 To begin with, I request Professor Prakashvaj to complete the portion that he started discussing. And after he is done, I would introduce the new topic related to actual presentations in which I will indicate to you a set of talks available under Creative Commons, which you will have to listen to and prepare a summary report. The actual assignment will be given next week, but today I will be giving you a pilot assignment for your own benefit to understand what exactly we have in mind. So, press away all yours. The sole section is looking empty. I think these people should come forward. So, first we will cover some portion which we left off last time. In grammar, we saw most of the punctuation. By the way, there is a World Punctuation Day, which is 25th September every year. You can look up that how important punctuation is considered. So, we will learn few more minor punctuations. One is apostrophe. So, apostrophe has main function that it indicates that some letters have been dropped. We saw some of these things like it is and it is. So, letter may be dropped initially in the word when the word will start with apostrophe. Letter may be dropped in between when there will be apostrophe in between or letter may be dropped in the end when it will come in the end. Normal confusion is between s of possessive case and apostrophe s and s of plural. Many people put apostrophe for plural which should not be put. For possessive case, the apostrophe also indicates that something has been dropped. Historically, the suffix for possessive case was e s. It has become shortened to s. Even now, for some words, we have to use e s when s cannot be placed directly. But historically, it was e s for all the words. Like kings was written as this. The old spelling of king was k y n g and it was written as k y n g e s. When this e was dropped to indicate that the e has been dropped, apostrophe came in there and it has remained historically. Instead of a letter being dropped, if a word, a phrase or a sentence has been dropped, then how do you indicate it? Suppose you are quoting something and you find some things are interesting which you might highlight. In between things are not important but you want to indicate that you are dropping those things. Otherwise, the sentences will not remain consistent. If you take out some sentences or some part in between and if you start reading, you will find that it does not make sense. So, the device to do that is called ellipsis. You must be knowing this. Only you may not be knowing the name. Many times you must have seen text with some dot dot dot followed by text. This dot dot dot is called ellipsis. So, generally people tend to give as many dots as they can fit without bothering about some standardization. The standard for this is three dots. Whether you have dropped one word or whether you have dropped many sentences. This is only a signal. It does not indicate how much matter you have dropped. So, it is always three dots. So, if you have dropped it within a sentence, this indicates that the sentence continues and some words have been dropped. This has to be full words not letters. Sometimes you might drop a whole sentence. So, the previous sentence will end on a dot. Then these three dots are to indicate ellipsis. So, you will have to use four dots to indicate that previous sentence has ended and some full sentence or part of next sentence has been dropped. If you miss this dot, it means the same sentence continues. It is a signal to tell that the previous sentence is complete. Some people tend to use ellipsis all over the place. Whether three dots or more dots. That is because they are running out of thoughts. They have some patchy thoughts and to join them they use ellipsis. But this is not a good practice because it gives a signal that your thoughts are not in continuation. So, it is only when you are purposefully dropping something, but you have the matter. Not because you do not have the matter. Then only you should use ellipsis. But not to cover up the fact that you could not find the bridging sentence. You all got a sheet last time about paradoxes of communication. Did you think over this? And do you have some comments on this? Before you start reading, I will tell you something about how to recognize the paradox. There was an old Hindi movie in which there was a master and his servant. So, the master used to ask the servant about what happened or what is going to happen. And he used to tell his opinion. The master used to say this is not possible. Then after some time, it would turn out that whatever the servant was saying was right. So, the fixed dialogue was that after the master asked the servant, the servant would start with a false word. If I tell you the truth, you will call it falsehood. But master used to say then he used to tell and master used to say and then it used to turn out. That is paradox that the first appearance, it appears false. How many of you have spent about two hours? You have spent about a hour? Why? Because the class is spent. And the first amount of time, how time is passed to promote your activities or what happens? Everybody is aware of that. That's right, I don't think you have spent two hours to re-work related to this engagement with the state department. And at least one hour. How many of you have actually spent three hours? You've been asking? On this particular one. On this particular one. Then we don't need to continue. They're all finished. Last time I had a mistake. It doesn't make it to you. That is not right. And I lost my interest. I'm not going to answer the other questions like that. I think that is a big mistake. It can be a problem. The proper communication will be. Anybody who comes late and does it, that is what I want to say. This is made 25, and it's 25 to 50 hours. That's a 30 hour. That's a 30-day student you have. Now, when there's 30 hours in your hotel. That's a good thing. People will say that the registration of the rest is not right. People will say that it takes time to walk. You're supposed to cancel all