 Hello, everyone. My name is Jim. Thank you, I was about to ask about that one. This is my first talk. I hope you all enjoy it. This is the anatomy of drug testing. The core of this talk is going to be mainly just going over what's tested for, why it's tested for the specifics of the, how the tests work as a sciences and stuff like that. Now my slides, I don't put a lot of information on them. Honestly, they're just going to be more like notes for me to remember what I'm talking about. I want to start off more on the legal end, just so you get an idea of some of the information. Scheduling is where drugs are set up at on a legal standpoint. Now schedule one is where you're going to find most of your drugs. Pied, heroin, methamphetamines, things of that nature. Schedule one drugs are technically supposed to be drugs that are highly addictive, no medical purposes. They are considered to be dangerous to society, things of that nature. It is not legal to own them without DEA approval. Now schedule two have a slight medical advantage but are still highly addictive and dangerous. A weird example of this one would be cocaine is actually a schedule two drug instead of schedule one. Reason being is cocaine is actually used still as an anesthetic in certain kinds of surgeries. I believe ocular surgeries, they'll still use it on occasion. Now schedule three and four is where you start getting into drugs that are less addictive. They have less social context of causing harm to people. They don't cause physical harm. They're not addictive, things of that nature. You're looking at a lot of like say anti-psychotics, antidepressant medicine for like schedule three, schedule four, your acetophenamine salicylates, you know, painkillers of the lower that you buy at the street, maybe Benadryl, things of that nature. Now onto the actual legal stuff that matters more is the DOT. DOT is department of transportation. This is huge when it comes to drug testing because the DOT will mandatory drug test anyone who operates a commercial vehicle and their rules are where the strictures are. DOT regulations state that the panel has to be at a minimum of a five-point panel, usually THC, amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, and I believe it's going to be barbiturates, possibly. The fifth one can vary from time to time. And some of the rules behind how it has to be done has to be done completely illegally with a chain of custody form, a CSE form. Everything has to be documented properly. The person has to go into a secure location in order to take the piss test. And with a secure location, water cannot be running. You're looking at everything that could potentially have a dispenser is going to be taped off so you're unable to use it. The toilet bowl would be blueed out so if you bring out the sample and you try to use the toilet water, it's not going to be valid because you'll be some kind of sickly green color. And then if the DOT person is coming in for a reason other than say a random pre-employment, say there's a recent suspicion, there's an accident, or they're acting a little bit weird, DOT regulations also state that someone in those circumstances is going to have to have an observed collection. First person will have to end up be out of their pockets. They'll have to pull their pants down, pull their shirt up, spin around the circle to make sure there's nothing present that could potentially be used as an alternate sample and then go into the bathroom and still be observed of the urine leaving the person's body and going into the sample cup. Now there's also non-DOT, which is just a still illegally binding, but it's not as strict because you're not dealing with the driving on the roads. Non-DOT, you basically just sign your form, you walk in there, it's still a secured room, but then you walk back out and you sign a couple things. Usually you'll sign the actual container that the urine specimen will be sent into the testing research facility and then you're on your way. Now BATs, breath alcohol, same thing, can of custody, they're not as detailed as the DOT ones. Now these are the ones that the hospitals and the police can both use. They are also legally binding. Someone who says that the breath alcohol is not as specific or accurate as a hospital testing, the hospital that I work for actually uses the exact same breath alcohol machine for our BATs as the police departments in the region I live in. And we have been able to test to make sure that our chemistry machines can test the actual BAC directly from the blood as opposed to the BAC from the breath and they are right on comparable. Now the methodology is here. These four or five, sorry, methodologies are five of the primary ones you're going to end up seeing and they're going to be getting used for your drug testing. EIA and ELISA is one of your most basic. What this is is if you want to think about it this way, think of like a pregnancy test. You're pissing the strip and you'll see like a little bit of a water line moving up and if there ends up a colored line forming, then you're pregnant. These work off that same principle. It's working with antibodies and enzymes and things of that nature. What's going to end up having, where that little line is, there's a strip of antibodies attached to the filter. And when the drug, let's just say THC, passes over that line, the THC will bind to those antibodies. Now there's also antibodies that are at the very base where you actually put the sample on that are filtered out and those antibodies