 definitelnje Antropocene. Antropocene je inventovali dodačno nobel prije Pol Kruzen. In maybe you know, because we have to talk about antropocene, because it declared that so extensive has been the damage to the biosphere caused by human activities. And our interglasial era can be defined after Holocene, antropocene. And that term highlights the fact that the human responsibility is so high in all our activities. And our ecological footprint is so high that we have to consider in which sense we have to manage about natural resources, energy, water, and so on. And in which sense we have to move towards another kind of behavior about natural resources consumption and pollution, waste production, wastewater production. Because that idea is not only related with environmental impacts, but also it involves all our activities. So we are talking about social sustainability, economic sustainability. So we have to consider some solution and the change of our perspective. Antropocene Pol Kruzen define that idea starting from the first industrial revolution. And since the industrial revolution, I mean during the 19th century, it starts that strong activity and strong footprint by human activities. Since the industrial revolution nature has been treated as a commodity that exists largely for the benefit of people and environmental problems have been considered as solvable through the use of technology. But it is a sort of false idea that thanks to technology we are able to solve any kind of problem. Our planet is in any kind of our activities, our common life at domestic level, industrial activities, agriculture and so on. And we are in interconnection because from the earth we are able to supply any kind of raw materials, energy, water in a perspective of take. Please remember that idea because take, make and dump are the three words, the three keywords for linear economy definition. And we will see later what linear economy and circular economy mean. So the interconnection between our planet and any kind of our activities in terms of input we need and in terms of output. So any kind of activity is, any kind of activities produce waste, airborne emissions, wastewater and the earth has to collect and put a sort of remediation of this kind of pollution. And now we know very well that natural resources are not infinite, they are finite, sorry. And also find the capability of the earth to absorb waste, wastewater, airborne emissions, all kind of pollution. In fact, as I suggested, you take, make, dump are the three actions related with the linear economy and now the idea to take natural resources to make something and to dump all kind of waste but we have to move towards a circular economy perspective in any kind of industrial application in terms of reuse and recycling of both biological waste and materials and technical materials. Thanks to circular economy perspective no more waste has to be produced but we will be able to recovery, to reuse and to recycle any kind of waste and any kind of material after utilization both at, why not, at domestic level activities and industrial ones. And why I'm talking about finite resources, finite raw materials, energy supply system because, you know, there happen robust depletion in natural resources supply and maybe you know the concept of earth over shoot day. Earth over shoot day represents the day during the year when we consider to exhaust the budget of the earth for the same year. Until 70s of the last centuries each year we were able to use just renewable resources and the first January of each year we started again the evaluation of consumption and so on but starting from the 70s we started to use more resources that our planet is able to produce each year and each year the earth over shoot day happens some days before the day before so for instance in 2018 the earth over shoot days happen the first August. That means that the first August we exhausted all the resources we need for our activities and during the residual month we are using the residual budget of the earth. Why, because our ecological footprint because of the weight of anthropic activities on the earth the ecological footprint in relation with building, with agriculture, with fishing and any kind of activity over on our planet. And you know that there is an ecological footprint an average ecological footprint for all people in our planet but you know that there are strong differences between the countries. In fact in the north of the world Europe, United States, Japan and so on there are very very high footprints why for other countries in Africa, South America and so on are of course lower footprint. Generally speaking we have to preserve natural resources from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. So we have to talk about natural resources sustainability that means both quantitative preservation and qualitative preservation. In terms of quantitative preservation is necessary to reduce consumption of non-renewable resources. According with overshoot days idea ecological footprint we had to move towards just renewable resources consumption for energy supply for instance but also as raw materials we had to consider water cycle in any kind of activities in order to reduce the total amount of water consumption. Also by quantitative preservation the idea that we have to use just renewable resources for energy production avoiding at all fossil fuels in the next future. And generally speaking use renewable energy sources but also by qualitative preservation is necessary to reduce pollution in terms of reduce waste production why not water production, water consumption and to reduce generally speaking pollution in the air, in the water, in the soil and to preserve biodiversity. There is nothing new, I am