these things for the engagement. They are going to become probationers tomorrow. I tell you what I'm telling you, because I am telling you, the nature of the Karakas is to be committed, because going across the limits is not to get to us, because there's a lot in this area here. And I think what I'm saying is not to get to us. For a moment, no. For a moment, it is true that they are going to get to us. The president of the assembly was carrying out a greater number than one hour. He looked at the bar and said, there has been 17 lives time in the bar. Three people walking away, seven days before the last time. It was not successful as a professional now. And this is in early 17th century, it was evolving, he remembers that of life requires you to respect time. There's no way you can get away with it. And unless you follow the habits here, then it is going to be difficult to show it. And you will do it under stress. So I don't know. This commutation is probably a best of time. But can I expect it to go to sleep? It's time to sleep. Can I expect it to take special, special measures which you cannot exactly figure out what it takes to show your thoughts to trust the earth. So it's life life already takes and measures you have to respect. And time to become a person and just start trying to do it. The whole world does it. Only we took it in years to not do it. They're not, they're very smart. They're very smart. They're very stupidly, but they're very modern people. You know the standard, you know, the standard time. It's not a problem. It's just not a problem. Anyway. Right? If there is time, it is important. But more important is the fact that if time wants to be realized properly, for us to do it, it doesn't mean to be a problem. So not thinking this is not okay. Anyway, today I will just make the introduction and then I will just talk to you on, on, on this, on this, on this. That means you just need to have the, on this, on this, on this. In Washington, there is a large diplomatic community. And you know that diplomatic community has its own rules and etiquettes. So one prime etiquette is being on time. So if a diplomat has an appointment at some other embassy or somewhere, he cannot be a minute too early. So what do you do? Because for safety, you have to go early. So he will reach the area and in his car keep on circling to wait for that minute to arrive. And he cannot be a second too late. So exactly when the minute finishes, he will press the bell. You see how much care people take for this. So all the paradoxes listed here are which you have come across. We have studied this. That's why we gave this list to you. There are more paradoxes which we haven't studied. So we haven't told them here. So first is about writing. That writing requires corrections. It only, not only requires corrections, but it requires rewriting. You can define writing equals rewriting. You have to keep on correcting, keep on rewriting even the content till you are satisfied that nothing better can be done. Just being good enough is not acceptable. So all great writers, we have a feeling that they are creative and somehow they just put their pen to paper and start writing. Which is not true. Majority of them are just plain hard workers. And it is because they are hard workers, they become great writers. There are many other people who are equivalent talent, but they are lazy. As Oscar Wide once said that poor grammar is an indication of laziness. And poor writing is also an indication of laziness. Because you don't take time to rewrite it and refine it. For example, in one interview, Ernest Hemingway, the famous novelist, was asked whether he rewrites. So he said extensively. For example, his novel Farewell to Arms. He said he wrote the last page 39 times. So the interviewer asked him, were there some technical problem. He said no, each of the versions was right. I didn't get the words right to express what I wanted to. No wonder he became a famous author. You see, biography of any author, they will insist on the same thing. That it is hard work. So writing requires corrections is the first thing we have to understand. Then you can't detect your own error that we found. You can't detect even others' errors that also we found. Because when we were given up one page write up, we couldn't detect all the errors. Then correction requires a special sign set. That we saw that intuitively you cannot do uncorrecting. Because other people won't understand. And we learned that sign set also. It takes a lot of time to proofread. Typically it takes about 20 minutes to write one A4 page. And to correct one A4 page first pass, you will take 20 minutes. If you just read it might take 3 to 5 minutes. You don't pay attention to the errors. But to read for errors, it takes same amount of time that the writer took. So even if you are the author, you will spend more time checking the errors and correcting than the original writing itself. The original writing will be a small proportion of the total time. Then after correction errors are still found. This is surprising to many people. For example, in industrial quality control, the Indian method is you can't trust anybody what quality it is. So you have an outgoing inspection. You have inspection department which is separate from the production department. And they will do 100% inspection. When the product arrives at your customer, he can't trust you. So he has an incoming inspection department. So he will again inspect 100% whatever is coming in. You might feel that with 200% inspections, what goes on the factory floor will be flawless. Experience tells that it is not true. Having 100% inspection does not ensure that the product has quality. If the product is to have quality, your production process must be controlled so that it does not produce defects. You can't first produce defects and then keep on searching for them. So the technical explanation for this is we think that production is a kind of random process. But inspection is perfect. But inspection is also a process. And