will bind to a different part of the THC molecule. So what you end up doing is you end up getting this antibody right here and then you have your THC, this is on the actual cassette and then the molecule holds on the right here and then another antibody will grab on the right here. The top of that antibody is made to be colored. So that if all these THC molecules end up attaching, then what colors, these secondary antibodies will attach to that one. It's like a sandwich of antibodies and these molecules allowing there to be a defined line. Obviously if there's a high level THC or whatever drug you're testing for on there, the line will become very, very thick and dark, whereas there's a very small amount, it would be a very faint line. It's only a qualitative test though. I mean it's not going to give you a definitive number like you're not going to have, no you have 15 milligrams per deciliter of a sample on that one. For that one you'll need the other four. The next one is spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometry is used in actually not only drug testing but is a major testing style of most, well I won't say most, but of many of the different kinds of tests that the hospitals will be running. I mean this thing will test your levels of potassium, it will test your levels of different drugs and also different enzymes and proteins that are found in your blood, urine, and other body fluids. Now the way the spectrophotometry works is you have, well with where I work we use what's called a dry slide that's a newer kind of spectrophotometry. It's just now starting to become increased and what happens is you take the slide and the machine will dispense say like five microliters of specimen. It'll dispense it onto the slide and the slide will have filters in there to filter out what it doesn't want in there. And then what isn't filtered through we go down to the bottom which has enzymes. These enzymes are going to react with these different drugs and with these reactions it will change the color kind of like you add iron to oxygen, it goes from clear and gray to a reddish color from the rust. The machine will take this color, it'll see how much of a color change there is, how dark it gets, the differences and everything of that nature. And with these different changes in color it'll actually give a very specific amount of a level of the drug that's in there. A good example that I see a lot is alcohol testing from people coming into an ER. Like a 0.1 that I would see would be equivalent to a 0.1 percent for that. With spectrophotometry you're looking at a lot of times your alcohols, I believe there's some for cocaine, acetophenamine, salicylates, a lot of the ones that aren't really going to matter too much. The big one legally is going to be alcohol that's going to test for. Now chemiluminescence as a test. Chemiluminescence uses a similar concept as the EIA and the ELISA. What chemiluminescence does is it has a base of these antibodies and then the chemicals the drugs that we're testing for will attach to these antibodies and they're going to be inside a tiny little cuvette. They get incubated for a while warmed up to the correct temperature and then through a series of acids and bases that are being splashed in through this, in through there it shoots out a bit of light at the cuvette after being washed out these acids and bases and the molecules that are attached to the other ends instead of being color are photoreactive and the machine will measure how much of this flash of light that is shot at it. It will absorb it and then release that light back out. It will find out how much of that light is absorbed and then released back out and it will actually give a very quantitative result and definitive answer as to how much the person has in their system at that time. Now GCMS, actually I'm going to go in a different order. I'll go with the breathalyzer first. GCMS is a lot more advanced. The breathalyzer, simply the way that one works is when you breathe in, show of hand who here has actually had to take a breathalyzer for whatever reason. Wow, I'm impressed. You people are either very good or just not doing it right. The way the breathalyzer works is for everyone who raises their hand don't know that the officer in question is always saying breathe deep, keep breathing, keep breathing, keep breathing. They don't let you stop giving one breath until the machine goes off. The reason being is that the breathalyzer is specifically meant to wait until the breath is becoming exhausted to start measuring the sample. What that's doing is that's going to get a deep lung sample instead of one that's upward more toward the surface where it's going to be saturated with alcohol. That's the other reason why they make you wait, say, 15 minutes, 20 minutes before you give a sample because so much is eating a sandwich, you know, having a breath meant can actually throw off the results of the test. Sadly, it will only give false positives. It really won't get any kind of false negatives. But your body was releasing the alcohol through the bloodstream into your lungs and that's what they're testing on for that one. Now, GCMS, gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry. For anyone here who's watched CSI, which is sadly probably most of us, if you remember seeing where they're like, alright, this person has this drug and they look at this little strip of paper and it has these tiny little justs of spikes and peaks and things of that nature. That's GCMS. What GCMS does