sure. In fact since 1985, 1987 sorry we are talking about sustainable development that according with the Brundland Commission the United Nations defined for the first time the idea that we have to use just renewable resources to reduce the footprint on the earth and we are talking about sustainable development that is merging the three pillars of the development of both society, economic and environment. And very interesting that not only environmental impact in terms of environmental issues but also economical and society perspective. And the Brundland Commission recognized that human resources development in the form of poverty reduction, gender equity, wealth redistribution was crucial to formulate strategies for environmental conservation. So the three pillars, yes, social, economic and environmental that will be once again highlighted during the Agenda 2030 reduction. Sustainable development, what it means is that it requires meeting the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to satisfy their aspiration for a better life and it means not in danger, not in danger the natural systems that support life on earth and maybe for the first time they highlighted the idea to use just renewable resources. In about 30 years after the first definition United Nations defined the 17 sustainable development goals according with the Agenda 2030. Agenda means the things we have to do for sustainable development and emerging once again social, economic and environmental issues. In fact you can see for instance some goals related with social perspective maybe gender equality or reducing equalities or some goals seem to be just environmental related with so clean water why not clean energy we are talking about today or life below water but if you look in deep you can discover also by yourself that inside each goal the three perspectives are really interrelated and all goals are once again interrelated if we are talking about clean energy affordable and available for any person on the earth so we are talking about the possibility to reduce poverty, to reduce hunger to guarantee in a certain way also a better life and good health and we are able to talking about clean energy also talking about clean water the idea to improve the life in our cities to move towards a different way in consumption and production so for instance the goal 12 and generally speaking together with energy is not the climate action and so on so all goals are in a strong and robust interconnection and as suggested Jakob in the first slide today and during also your project you are talking about in particular the goal number seven so affordable and clean energy is defined as ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all just some numbers about that goal in a general perspective some numbers about our planet one in seven people still lacks electricity and most of them live in rural areas of developing world three billion of people more than 40% of the world's population rely on polluting and unhealthy fuels for cooking that is a very impressive number some projects of mine related with developing countries project and also by myself I had some contact with people where that problem is a very, very strong problem and in particular in relation with the kind of population related with this kind of issues for cooking in particular women and children that sometimes die because of the kind of cooking and or are really impacted by the polluting system for cooking for instance or for energy utilization of domestic level then you know the main energies the main contributor to climate change 60% of greenhouse gases and other numbers really interesting talking about energy transition we are living during this period and ensure access to affordable reliable sustainable modern energy for all just some numbers I don't want to bore you this concept but very important that during the last 15, 16 years some behavior changed and some numbers are better than in the past for instance the proportion of global population with access to electricity increased from 78% to 87% and in the least developed countries the proportion of the people with access to electricity more than double between 2000 and 2016 but we have a lot to do to improve once again the energy supply for everyone in our planet and a very strange idea is that not only in developing countries energy problems and energy supply energy availability is present but for instance also in Europe a large amount because we are talking about 50 million of people households in the European Union are experiencing energy poverty and energy poverty means also some health issues well-being issues and the European Union just last year defined the program the package for clean energy for all Europeans so define new target for European Union by 2030 the target for renewable energy and the energy efficiency target together with the idea to reduce emissions by 2030 at least at 45% relative to 1990 talking about energy just considering that idea related with energy poverty in Europe and in developing countries and maybe in other countries I suggest you that interesting approach by Jeremy Rifkin some years ago he defined the idea of the third industrial revolution the third industrial revolution means to move towards a very fast way towards a future where only renewable energy is present the energy will be produced only by renewable sources and I totally agree with this change of mind in the idea of energy production we move from talking about for instance fossil fuels production we move from large factories for energy production towards in that idea a spread and diffuse system of production the idea is that each building has to become a small electrical power station each industrial building domestic building and