like any process, that is prone to errors. So even if you try to do 100% inspection, you will still make errors in inspection. And you will do errors. So this says that iterative procedure is required because we will just see what is the typical portrait. Normally in a raw manuscript, we will have one error per line. Even this is lucky. Why we are doing double spaced typing? Because we expect there to be more than one error per line. And then we can't indicate them in the margin. This you must have experienced. But average may be one per line. And there may be 30 lines per page. So there will be 30 errors per page. If you do your first pass correction and you correct the errors indicated on the manuscript and retype it, we reprint it. Now what do you expect to happen? Will it have zero errors now? You will find that now you might find some error which you had missed. So it will come down to one per page. If it is a 10 page manuscript, after this correction you will find that there is one error in the 10 pages. You have to still do it the third time. And if it is a 100 page book, then you will have to do it the fourth time. This is the minimum number of times you have to do correction. And if you don't do even this, then you can imagine how the manuscript will look. If you don't reread it and correct it, it will be pretty bad. Now the effect of this is you might say that since you are not noticing the errors, others are not noticing the errors. They are understanding the meaning. So why take the trouble after all meaning is important. What is the counter argument to that? If meaning is important, why bother about form? The reason is our brain is quite forgiving. It corrects the errors while reading. So it ignores the errors, even spelling mistakes, all other kinds of things and it extracts the correct meaning. So that is why you find that even manuscripts with errors are read and understood. But the subtle effect is that the brain takes effort to mask these errors and such manuscript becomes irritating. So you may be reading only one page, but your teacher or examiner has to read hundreds of pages and any of them will tell you how irritating it becomes. You see examination papers where first they have to bother about whether it is correctly written before trying to find errors. So in professions in which correct writing is important, half the energy is spent only on error correction. For example in journalism courses, all they have to do is keep on writing on different topics. They might have done their research, taken an interview, thought of their own thing. Then they write something and submit. What did the instructor do first? Assuming the student has corrected his own errors, the instructor first grammatical error. He marks them with the kind of symbols which we learnt and then he hands it back to the student without commenting on the content. He will grammatically the submission is correct. The instructor does not comment on the content at all. After it is error free, then he will start addressing the content. Then he will point out more errors about the content, about how the paragraph should have been, how the thought proportion should have been. But before correcting grammatical error, he does not even start it. And most of the time in journalism courses is in this back and forth of error correction. The final manuscript does not take time to read. In the olden days, you used to have a separate tribe called proof readers. Each publisher or newspaper used to have a room full of people who used to do only proof reading. So, the authors could be careless because the proof reader would hopefully take care. But now, we have the error of desktop publishing where you are the author and you are the publisher, you are the proof reader. Now, we cannot rely on other people to do this. The present standard in journalism is that they do not have any proof reader. Whoever files the story, the reporter is responsible for accuracy of that. If you see policies of journals, even professional journals, they say that you have to submit a photo ready file in so and so format. No corrections will be done. If there are errors, they are to your account. In publishing, the author is responsible for all errors. After the publisher has typeset the manuscript and send printouts to the author. Author is supposed to check them and certify them that the proof is correct. Normally, this is done in duplicate. The author makes corrections on two copies. One keeps himself and one is sent to the publisher. But later on, there cannot be a dispute about whether the error was pointed out or not. In the olden days, you used to have errata. Have you seen this in any book? Errata is plural of erratum. That is error. So, there used to be an appendix called errata. Because after typesetting, the publisher might find some error. And in olden days, it was not possible to reset the type. Those errors would be listed in this page number, line number. What is the error and what is the correct thing required? If there are only a few errors in the whole book, then now the convention is that there is no errata given. These are alert people. So, unless there are some substantial errors, there is no errata given. But the errors are noted and in the next printing, those are corrected. So, if you see international publishing, any book, any journal, any magazine, which is published to tight timelines, you will find not a single error in the whole publication. Now, you know the symbols and you know how to look for. You try to locate errors in any foreign publication. That is the standard of edited English. They have already achieved and they have done it so long ago that they do not even talk about it. It is presumed that it has to be error free. Since we are at an early stage, we have to learn this and set our benchmark high. That where is the same standard? Because when you publish your papers or your thesis goes for evaluation to some external examiner or you write articles or other things for the international audience, you will be expected