to bring everyone together. It may seem like an overly theoretical approach. The results are too open and ready. There is so much data and result that you have to categorize it. It is a tough task. Grounded theory is not concerned with whether something is true or false or right or wrong. We do not have to tell whether something is right or wrong or good or bad. We just have to bring out the meaning of the incident. Grounded theory requires a high level of skill and critical thinking from the researcher. Researchers also have to be critically involved. They must have a level of objectivity, ask unbiased, open-minded questions and conduct interviews without being influenced by personal views. So we have to conclude Grounded theory. Grounded theory proposes that careful observation of the social world can lead to the construction of theory. Grounded theory proposes that we should carefully observe our social world. Grounded theory proposes that we can construct theory. It is iterative. It is evolving. It is aiming to construct new theory from collected data that accounts for those data. The data that we are collecting is responsible for the emergence of theory. That is why Grounded theory proposes that we have to bring out the theory. It is very interesting. We cannot explore it ourselves. It is a very good methodology. It is a quality research approach. It is a research approach. So thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. Explore Education and join my Telegram group too. Then from my site.