 Hello, everyone. Welcome to NPTEL course on rural water resource management. This is week 11, lecture 3. In this week, we have been following rules and regulations and databases to collect data that can help us in understanding the rural water resources. We have actually looked at the key concepts of rural water resource management and now we are at a stage to collect data to understand further for each and everyone's specific research area or management area. For example, if you are located in Shillong or in Kashmir or particular district, you would like to have only that data for rural water management and that is what we are looking at in these lecture series, how to collect data. We have looked at collecting data from publications, NGO reports, manuals, etc. Then we looked at state agencies that collect data. So state agencies collect multiple data sets. We are not going to go into all the data sets. For now, we've understood that there are locations where you can collect data for state. In today's lecture, we will focus on the data that needs to be collected from the water balance method that we discussed in class earlier. So as per the water balance equation, we have a del S, which is the change in storage is equal to the precipitation plus your Q in, which is your runoff coming in. And let's give it here minus your Q out is the runoff which is going out minus your ET, which is your evapotranspiration that is caused because of plants transpiring and also your evaporation from open surfaces, then we have GN, which is your groundwater in and G out, which is your groundwater out. So you need to close the water budgets, which means you need to get all these data to close the water budget estimate each and every part and then you close the water budget so that at the end of the day you can estimate the net storage in the rural village. Again, the storage could be surface water storage or your groundwater storage. Since we are looking at water resource management, most of the water is stored at a village level, it is mostly stored as a groundwater. And there are some surface storage things like check dams, ponds, lakes, recharge ponds, percolation ponds, all these things. So you will also look at the major statewide where they could store data, for example, as a rural water database. So, there are multiple data sets that we saw as per this water equation, one is your precipitation, which is rainfall. And then you have your evapotranspiration, grass, ET, soil moisture from storage, SM, and surface water, storage, delas, or Q in, and then the river discharge going out is Q out. You can also have a groundwater in. So in today's lecture, we will look at one particular centralized database. So when I say state and central, there is two things. One is that the data all is kept at a state level, and it is managed by a state level, which means the state agency spares for it. In today's lecture, we understand that even though there are state agencies, it has to be supported mostly by the central agency. Like the Tamil Nadu government, we saw that we have the Envis website, but it is under the Ministry of Forest and Family Change from the central government. And then there is data.gov.in websites and all. So for this aspect, the Indian water resource agencies have created one database where all the data that is collected from the central agencies or the central government agencies is stored. For example, the central agencies for rainfall is your IMD, which is the Indian Meteorological Department, and then the evapotranspiration is also from IMD or it can be from agricultural agency, the soil moisture can also be from either these, surface water is from CWC, which is the Central Water Commission, the groundwater is from groundwater both. So you can see that the central agencies are always there to collect these data and they could be stored in this centralized database that we wouldn't look at. So it is called WRIS, the India Water Resource Information System. So India WRIS is what it is called. It is a multi-source and multi-data platform for water management. Multi-source because one source is rainfall, one source is your groundwater, etc. So all these sources are mapped in. There is also another meaning for sources where it comes from, which is your multi-data. It can come from your state agencies, it can come from the local agencies, NGOs, etc., some of the data and or your space agencies, which is your ISRO and other data boards. So you need to be careful in understanding these linkages between the data. It is not only one data source, it can be multi-source data and multi-data source. So multi-source data means where the data is coming and multi-data means what is it talking about? Is it rainfall, groundwater, etc. So just for groundwater, as I said, you can have data coming from Central Groundwater Board and you can also have data coming from the State Groundwater Board. So if you look at these differences, you can easily capture that there is a lot of data and you could use it very wisely for water management. Let's look at a few for our water budgets. I'm not going to go through all the databases because that itself will be a couple of weeks lectures, but I'll just show you some so that you get understanding on how to use these websites. Okay, rainfall. So the first data that we're going to look at is rainfall. The key agencies are IMD, which is the Indian Meteorological Department, and also ISRO, which is the space agency that gives you the data. Okay, so both of these could be clubbed together as one data or they could be separate. IMD can be separate