to follow the same standard. So, best time to start is now. There are couple of things I would like to quickly add for a bit more to this discussion. He indicated that you should set things in order whenever you publish any material or write a report for international audience. I strongly object to that. If we wish to set a high benchmark and become as good as anybody else in the world, I think we need to do it first for ourselves, for our own readership here. As I said, if we are not careful about everyone around us reaching the same high level mark, there is no point in fighting the global battle because we have lost it even before we started it. We do it for ourselves first. You are all compulsory students so it relates to the importance of the production process, the error finding. Can you relate it to your software bugs for example? When you write programs, today it is fashionable to let compiler do all syntax checking. There was a time when we learnt it that way. We had to write programs on a form and like proof editor, the team manager would read at it and would shout at you if there was a single error anywhere. Whereas today, you just do not bother while you type your program because you know implicitly that there is a proof editor sitting behind, which is the compiler. And on an average, how many times you have to compile a program before you actually get it syntax error free, any guess? Three times at least, more than that, the semantic errors start appearing later and those are the errors that we really care for whether it is written production or whether it is a program. And how long does it take to correct semantic errors? How many times you have to run it? That is inspection, right? Testing and any amount of testing cannot guarantee that the program is error free. It only guarantees that testing has not succeeded in finding a bug. When you release the program in production, the bug could be found as late as six months, one year later, even in big financial system. So, that is why the production process must ensure that you write the program correctly, both grammatically and semantically. In exactly the same passion when you write, that is the time when you have to pay attention. Now, this might come as a shock that if you write for 20 minutes, you need to spend 20 minutes in checking it. Nobody would have done that kind of checking, right? For any writing once, one's own writing also. In fact, you do so little writing that the question of checking does not arise later for us. Anyway, so let me digress a bit and give you a writing assignment today. How many of you have heard of this technology, entertainment and design? Can you raise your hands if you have heard of this? Quite a few. Those of you have not heard about this place, raise your hands. I would like to know people who are not, there are some 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. So, in fact, I am glad that I asked this question, because this is actually an extremely important initiative. It is called TED for Technology, Entertainment and Design. This was a group started in 1984 as a group of people who wanted to discuss something very peculiar. What was that? Ideas worth spreading. You know, all of us when we read about either a novel or some newspaper report or something, we occasionally do come across an idea which we feel is nice and we talk about it to some friends. That is an idea worth spreading. Each one of us, depending upon one's own inclinations, likings, etc., might like different ideas worth spreading. But, curiously, a large number of people who are differently aligned in their approach in mind and thinking might still come around to say, ah, this particular idea is worth spreading. That means they all coalesce in saying this idea is good. And there are millions of human beings and there are millions of ideas and out of which thousands upon thousands are found by all humans to be worth spreading. So, this is a group which started that activity in 1984 and they started arranging talks, an annual conference and talks. These talks are all 18-minute talks. This could be on absolutely any topic on the earth except that people should jointly feel that it is an idea worth spreading. These 18-minute talks were recorded and they started releasing them on a website which was set up in 2007. This was Ted.com. Very recently, they now have new.ted.com. This is 2014. The site is still under consideration. It has just been constructed. So, actually if you go to Ted.com, they will advise you to go to new Ted.com. The group also supports openness of knowledge of all kinds. So, they do not work on anything that is proprietary. All talks therefore are released in open source under a creative commons license. How many of you are familiar with creative commons? Very few. You have all heard of open source? Open source software that you are familiar with. Linux, Ubuntu, whatever whatever. Now, just like software has the notion of open source, there are other creative things for which there is no equivalent. For example, Professor Prakash with the mention of journalism, if I show a simple one-minute video clip of a film or to play a part of a music to explain something to the audience, I would infringe upon the copyright of the original filmmaker and original this. I have no freedom even to quote it for explaining further or to write a critique. I certainly have no freedom to extract from it and give it to people or to take the whole thing and distribute it to people because I think it is a good idea. Because the original IP owner who had probably made a CD or DVD will say my copyright and my commission you have to pay. So in order to address these issues related to openness of knowledge in creative work, a creative commons was formed. Commons is actually the name which is derived from the English commons which is in India also where this equivalent is it stands for common property of villagers like a common land for cattle to graze, common water which the entire village owns. There is no ownership by an