is actually two different tests that they use in conjunction because neither one is specific enough to give a definitive result by itself. But when used together, they can piece the information with each other to give a result that is incredibly specific and incredibly accurate. What happens with the gas chromatography is they take a tiny sample and they heat it up to make a gaseous form out of it. And then with this gaseous form, they take a stream of air, usually of an inert gas like radion or something along those lines and shoot it through a coil. Now, inside this coil are chemicals that are made to be able to attach to certain enzymes or certain chemicals and not their other ones. So these molecules that have been suspended into a gaseous form start shooting through this line. Now, dependent upon how reactive what chemical is to how reactive the chemicals are to the inner lining of this tube and depending upon the size, the different chemicals will come out at the end of the coil at different times and a gas chromatographer will actually end up creating a list of, okay, it's possibly this one is at this time, this one's at this time, this one's at this time. So these molecules could potentially be this. Now, say, like cocaine could have a similar time to pop out as THC. That's the reason why it's unaffected by itself. Now, mass spectrophotometry requires a very, very pure sample. It requires also the way it works when it comes out that coil, the mass spectrophotometry causes the molecules to bust apart and then go on to a plate. Now, when it hits this plate, it's reading the charges and the atoms that are on there. So, say, if it takes a complex molecule, say, like THC, bust the THC molecule apart, the molecule slams against this plate and it reads exactly what atoms are hitting on this plate and it will create a list of potential chemicals that it could be. But with that, if it has, you know, say, 10 carbons, 15 hydrogens, 3 nitrogens and a couple sulfurs, there's hundreds of different possible compounds for that. That's the reason why the gas chromatography works with the mass spectrophotometry because the correlation of when it came out, showing how reactive it was to the coils and what time it got eluded through the entire coil system and matched with the system of knowing exactly what molecules it is, when you put those two together, it creates a very, very definitive idea of what chemical could potentially be. This is considered the gold standard. This right here, many tests, like, say, the ELISA can read up to, like, at the best I've seen, I think, is like 50 micrograms per deciliter. The GCMS I know can get down to at least five and it will give a very definitive number, too. All right, now, sample types. Obviously, most of these you're not going to be dealing with. Hair is one people really, really get curious about. Hair as a standard is not tested past nine months as a standard. I've talked to a few companies and you can get it done past the nine months, but you have to give two samples so they do a nine month and a full hair sample. But for the most part, they don't do that. And the way they work with the hair is they take the hair sample and they'll dissolve the hair and with this dissolved hair sample, they'll take out the liquid in of it and then run it kind of like they do with the ELISA and EIA. And then if there's a positive, they'll go with the GCMS confirmatory testing. The other important thing about hair is it's deposits of the metabolites that are in there. So say you're in a party, a bunch of people are smoking some pot and you end up getting a hair sample. If you don't smoke, it will not affect you. Even if you were there that night before, you didn't shower, you go in, you're worried that the pot's still in your hair, it won't matter because your body is going to break down the THC molecule to different metabolites and that's what actually is getting deposited in the hair and that's actually what's being tested for and not the actual THC itself. The urine sample, this is the gold standard amongst most people. Many people here I'm assuming has had to deal with having to take a piss test. They're not fun depending upon the circumstances. Now the important thing, actually I'll go ahead and get on the how they test for adulteration on the urines later on. Blood is one of the unique ones because it doesn't always test for the metabolites. Like I said, with the hair in the urine, they're going to be testing with metabolites instead of testing for the actual chemical itself. But with blood, they're actually able to test for the very specific drug itself if they want to to know if you were actively on it at that point in time. They can also test for the metabolites if they so choose. Now would you get your blood tested? Normally the two that you would be seeing them put the sample into is going to be a gray top tube. There's two different chemicals in there. One of them is this an anticoagulant simply to make it so it won't clot up. The other chemical in there is an anti-metabolite. And the anti-metabolite is going to stop any of the red cells, white cells, etc. from metabolizing anything that's going to be in there be it glucose or heroin. Now I put stool in here because I had a personal friend asking me if there's a way to fish out someone's septic tank to see if they've been smoking pie. I don't know why they would want to do that. But with the stool, technically there's no stool testing. There's very, very, very defined exception to that rule which is