and ISRO can be separate. ISRO has an agency called NRSE, National Remote Sensing Center, and multiple agencies are there under ISRO like SAC, Space Application Center, etc. So these centers collect these raw satellite data and convert it to a satellite product so that you could easily run these analysis for across the country. So what you could do here is you have your state agencies and NGOs, WRIS, etc. You could look at the different sources for rainfall data and you can map them for your village or rural area as per your need. So let me open this website so that we could share what it is in this database. Just because of the internet, I have just put the same thing search here in the Google, India Water Resource Information System. So I'm going to click search and the first thing that comes up is do India WRIS. If you click it, this opens. Okay. If it is fast, then I'll just set it. So it does take some time the internet bandwidth and etc. So give it some time, and you will have this website open. So this is the India Water Resource Information System, the same as I showed in my slide, and also there are multiple tabs that work for the database. It is one under the Government of India Ministry of Jalshakti and Department of Water Resources Research and Development. It is a ministry and then you have a department. So all these come under the logo of the Government of India. And you could see that multiple, multiple, you know, links are given databases are given new data sources are given. I'm just coming down to show you what it is. But just to stick on to today's lecture, I will go to home, which is this webpage, and then about WRIS those who want to read about it can read it. But I'm going to go to water data. We are looking at mostly water data. And I'm going to go to rainfall. So rainfall comes under the hydro meteorological. So go down four points and then go to the right. So how you navigate in this website is you have to move your cursor onto water data. Do not click. If you move your cursor on top of it, the data poplates and then just come down. Do not click the mouse just come down and then you will see rainfall populating automatically when your mouse is there. Now you could click rainfall because the arrow mark is shown. So what did you see is in hydro meteorological, you saw multiple databases, right? So it is not only your rainfall but also evapotranspiration, soil, moisture and these things. All these we would look into this week's lecture. So I've opened the WRIS, I've opened the hydro meteorological rainfall. Once you open it, this is the image that comes, which is a dynamic image, dynamic because you can move it, you can zoom in, zoom out. And also the data can change. Okay. So this is the first point I would like to share with you. This is an India map with rainfall and the grid coloring of the rainfall pattern is given like this. So 0 to 600 millimeters per year is red and wherever it is blue, it is more than 1800 mm rainfall. And as per class, you would know where these regions are. Mostly it's the western guards along the Ganges plain and regions of West Bengal and Brahmaputra region. But most of Central India and the northern are still under 0 to 600, 800 mm rainfall, which is kind of scarce. All these are in district level heads. Okay, so if you could zoom in and as a case study, I will zoom into Maharashtra. Let me go back a step. You have all these districts. So when you move your cursor, these districts will turn bold. You see the line changing color. Okay. And then it turns into a finger. When it turns into a finger, you can click. Okay. So this is on this side. On your right side, what you see is area of focus because whole India is shown in this image. This is India and the data monthly cumulative rainfall from 01, June 21 to 27 March 2022, which is two days ago using IMD data grid. So up to two days ago, the rainfall is being calculated and an average annual rainfall is given here. The normal rainfall for the entire country is around 115,015 mm of normal rainfall. Actual is how much is it happening now. So normal is the average. It could be a 10-year average rainfall. And what is the actual is a little bit less. So we are slightly in the negative. That is what percentage deviation from normal is 5%. So you have your actual rainfall data as the line. You could see there. The normal, sorry, the normal is millimeters in the line. The actual is less than normal, which is the red color and actual, which is greater than normal, which is the blue color. You can click and remove those whatever you want to see. And as I said, you really need the rainfall for both the seasons. And this is also coming in the line axis. Okay. So you could download this data. You can look it as a line chart. Now I've converted the column graph into a line chart to see where the rainfall goes above the normal. And you could see that what is happening is the rainfall is slightly going up and down. Two peaks are happening rather than one single peak, which used to happen in the normal average period. But here you could see that it is changing slightly. And there is a slight elongation of the rainfall, which is like the rainfall is above average during the non-arranging rainy season. But most importantly, during your summer season when the crops are growing and also the monsoon season, there is a less rainfall recorded as per the normal. Then you could look at on your left, you have different applications and layers. The application is rainfall. So don't click on that. If you want to go back and change it, you can click here. I normally would