individual. That was the notion of commons. And creative commons is a common, what should I say, property of everyone for the creative ones. So this creative commons on the lines of open source created many licenses. The first license is just a CC license, creative commons. That means I give it to creative commons, I don't care how people use it. More popular licenses are BY, that is by attribution. So you can use it, distribute it, do whatever you want to do with it but you have to attribute it to the original author. So this particular creative work was done by so and so is what you have to acknowledge when you do it. There are other classifications such as NC which stands for non-commercial. That means you can distribute it but nobody can sell it for profit. If you don't say that people can even make money on it. There are two other alternate qualifications that are possible to this license. One is called share alike. This is more like the GNU-GPL license. That means if you modify a creative work, then whatever modification you have done must also be given in the same license to the whole world. The other more restrictive form is ND which is no derivatives. That means the original can be distributed, can be freely used but you are not permitted to make derivatives. The TED talks are released under creative commons BY, NC, ND license. They are all available here. The talks are mostly in English but several talks are in different languages. There are more than 1500 such talks. I would like to show you a glimpse of one such talk but before that I will tell you the assignment. There are 1500 talks. Now what you have to do between today and Thursday morning before you come back is pick a talk of your choice. Each one is an individual assignment, not a group assignment. And since there are 1500 talks, I will be very surprised if 30 of you randomly choose the same talk. This is like in the U.S. airport security when after 9-11 they started randomly picking people for details security except that I and several other Indians always got randomly picked at every airport. So such randomness is not very conducive to health. Now what you have to do is you have to listen to that talk. It is an 18-minute talk. Listen very carefully. Listening is an art. You have to listen to it very carefully. Then you have to write a summary of that talk in your own words. You have to write a summary of that talk in your own words. That should be about half a page summary. You have to write one A4 sheet. Nothing should be beyond one A4 sheet. As usual it will be a typed assignment so you will have to type it in and stop right-hand side. You must have your roll number and name. And then you will give the reference to the TED talk, then you will have about half a page of summary. Half a page or three-fourth of page. You can divide that A4 page into two parts. One part is summary and the second part is slightly tougher. You are critic on the whole talk. So summary suppose is my talk. Then you have to write in the first part the summary of what I have said. In the second part what you have to say is what you think about what I have said. You agree with it? Do you disagree with it? What points made sense to you? What do you think is useful to others? How do you think it should be taken further? Or what are your counter views? Not a big essay in just one paragraph. So summary and critic. Is that understood? Just these two. So let me quickly show you the glimpse of a talk there. new.ted.com You can read the details on the... You may not be able to read this but I would strongly suggest that spend additional 10-15 minutes going through the list. There are topics of various kinds that are listed there. Most of the talks are very exciting talks. How many of you have heard of the hole in the wall experiment? Professor Sugato Mitra while working for NIT did it in Delhi and since then he has expanded it enormously. He was a Ted Award winner speaker recently. In a Hoobli conference he spoke on the further work that he has done. He has opinions which are completely contrary to my own convictions. He says no teachers are required. He says students will learn better if you throw out all teachers. Maybe he has a point because students anyway don't come in time to the class so teachers are not required for that. So this is the site. You choose a topic. Please spend 10 minutes in choosing a topic, something which you can relate to something which you can understand. Do not necessarily select topics only from technology and science. There are n number of things in life other than technology and science and there are very very interesting talks here. But as far as this course is concerned the task is very simple. You have to listen to that talk and you may while listening to it you might want to make notes. I will grant you that an 18 minute talk might have to be heard twice in order to understand. That will take 36 minutes. You will take 20 minutes to write the first A4 page as Professor Vaidya has said and you will take another 20 minutes to correct it. This is the composite assignment for this entire week so that there is no subsequent assignment after next Thursday to be submitted in the next week. Next week is mid-same week, right? We of course will not hold any mid-same exam. So please utilize this time to do well in the other subjects for which you have to give the mid-same. However immediately after mid-same the actual activity will start. There will be another specific activity a group activity individual in a group activity which will be given around this data. So this is a sample pilot assignment. It is an obligatory assignment. Submissions due next week, no sorry this week Thursday morning. The handwritten note as usual has to be submitted here in the classroom. No excuses this time. I know most of you do not have a lecture before 9.30. So please come at 9.15 if required. Drop your submissions here and take the class. And type in whatever you have written with corrections of course if you want and submit it on the web. Thank you.