called a meconium test. For people in the medical industry, who aren't in the medical industry rather, a meconium test is the first stool sample of an infant. I think the reason why these are the only stool samples that are done and I haven't had this part confirmed is that an infant's stool is not contaminated by bacteria yet. I mean, people's bowel system is completely just flooded with bacteria which can change, manipulate all these different drugs whereas an infant's stool sample isn't going to have that effect. And it brings in a very also major point of a lot of your release of these chemicals or these metabolites is actually in your stool but this gets further broken down in ways your body can't even break it down. Also, meconiums are very, very legally binding. I see, I would say four a month most likely from our OB area. From girls who come in, have a child, she tested positive for whatever drug they'll test the baby to see if the baby was contaminated by the drugs. Obviously, I've already talked about breath enough, you know, not too big of an issue on that one. That's really just going to be alcohol testing. Now the last one is body fluids and tissues. This is a wide scope right here because it's not very often done. The most common one would probably be salivary testing. Salivary testing is going to be using the EIA for the most part. It's not really too big. You have the potential of doing sweat testing where they put a patch on you, you have to wear it for so many hours, you take it off, excuse me, and then they'll take the sweat and try and test it. It's not very common. I didn't really hear about it until I did some specific research just to make sure it wasn't there and it ended up being there. Other kind of body fluids is the viscous fluids that is in the eye. A lot of times people will take that and use that to see if the person was under drugs when they were dead or when they died. And then also you could potentially, if you really, really wanted to, use certain kind of body tissues for testing. The big one would be adipose tissue, fat tissue for testing with mostly THC or any other kind of fat soluble drug, but THC being the big one on that end. Now right here I just have a couple lists of some very of drugs of where they kind of stand on drug testing. Commonly tested drugs and which are antidepressants, oxycodone, barbiturates, you can solicit it and citofitamin. The bottom two, just basic painkillers, your ibeprofen, your Tylenol, things of that nature. Inphetamines can range anywhere from methamphetamines, like say XC or ICE, to simple stuff like say Ritalin or even your diet pills are going to be less leveled as anamphetamines. And that's the reason why things like the GCMS come in so importantly. If the GCMS won't say it's an amphetamine, GCMS will say it's the specific amphetamine. And that way they know that you're, you know, you just can't say, oh, I took a diet pill. They'll know that you're on crank. And then barbiturates, benzodiazepines and oxycodones. That's mostly is going to be commonly tested for just for therapeutic monitoring. Making sure you're taking your drugs and not someone else, make sure you're not taking too much of your drugs. There is a lot of money that ends up going into a pain management with oxycodone. A lot of money that goes into that. Now, commonly tested drugs that are illicit, cocaine, methamphetamines, XC if you did not know is actually in methamphetamine. The MA is methamphetamine. Opiates, PCP, THC. I honestly don't know why PCP is commonly tested for. You don't see it a lot on drug tests. Showing up positive. But it is commonly tested for. I haven't figured that one out just as a conceptual idea. Opiates are very, very heavily tested for. I really wasn't sure what to put this as illicit. But you're looking at a lot of things like, say, morphine and heroin. I mean, ranging from those to just the simple ones that they use as a minor, minor anesthetic while you're at a hospital or something. Also, important piece of information is certain things like heroin. When they test for that, your body metabolizes opiates in a very strange way. And heroin is actually going to end up getting broken down into morphine and then morphine broken down into something else and then that's something else, broken down into something else and there's a long chain. So when you get tested for heroin, it actually may end up showing that you were taking morphine instead or something else down the chain. So they know there was a chance you had one of these opiates, but your body metabolizes these so quickly that they really can't determine unless they get a very, very quick sample on you. Now for uncommonly tested drugs. Very, very big urban legend is that LSD cannot be tested in your urine. That is false. Most places do not test for it in your urine for many reasons. It is not considered a dangerous drug because it's not something you see people, you know, you don't have the crack or equivalent of an LSD head. And also LSD comes out of your system so quickly that there's only a very narrow window of time to be able to actually test for it. I'll get Q&A a little bit later. But I have confirmed that there are hospitals at least in my region that do have an LSD on their standard panel. My hospital, most others don't have it, but it is there. So let's see, psychedelic mushrooms, that is also not commonly tested for the same reasons. It's not considered a quote unquote dangerous drug. It's out of your system very quickly. And the other thing about