pull this thing up and then go to here and change it if you want to change it. Okay. These are just tools to move your map back and forth and see where you want to locate the map. And then these are the reports and registrations if it is needed. Similarly, you need to have a login account, but sometimes just the data you can get the non-sensitive data you can get without login. You can also, the page is divided into three small panels. You can also move the panel if you want to see a bigger picture of the area. And then you have all these. See, you could change it to a line graph. You can download the data as a PDF or an Excel file, which is a comma subreddit value file. It is not .excel, it will be .csv, but you can change it to Excel. And then you can make it big or expand as needed. So now I've expanded it to see how it is. Just click the X mark. It will go back. So this is how you can look at the data and then I'll show you how to zoom into a particular state and then collect the data. You can see here all the states are given. All the regions, the UU, the union territories, everything is given. So we have around 37 states and union territories, including your Andaman, Nicobar Islands, etc. Okay, so I've clicked cashmere and went there. Suppose you accidentally click a particular state, you can come back by going on the top and then click India. It will come back to India whole scale. So here's how the data is given and the average monthly cumulative rainfall information from this data is given. Cumulative. Okay, so monthly cumulative for one year is this much. Not monthly, we get 1000 mm, that's too much. Okay, so it is an annual taken at monthly data, monthly cumulative you add every month and then per year you get the information. It's kind of an average. Good. So now we will see a particular state. But before that, let me go to the left side panel. You have different layers. If you click the layer button, you will get what layers you want on this boundary. For example, you can have base layers. You can have street maps or boon maps, depending on your internet speed, just let the default because it will pick the right map for you. And in the overlays, do you want state boundaries? If you don't want state boundaries, you can remove it, see now it is gone, or you can have basin boundaries, which are the major water boundaries. Now you can see it coming slowly. I can take the state boundaries so that you can see the blue line. These are the water basin boundaries. You can also add sub basins, depending on the size. If you zoom in, it will slowly populate. It takes a lot of internet bandwidth because there's a lot of sub basins. So I'm going to remove it. And then the India boundaries, India rainfall heat map. So this is what is called the base layer. What is behind the data is called the base. As I said, it may consume a lot of power. So don't overdo it. If you add too much on it, then the layers may collapse. Let's say, for example, you are having the open street map. If you want boon, just click boon, it will slowly populate. Why is this information needed is because when you zoom into a particular location and you want to see where it is located, it is better to have that zoomed in. So for example, if I'm zooming into Jaipur, I know where Jaipur is so I can put that data there. Let me go back to overlays and then I click the heat map for rainfall. Only India is given. You could see the full India data set is there, including all the boundaries of India north and other regions. So it is very important as an Indian citizen, you should use the correct rainfall data from the government of India and the boundaries are also given as per the government of India. So this is, if you want to zoom in, you can do use a plus sign. You can go in. For example, I'm going into the Maharashtra region. You can zoom out by clicking the minus sign. And this is to zoom into an area. When you click this, you can actually draw a box. See, I'm drawing a box here and I want to go further in. So now you could see the district boundaries coming up. The state is still there, but slowly the district boundaries are coming up. If you want to zoom in again, you can do like this. I'm just drawing more boxes. And you can see that block level data is also shown. So this is a block. This is one block, multiple blocks. I'll show you how to extract the data once we give a tour of this website. So when you give full extency, sometimes somewhere you've gone in and you don't know how to come out, you have to click zoom out, zoom out, zoom out again. But if you want the correct way to see it, you can just click full extent. It will take you to the Indian boundary. Then you can clear your map selections. Sometimes you would have drawn a box, you have clicked on a data, particular data, you can clear it. And then you can also do a map comparison between years. Okay, so I'll just click and show you for the sake of it. So I've clicked map comparison and two maps are opening side by side and give it time because the data is populating. You can see the blue line moving. It is the rainfall data populating. So now what is the difference? It is the same. Okay, you could see this as the same color, this as the same color. The date is the same, date is the same. The idea is you could change this date for a particular season and you could run this slider to do the comparisons. How was it before? How was it after? Okay, normally this should, you should be able to change it, but they're still working on this comparison. So it does take some time. Or you can see the full extent in both their images. Normally