each building each of us will produce the energy we need and then the surplus of energy can be put inside a worldwide net to that has to be created energy net to share energy and the idea is to have the possibility to give energy to anyone in the world a very, very affordable energy cheap energy and just electricity coming from renewable sources and also electrical vehicles for instance utilization that is of course in my opinion an interesting perspective that could be a sort of revolution but I think that can be done in the future in fact we have to say that the age of fossil fuel is over not exactly now in 2020 but in the next future we have to stop with coal production oil production, oil utilization here you have a perspective in transition time for coal, for oil, for natural gas the high day from now until the end of the century maybe but also the new energy age was born some years ago and the golden age during the next period we have to stop with fossil fuels so you know very well what fossil fuels mean fossil fuels come from the remains of living things coal, natural gas and oil and according with the Hubbard peak model maybe you know what Hubbard peak model is that fossil fuel age has to finish in a few decades Hubbard peak is a model thanks to Hubbard that was a physician in the United States that several years ago during 50s he said that he assumed that after fossil fuel reserves oil, coal and natural gas reserves are discovered production at first increases quite exponentially not at the beginning or a very slowly way but then exponentially as more extraction commences more efficient facilities are installed at some point a peak output is reached and production begins declining until it approximates an exponential decline and that is true for any given geographical area for any region and for any kind of resource because that model can be applied not only for fossil fuels not only for oil for instance but also for other raw materials that is just an example to highlight that model is true in fact for instance Pennsylvania intracite production we know very well how the story finished because in 2000 they stopped that production and you can see by yourself that the model is quite true and that is a good model for several kinds of natural resources once again for coal for instance in Japan or in Germany or in UK something like related with the Hubbard peak model they finished to produce some years ago China's coal is a model for the future is a forecast for next 50, 60 years until 2019 once again that model but you can apply that model also for other raw material phosphorus for instance that is a strategic material for agriculture and we know that there are some supply problems and there is quite the same behavior coal, gas and oil decline during next period and we have to move toward just renewable resources production systems not only because of the pollution of oil, gas and coal but mainly because of pollution pollutant emissions the greenhouse gas emissions derived from fuel combustion here you have some numbers thanks to the international panel of climate change and you can see that several sectors are responsible about carbon dioxide emissions or generally speaking greenhouse gas emissions first of all energy industries then transport and then household and manufacturing order that means industrial processes and product use, agriculture and waste management here you have total carbon dioxide emissions during the time starting from 1990 and growing, quite exponential growing until now ok, quite the same and nation by nation or better continent by continent here United States European Union and then order continents the amount of carbon dioxide emissions per capita and you know the interrelation between carbon dioxide emissions and the global temperature the idea that climate change, global warming and then climate change are related with carbon dioxide emissions and carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere so talking about climate change we perfectly understand that we have to stop with carbon dioxide emissions we have to start reducing carbon dioxide emissions but moving towards clean energy production maybe in few years we were able to reduce and to avoid carbon dioxide emissions at all carbon dioxide that is related with the carbon footprint few slides ago we said we have seen together the ecological footprint that is a general model to understand in which sense our consumption and our pollution is related with the environmental issues of our planet, carbon footprint is just related with carbon dioxide emissions and carbon dioxide emissions are related also with the development of countries and there is a perfect relationship between carbon dioxide emissions per capita and the human development index here in this part of the graph you can see all countries of the north side of the world so United States, United European Union countries Japan and so on in the middle China, India but at the beginning so a very very low carbon dioxide emissions per capita and very low human development index the developing countries so there is an interrelationship between carbon dioxide emissions and human development index unfortunately all effects of climate change are also and maybe sometimes mainly on several developing countries so we have to move towards renewable energy that are perfectly better than me wind energy, biomass, photovoltaik, hydropower and this is the percentage of energy sources in Europe in 2017 renewable energy just 30% nuclear energy about 25% but fossil fuels 44% and in terms of kind of energy sources we have these percentage in 2015 for instance and the behavior in renewable energies production during the time starting from 1990 so a growing but not so accelerated growing