it, too, is that there's no actual metabolites that's actually produced from the psilocybin, at least not for the most part. The drug was discovered in one of the major ways of shamans in upper North America back in the long before the settlers would feed a poisonous mushroom to a horse, collect the urine from the horse, drink the urine, and the horse's body would break down all the poisonous chemicals in the mushroom, but leave the psilocybin untouched so they're able to drink the urine and have a spiritual journey from drinking horse piss. We call that beer nowadays. DMT. That is a very uncommonly known drug, but a very potent one. It was actually one of the drugs that was listed as a Schedule 1 and the 1970, I think, when that a law came, when scheduling all happened, DMT was actually one of those main ones. Again, it's another, actually the next three, DMT, mescaline, and peyote. All of these are psychoactive drugs. They are not considered the dangerous ones. They are out of your system a lot quicker. It's harder to test for them. They're not fat soluble, so they're not going to stain your fat cells and be released slowly over time. The nitrous oxide is also in the same concept, not that it's not dangerous or anything, but it's out of your system so quick that these drugs right here are just really hard to test for because of the time frame that the people are allowed to be to test for it. It's not reasonable and financially feasible to do it because they're not dangerous and they have to catch you so quick it's not reasonable to them. Now for a fun part, adulteration. This is primarily for urine drug testing. Obviously, observed is they're going to watch you pee to make sure it leaves your penis, goes into the cup. They know you didn't use someone else's sample, things of that nature. Those are not fun. Guys get really pissed off when you have to do that. Now specific gravity for those who don't really know what that is. The specific gravity of water is 1.00000. Continuing on. But water is almost never pure, so water always have a specific gravity that's a little bit higher. It could be 1.0004. It would actually be considered like pure water. But when you get into urine testing, the specific gravity of urine, normal range is 1.01 to 1.025 is a standard of what your urine specific gravity should be with all the other factors in there. Different proteins, creatinine, urea and even epithelial cells of the lining of the urethra and things of that nature. So what they're going to do with specific gravity is going to test to see how low it actually is. The cutoff usually is 0.005 or 1.05, depending on how specific they want to be with that. If it's lower than that, they can't give a definitive answer on the test and they will, they can't say you failed it. And that's the important part. What they can do is say that the sample was improper. It was not usable due to being too dilute. It is not legally a breach of contract for most companies to have a dilute sample because someone can just pee a lot. I personally, I drink 4 liters of water a day, or at least I try to, so my urine is basically like water. That's how I'm lining. Some people don't drink a lot of water, so they have a very dark pee. So they really can't use that against you. Now, they're allowed to retest you later on down the road once they get the results a week later, but at that time, you're going to be cleaning good to go. Now, creatinine. Creatinine is a constituent of urine that is heavily tested for. Normally, it's used in testing for kidney function. The reason why it's also used in for the adulteration is because of, with the kidney function, they can also test to see how pure the sample of the urine is. Even with flushing out your system, you can still have a higher level of creatinine with a lower specific gravity showing that your system is used to pumping out that much water. If you exercise a lot more, you can have a lot more creatinine in there, things of that nature. And then nitrates are an actual adulterant. Nitrates can be in vivo or in vitro, meaning outside the body, inside the body. And what these do is these will help break down the chemicals. So they test for the nitrates to make sure nothing was put in there that is going to skew the actual chemicals themselves so they can't be tested for. Actually, something I forgot to add to the adulteration is a, what they do when they test for you also is if there is any kind of concept that maybe someone took something and decided that they were going to put a little bit of soap in there or a little bit of bleach. And bleach is far more commonly used than you think. That is going to throw a specific gravity to such a high level that they aren't going to be able to use it. And also, you're going to be able to smell it very quickly and know that the sample has been adultered right off the bat. What they will do in that instance, because you'll be able to smell it so quickly, so defined, the person is going to have to stay there legally or they officially fail the drug test. That sample that is adultered will stay and it will be sent along with a new sample that has to be observed with being illegal. They will take both samples, they run them simultaneously and put them with the same report so the person can see definitively that there was a contamination attempt on the sample. I've had to do personally I think maybe four or five of these. They're not fun and in that instance usually you want to call security because you will have people trying to fight you. And