 Since the subject of psychology is all related to human nature, human behavior and human thinking processes. So there are the certain situations in which we have to see that we cannot use informed consent because we see that participants would be aware of the fact that what is going to be studied from themselves and they may alter or change their behavior. So the waiver of informed consent in social and behavioral sciences are often needed when the research involves the following situations. The first one is incomplete disclosure. Second one is covert observation and third one is deception. So we are going to look into it one after another. Incomplete disclosure. In social sciences research the requirement to describe purpose of the research may be waived in order to counter demand effect. Now what is demand effect? Demand effect is a process in which a participant automatically behaves which he thinks the researcher is expecting. For instance if he is aware of the nature of the research after reading the informed consent, that the research is done to access and rate the function of our memory. So he will concentrate more on portraying his improved memory in the research. And no one will focus on disturbing any of the confounding variables. But if we conduct the same research in such a way that we are not giving complete disclosure that we are looking at your memory but we also say that the efficiency of any other task is about monitoring it. So the researcher can easily deduct that how much better is the memory of the free and fair environment and how much better is the task. So I mean sometimes it's important that incomplete information would be given to them to see the exact behavior in which they tend to behave in their normal settings. Demand effect is a subtle cue that makes participants aware of the fact that what researcher expects to find they will often alter their behaviors to confirm to the expectations as I have given you an example. Covert observation is a second thing. Covert observation requires a waiver of all the elements of consent. For example if people know that their behavior is being observed they may alter their behavior in a way that is obtained in a meaningful and actual research would not be possible. And we are saying that we give a scenario in which we look at the behavior of charity and we all say that the outcome of this research is to note your charitable behavior. So of course this is such a socially desirable behavior that everyone will be going to give charity in that experiment and at the end we will be having with fake results because there would be no real time situation where we assess that how people give charity. If we plan this in a situation that individual is playing a role in a miserable condition or in a beggar's role and we are seeing how many people are giving charity then maybe our covert observation will be a real way to see how many people give charity. Then deception is the third thing. Outright deception can sometimes be justified and it is essential for investigating a particular phenomenon. For example, participants may be told that study is about perception and it is not about the suspectability of the pressure from the researcher. Like you have deceived them by telling them that you are accessing certain phenomena but actually you are not doing that, you are doing something else. In the permittee experiment when the electric shocks were giving the participants in a classical experiment they didn't know that they were being aggrieved. So basically research, bazookas, human behaviors, motives, intentions and attitudes are being studied in such a way that you feel that someone else is being studied but they are being altered to study another behavior. In such a situation, reception could be justified. Yes, this is very important that it is not going to be harmful or producing any kind of threat to the participants. So it is justified that in such a situation we can use deception and here we will also justify the behavior of informed consent.