we have to improve during next years some countries for instance in Europe reached already the 2020 target for energy, renewable energy production some of them have to move again towards that goal you know perfectly and you will discover also during next days the kind of solar energy production the idea that solar energy is strongly related with solar irradiation is higher also is higher in developing countries in several developing countries than other countries that the reason why sometimes photovoltaik and solar energy is considered as a democratic source of energy we have to improve also in these countries solar and photovoltaik energy production but other in very few words about other kind of renewable energy for instance geothermal energy in Italy we have several areas having high entropy geothermal energy but everywhere you can find constant temperature in the earth and sometimes is possible in a very easy way to produce energy thanks to the geothermal system wind energy wind energy is considered the cheapest one at this moment and wind energy is a very excellent way to produce energy because of the low environmental impact the high efficiency and the low cost why not and for instance several European countries are moving towards total wind power for instance the transition in Denmark they assume to produce wind energy and using just wind production system by 2040 use just wind power and for instance in the Netherlands since the first January 2017 all trains are using electricity from wind energy production so all trains zero emissions and that is a very correct way to produce energy in available and affordable sources of electricity energy from sea energy from sea is possible thanks to wave energy and wave energy can be captured directly from the surface of the oceans and the sea and the amount of energy difference from the kind of waves you have and the salinity of the sea several different properties of the area where you are anyway an interesting way to produce energy and to conclude that this part of renewable resources once again biomass and waste energy that can be a good solution to manage also some kind of organic waste for instance producing biogases and to produce electricity generally speaking talking about renewable resources we can consider several advantages for instance provide low operating and maintaining cost long life period service cost are generally low renewable sources and all the social and economical advantages for instance they say that it's possible to create new employment opportunities several examples also in Europe thanks to the transition to renewable energy production the employment was higher than in relation with other energy production some disadvantages mainly related with some economic issues the idea to to have the possibility to produce that is impossible to produce a large amount of energy but as I suggested you we have to change our perspective moving from large factories towards small and spread local energy production system ok, this is the in the world in 2016 the amount of renewable resources renewable energies mainly wind, solar and hydro energy the order some points and to conclude my speaking I would like just to to spend some words in relation with the environmental impacts related with energy production talking about carbon dioxide emissions we can see and you know perfectly that fossil fuels are responsible for the largest amount of carbon dioxide emissions while the clean energy production solar, wind and biomass as well in a certain way are producing considered clean at all in terms of carbon dioxide emissions if you have a life cycle assessment of carbon dioxide emissions or generally greenhouse gases emissions as carbon dioxide equivalent and not exactly zero for instance for biomass because you have to consider also some greenhouse gases consumption for plants and something like this anyway, the highest amount of greenhouse gases emissions are related with coal and gas while the clean energy solar, geothermal and wind are very, very low carbon dioxide emissions some idea related with safety health and security and environmental issues a comparison between fossil fuels, nuclear and renewable generally speaking we can say that the renewables are responsible of zero emissions so very low water consumption very low carbon dioxide emissions while all the kind of energy production systems are responsible for several and severe pollution for instance particulates for coal, metals SOX, NOX the same for oil nuclear could be responsible for some radiation leaks but in particular high water consumption and full storage the waste production solid waste production and so on and also by safety point of view and health and security renewable resources can be considered better than the other kind of water system once again thanks to life cycle assessment in relation with human health damage for electricity generation we have lower impact for renewable then for coal, lignite and other fossil fuels environmental impact per unit heat delivery generally speaking the total amount of environmental impact once again lower the total amount of impact lower for some renewable energy production and of course talking about carbon dioxide equivalent and greenhouse gases impact but all the kind of impact for instance talking about raw material is important to highlight but for some production system we have to consider the utilization of the so-called critical raw materials according with European package for raw material strategy of raw material Europe define 14 critical raw materials and for some of also renewable water renewable energy production some critical raw materials have to be considered so for instance photovoltaics sometimes indium, gallium or ruthenium, silver