that's just not fun. Now for, let's see how much time I have. Wow, I have a lot more time than I thought I was going to have. All right, now for, I'm guessing it's going to be the fun part for me. I would like to do a little bit of Q&A. I saw a couple of people are right in their hands. Gentlemen, was it right there? Yes, that's definitely a major aspect of it. I do not know what the, I don't, like I said, my hospital person has never used the Eleanolizer EIA for LSD, which I don't know what their cutoffs are. Usually it's a lot higher so they aren't going to be detected. GCMS though will be able to detect up those really, really small, minute amounts of the LSD. There's also the fact that some people in the tech LSD will take large amounts of LSD, which is also going to be easier to find. But those people are usually a lot more obvious when you're drug testing them too. Luckily I've never actually had someone actively tripping on me when I've had to drug test them. I've had plenty of people actively fucked up, you know, brought in by the police, you get a couple of co-cords over here and there. They're fun ones. But yeah, that's also a very good point and thank you for bringing that up. The fact that it's such a small amount as being taken does really weigh in heavily to the ability to test it. It is testable, but that small amount does make it a whole lot harder and that actually does add in to the ineffectiveness of actually trying to test for LSD. I can almost guarantee they do. I've never actually seen a panel that included it. A lot of more obscure drugs beyond like the standard 5, 10, 12, maybe even a 15 panel. They have ways of testing for other drugs. You know, like say Ketamine being a good example, but they don't commonly test for them for the simple fact that they're not common enough. Ketamine is actually considered more of a dangerous drug than say like LSD would a lot of times. And what you have to usually do to find out if something can be tested for is you have to get a hold of a company and look at their log of potential tests to see if they actually do offer that. Companies like MedTox and LabCorp are major ones who are actually going to be going to test for that. LabCorp being a medical purposes and MedTox usually being for a like MedTox, Quest are going to be actually legal. Yes. List of foods, we don't deal with that as a collection site. Tests now are becoming more and more specific and they're becoming more accurate so we don't have to worry about that as much. I would say about 10, 15 years ago actually like I believe was ibuprofen could cause a false positive for THC. Nowadays it doesn't. They found out ways to get around that. Certain foods like poppy seeds being a common one with the benefits could potentially give you a false positive. But you have to eat so many of them that it's unreasonable and they can also determine that potentially it could be this concept. Also actually that brings up another concept I forgot to mention is that if you're on a legal drug and you have to take a drug test say you're prescribed some hydrocodone because you have some back pain or you have an abscess tooth or something like that you don't have to worry about taking your test test and failing it on that specific chemical because with the drug test there is what's called an MRO medical review officer. This MRO what he will end up doing is he will look over all these positive results and say an opiate shows up and ends up being hydrocodone. He will personally call people or maybe even have a secretary or something like that do it and verify prescriptions to make sure that you're actually legally allowed to be on said drug when it shows up. That way he can give, the drug test will still show that you did it and it will still show a flag of that you quote unquote failed your drug test but there will be a note along with it saying the patient or the specimen, the carrier of the specimen was allowed to be on this drug at the time of the collection and then they will not have a falsified report, they will not be a failing of the actual test on that instance. Green shirt. Yes. Oh, okay. Oh, really? Okay. Yeah, actually, wow. The hospital I work at actually for some reason I don't know why it loves Meconium. I agree, it's a pain in my ass. It's a serious pain in my ass because the nurses do all the legal chain of custody forms completely wrong every time and it's just a hassle beyond belief. But yeah, we always do a screen with the mother first and then we will end up going to Meconium. We've done a urine I think maybe once or twice. I think my hospital tried to stray away from it because of the sample quantity. But thank you for the confirmation on that, though. Yes. Honestly, it's going to be varying upon multiple factors. The biggest factor actually is going to be whether the drug is fat soluble. That's the reason why THC is tested for so long after that you smoked pot, especially with chronic use, is that your body is going to be storing all the THC metabolites in your body fat and as your body burns through the fat cycles, it gets released over time. It can arrange, like see THC with being fat soluble, you know, you smoked pot once after having not smoked it for a year, it can be out of your system in two or three days. I have personally seen someone who was demanded by child services to come in and give a urine sample daily to test their THC levels and he was throwing positives for three months without smoking anything. So he said. But that with him was a chronic use. I