it should not be mirrored. So this is the same as Sentinel and NASA data, how they have two windows. On one side you can have 2022 data, on one side you can have 2021 data, and now you could do the comparison. So these are the buttons that are available. Okay, and just because you may accidentally click it. I'm just going to show you what else is there. You can click the applications to bring back it. Okay, so admin layer is the boundaries. Okay, the small lines that you see. If suppose you don't want to see the admin boundary, you want the basin boundary, you can click the basin. And the admin will go off. And now all this would be at a basin level. Okay, so I'm going to click one particular basin and it will populate. So now the India is still focused on India. You can see the rainfall data, but I'm going to click on one basin. So when I move the finger on the Ganges, you can see that it turns like a pointer finger. If it moves a mouse, and I just clicked on it, now the Ganges is done. How do I know it is the Ganges basin? Because here you have the India Ganges name, India slash Ganga. So now if I zoom in further to the sub basin level, the sub basin name will come. Okay, so now what is the rainfall in the Ganges? It is 1025 millimeters. Is it same as the India data or lower? It is lower than the normal average of India. India is 1115 whereas this is 1025. This is normal. The actual is 1097. So we are having better rainfall for the Ganges basin. And there is a plus 7% deviation. So now the difference between the average and the actual rainfall is positive by 7%. And that is what is given here for your information. Okay, so we have seen the Ganga Ganges basin and you could see where the data is coming from. So where is the data coming from? Let me go back to admin boundary so that we have the whole of India and every state boundaries map. So now the state boundaries are there. You can go back, view, like click this button. See if you, since I clicked this, the box tool is still there. If you want to remove the box tool, just click the box again. So for example, I'm zooming in, I'm drawing a box here. I'm zooming into that part. Okay, it's like same as zooming in in your PPTs and your other presentations. If you want to go back to the original view, you can go like this or click full extent. And if you want to bring back that tool out from this map, the box tool, you can click the box again. Now there's no box. Okay, so now we're back at 1115 millimeters. Look at the units. It is millimeters. The units are very important when you do these comparisons and data. So be please be careful about this. The second thing I would like to showcase today is the source. Do you want all the agencies which you can click all and all the agencies data would be used for this map. Or you could just say IMD grids or NRC. So IMD is your Indian Metrological Department grid. So it is divided into grids, the Indian region. For example, this is, it'll be like horizontal and vertical lines. And then you have grids. It's equally spaced. So this is what grid one to it's very small, not this big, but just for drawing I have done it. So this is what a grid is. And then you have your time stamps. How often do you want the data. If you click on the timestamp is a daily monthly or yearly. Again, you want yearly is just to say that I want to look at data for a particular region you can swap between the timestamps in the next class I will actually show you how to look at data for a particular region. Let's, if you do daily, be careful you need to have good internet and good space to store the data, because every day you're going to collect data. You can put monthly and you can put a selection of when to when that is what happens in the start date area. And let's just click one date. And then if you click it, it is this end date. So for starting date and date and what method do you want you want the sum average or min max. So let's see average. And then I'll just pick a month and then submit. Now the data is going to update and then you will see the data from 2015 to 2022. But again, as I said, I will explain each of these in the next class, so that we can take one example of the data. You see here the data has been populated and the rainfall has been given as a monthly data and an average monthly average. Okay, and that is why you see the sinusoidal waves. The average is up down up down because it is a rainy season non rainy season alternating alternating and coming right. And then you have for the whole country, the average monthly rainfall is one zero two M in the normal range, the actual for the last year has been 155 mm and a 53% positive deviation. So that's why I said it's always better to do yearly so that you remove the noise the undulating is what we call noise. You can you can click on the date and the date is you don't see the months anymore because it is going to be a year and you can say average or some you could say average. So I've taken two years and then you see the data that is populating. You can you can take off the rainfall data if you want the stations where the data is being collected. Okay, so all these are coming and now once you have the data also if you come down you have the states. If you click the state it goes to district and from district block and till this level. So I will show this in the next class. Now for now this class I've showed you how to go to this website, which is the WRIS website, and also to zoom in and zoom out use all these tools for your data on your water budget equations. But this I will see you in the next class. Thank you.