but for electricity full cell driven electric vehicles, platinum copper, terbium also for electricity storage for electricity grid some critical raw material so it's necessary to have a wall perspective considering all kind of impacts you have in any kind of energy production and then finally biodiversity because some for instance talking about hydro power, the alteration of littoral ecosystems or habitat for some biotopes and so on talking about ocean energy production an impact on the marine and coastal ecosystem and also why not solar photovoltaics, disturbance through installation stage, plant community change due to shading effect and so on it's necessary and it's interesting to consider the environmental impact from different perspective in all kind of energy production and that is an interesting perspective, for instance talking about photovoltaics they know very well that is useful to combine photovoltaics plant at the building level together with a green roof a green roof is able to improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel and at the same time the green roof can preserve the habitat thanks to the plant thanks to the insects that are present on the green roof so you can combine several environmental friendly solutions in order to improve the environmental behavior and just to conclude few I would like to highlight this concept, first of all energy transition and energy efficiency there is an urgent need to develop policies so that in the next few years the emission of carbon dioxide and other polluting gases can be drastically reduced substituting for fossil fuel and developing sources of renewable energy and investment to improve the efficiency for energy production both for industry, building, transport and so on affordable and availability of energy worldwide there is minimal access to cleaner renewable energy and some countries have made considerable progress that is far from constituting a significant proportion so we have to talk about energy democracy as I said at the beginning we have to put together environmental and social perspective and also in these issues the effect of technological innovation is a reality, unemployment social exclusion equitable distribution, consumption of energy and finally very important the energy responsibility by the developed countries to developing countries the developed countries ought to help pay this debt by significantly limiting their consumption of non-renewable energy and by assisting power countries to support policies and programs of sustainable development I am concluding using as you can find in the encyclical letter Laudato Si by Francis Pope in 2015 the Pope wrote that very important document in particular by scientific point of view thanks to the help of several great persons in the world really expert on environmental issues and these are the words of the Pope since 2015 and I think that they are true again and they can push up towards the future we want about energy and about sustainability thank you very much for your overview on energy problem and solution and I think that now we are better in the field and so we all work on this research so if there are any questions from the audience feel free we are quite few and so don't be shy for the biodiversity slide and one of the methods you had was CSP describe that with desert ecosystems I was just curious what is CSP CSP, you are right I am really sorry because in this moment maybe solar photovoltaik the sea I don't remember you are right, you are perfectly right I forgot what CSP means is a kind of solar photovoltaik system I don't remember the sea fragile desert ecosystem maybe concentrated or something like this because of the kind of photovoltaik system in particular in this particular ecosystem and then the follow up question you were saying of coupling green having green roofs and then solar PVs in that case are you typically then staging it where you have very specific green roofs with the type of solar index you are getting in the environment or is it pretty general where you are just using local plants and that should be fine both of them from literature you can find several examples because if you reduce the temperature on the roof you are able to have an eye efficiency in solar system and thanks to green roof we have at our laboratory a small green roof we are testing the thermal insulation of the building and sun thanks to the thermal camera we are able to measure the temperature not more than let's say 34-35 degrees on the green roof while on the grey roof that is our comparison system also 60-70 degrees during summer and they say that there is a relationship between the difference of temperature and the efficiency of photovoltaics so if you are able on the roof of your building to maintain quite a constant temperature during summer between let's say 25 and 35 at the contrary the normal roof from 20 to 70 from 9 in day during the summer so the efficiency is really high really higher for photovoltaics there is a correspondence between the temperature and the efficiency other questions? thank you for this very nice overview looking at the renewable energy is it because of the diluted energy density of sunlight or is it because of costs or other issues? ok, I have to say that I am not an expert in this kind of energy production system just the overview in relation with environmental impact you are perfectly right you have to consider also the other aspects in the economical one I am sure that thanks to the possibility to spread in a very, very small production system also by economical point of view there could be possible to improve that renewable system in big growth other questions? ok, thank you very much she introduced how this field is complicated we have to stop