mean, I ended up talking to him in quite a bit because him and his girlfriend would come in and both do it and while she was in there, he claimed to have smoked nearly half an ounce to an ounce of pot a day by himself for at least six to seven months. And that kind of chronic use is what would take to be a test for that long of a time as a positive without actually taking any drugs anymore. Oh, wait, hold on. But for the other drugs, they're in your system for a lot less of a time. Granted with chronic use, it could be a lot longer. Cocaine can have a range of anywhere from a couple of days to about a month. Most drugs are in your system for only a few days. Heroin cannot be directly tested after I think seven hours because you're about to metabolize this so fast, which also lends to its high level of addictiveness. And then also your general body chemistry. Some people's body chemistry is they metabolize things faster so they're going to be out of your system faster. Some people have a slower metabolism like yours truly. And so for someone like me, I will probably retain a positive result if I were to take something for a lot longer of a period of time. It's harder to tell unless you actually take a drug and then take a piss test, take a piss test, take a piss test and find out exactly what the half-life is for you specifically. I saw your hand. Okay. Honestly? Yes, he was asking, there's multiple kinds of mushrooms, psychedelic mushrooms. There's psilocybin and then there's, can you repeat that one again for me? Emidina. Emidina. I don't know what the active chemical in that one is. That could be very well that's only that. He was asking, there's two different kinds of mushrooms. If it's which one is actually the one that is going to be psychoactive in the urine? Personally, I forgot to research which one it was going to be. I can look that part up fairly quickly if you want to talk to me after the speech get with me. I'll look that up in a heartbeat. I know a couple really good websites that give that kind of information too. I do know that the psilocybin does get out of your system quickly. I've found ways to have that tested out. The other one, I'm not really too sure. If you find out the location of the mushroom itself, it would be a lot easier because I know they used reindeer. It's like the Inuits and the Eskimos who were highly the ones who did that. You're right there. Sorry, I'm having a hard time hearing you. You mean like having something in your system that's going to absorb the drug? Yeah, I'm having a hard time understanding the question. I'm sorry. This is an answer. Okay. Sorry, I was having a hard time understanding this. Right there. The B volume you're referring to is called a niacin. For niacin to actually be effective, you don't want to take it. Niacin puts your liver into like an overdrive. It causes your liver to start burning fat at a faster level. But for the niacin to actually, you know, potentially work, you're going to look at potential liver damage from your liver going into overdrive too much. And personally, I don't think it would be even close to worth the risk. Liver damage is going to be, for the most part, irreversible from that, especially if you do it over and over again. As with dilutions, as I was saying before, if you give a dilute specimen, they can't say you failed the drug test. They can say they couldn't use it due to being dilute. And then they can test you later on for that buying you more time. But they actually can't say that you actually got a failing on there. Now, for us, are they antioxidants? That's not always going to really work because your body can take care of a lot of those on its own. And they really won't be affecting the drugs as much. If not really, if you really, really, you would have to eat a huge quantity, like if you're drinking tons of water and you put in tons and tons of salt and along with it, you could potentially do it that way. But that is going to put a lot of stress on your kidney to have all those extra salts. And along with that, that could potentially raise the specific gravity, but it really won't be enough to actually give a high enough level. There's still going to be a tell that it's very clear. And it's also, that's the reason why they have the creatinine in there, too, is they think it tests for the creatinine. All the specific gravity is a little bit higher, but there's almost no creatinine in there, which means either this guy has no kidney function or he just drank a bunch of salt water. Oh, okay. I'm sorry. The lights are very blinding, so. Okay, 1.13. Okay. Ooh, that's a good one. You see there are a lot of ketones is what they're popping out. Honestly, I don't see that being a major adulterant. They... Yeah, I really don't see that being... The ketones in alcohol have a very, very similar structure, but the reactivity is different. These tests are made to work with a very, very specific in a way that even different kinds of alcohol, like even one extra little bit of a chain on the alcohol is going to cause it not to be a false positive. Like rubbing alcohol, if you drink that is not going to cause you to have a higher BAC due to the testing because it's a different kind of alcohol. Just the very simple rearrangement of the molecules make a giant difference as to whether it would be a positive or negative result. All right, the gentleman said that I have... My time is up. There is a Q&A room. Where's that at? 1.13. I will be there in a couple minutes. I'll break down my stuff. Thank you.