 And I will talk on megalithic journeys, mobility and megalithic interaction in Europe in the fifth and fourth millennium Carl V.C. I will present a collection of evidence and indications for megalithic journeys of megalithic societies based on radiocarbon dates and chronological modeling, the circulation of greenstone artifacts and megalithic art. My name is Bettina Schultz-Pausen. I'm from the University of Gothenburg. And I'm working since a couple of years in megaliths in Europe. And I will show you the results of different projects. Megaliths, and this is including megalithic graves, standing stones, megalithic buildings, are worldwide phenomena. And in Europe, there are still remaining around 35,000 megaliths. And most of them have been constructed in the Neolithic and in the Copper Age. And they're located along the coastal areas. And strikingly, in Europe, an even worldwide appearance and the architectonic feature is similar or even identical. As we find true of Europe, we find megalithic graves built at stonements and passage graves or gallery graves. Then we have all around Europe standing stones, either isolated in the landscape or they're arranged in circles or in rows. And furthermore, there is evidence for all over Europe for the orientation of the graves to the east or the southeast towards the rising sun. It is an over 200 years old, ongoing research debate when, where, how, and why megaliths and megalithic societies are emerging. And during the 19th and the first two thirds of the 20th centuries were archaeologists as Oscar Montelius and Gordon Child, postulating theories with the origin of the megaliths in one region and the spread from there out. So presented Montelius in the 19th century, the Orient as potential region where megaliths emerged. Or Gordon Child saw the origin of the passage graves in the Mediterranean and the diffusion outgoing from there over the seaway. With the introduction of the radio comdates in the megalithic research and the processualistic approach is this idea of an independent emerge of the same kind of stone architecture as in several regions of us. So Colin Renfrew proposed five independent nuclear centers, including Portugal, Andalusia, Brittany, South-West England, and possible Ireland for the emergence of megaliths in Europe. With my time in stone project, I tried to contribute to this debate. And I compiled and analyzed 2,410 radio com results out of megalithic contexts, but also out of pre-megalithic and to the megaliths contemporaneous contexts. And the results were re-evaluated after the context and the quality. And I was advocating a Bayesian statistical framework. And Bayesian statistics and logical modeling of radio comdates is today a well-established method to consider really constrain the time interval for calibrated ranges. And we can come to much more exact timelines. I could constrain this time interval for the emergence of megaliths in Europe to 200 to 300 years. And I found decisive support for the spreading of the megaliths over the seaway in five different phases. And the book is just out. I just want to say this is now combined at Archeopress. Brand new, still warm. And I want to present here quick the summarized results. Megaliths are merging in Northwest France in the fifth millennium, called the sea, between 4,704,000. It's the region with the earliest possible onset for the data, and the only region where we can consider transitional stages to the megaliths. And within the same time interval or somewhat later, we have megaliths in Catalonia, on Sardinia. Then in Galicia, most possible in Algarve, in Andalusia, and in northern Italy, also Apulia. These are regions where we only have the material and architecture. There's no direct radio comdates existing yet. Then within the same time interval, as I have to say, this early megalithic stage is associated to closed structures. These are chisps, or chambers, and they're covered by mounds. In the same time interval, we have passage graves, as it starts here in northern France and Corsica, that we have graves to reopen again and the change of the burial costumes. And now it's happening. If you look between 4,000 and 3,500, all along the Atlantic has said, we have towns of passage graves built. And there, this can be that they most probably were built within a very short time interval. I have no closer indications there yet. And we do not know what this is. This is for sure spreading over the seaway. And we do not know is it migration, is it intercultural exchange, or is it both, most probably, what I personally think. Then we have 500 years later, in southern France and in the far Middle East, here. And also here, in Scandinavia, it is like this that the spread from the megalithic graves came over the seaway because the earliest megalithic graves we have on the west coast of the island of Scotland and Ireland. And these are staying the only megalithic graves on these islands. So it looks like they were coming, this passage grave tradition were coming from somewhere else to these islands. Then we have also the temples on Malta in this time. We have in the next 500 years only one new megalithic region in Belgium with Alecoveas, also with gallery graves. 500 years of stagnation, but reuse of older graves as no new megalithic regions. And then between 2000 and 2000, again, spreading megaliths in the Mediterranean over the seaway together with the Bell Baker phenomena. As I said, also, Brittany is the region with the potential earliest radiocommendates. And we have beside this also the highest accumulation of greenstone artifacts. And especially jadeite and the very sky. And this is another project I was working with colleagues from all over Europe and Spain, Portugal and France. And we tried to get the temporality of this greenstone train of this Kalaist trade because Kalaist is a very raw material in Europe. We have only 10 clear sources. And together with provenance analyzers as with the Kalaist project, we tried really to see how the circulation, as when the circulation was exact and get a high precise chronology for this. And we tried to sort out really reliable context and in the end, we saw a lot of five left and we were establishing large models like this for the regions. And the earliest Kalaist context there from Northern France and Western Spain. And it looks like this now. As a green is the sources. Small green dots are the artifacts. And this is for the sixth and fifth millennium Kalaist. And we have in the end of the sixth millennium, we have from Kantin-Toré outgoing as a provenance analyzer from Keraidor, these new ones, that Kalaist artifacts were found from there, originated from there here in Northern Spain and in the Kuevel Carves de Pastares. Then we got a really early Rubani context here up in the grave with Kalaist from Pico Centeno from Enki Nanzola as a really long trade. And then the time of the first megaliths. This is here. We have here this one with highest accumulation of these beads and pearls. In this time, there's still Kantin-Toré is in use, the mine, but it analyzes of these earliest megalithic raw material from Kalaist was given exclusively now of the new knowledge, Pico Centeno and Enki Nanzola. And this is for me also an indication as you have to look here, there is no artifacts in this region. But it means either they traded up the raw material or what I think rather that it went down to take it. And this must have been happening totally over the seaway. Then what is the megalithic art saying? We have megalithic seascape and we have a multi-motive depicted in megalithic art. There is, this symbol is a contrast debated. It's called partly still some kind of plow. But I think a search concern was showing very for me plausible that it's depiction of a sperm whale. Yes. What about the watercraft? We have also boats in megalithic graves. Here in Manalout, we have three boats on one artist art. And they're similar depicted as the Bronze Age boat in Scandinavia, as with the crew. Then we have here in Manalout also on boat in Gavrines, also the record documentation was giving another boat. And what is also quite common are the barks in combination with the product here. Then we have a symbol that's called the you of howl motif. And it's normally interpreted as boat whites or water birds. But if we look with our Scandinavian boat eyes, since we have only in our region over 10,000 boats, if you look at some example of boats, we could also interpret this symbol, if you see for example here as a depiction of boats. And this is a quite common symbol in Britain. So there are strong indications for long distance maritime exchange and seafaring while the Neolithic in Europe. And this is 2000 years earlier than he had proposed for the Bronze Age. And we have no evidence yet for the watercraft technology. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you.