 Assalamu alaikum viewers, welcome to virtual university in today's lesson we are going to read about steps in problem solving and we will follow the usual pattern of reading followed by comprehension exercises, scanning for information, vocabulary exercises and content review exercise and in the end we will look at language functions and this time we are going to explore cause and effect relationship between text and cause and effect relation. Today's text is about steps in problem solving can a computer solve problem definitely not it is a machine that carries out the procedures which the programmer gives it. It is the programmer then who solves the problem there are a few steps that one has to follow in problem solving. Step number one the programmer must define the problem clearly this means that he or she has to determine in a general way how to solve the problem some problems are easy while others take months of study. The programmer should always start by asking do I understand the problem. Step number two the programmer must formulate an algorithm which is a straight forward sequence of steps of instructions used to solve the problem. Constructing an algorithm is the most important part of problem solving and is usually time consuming. An algorithm can be described by a flow chart which may be stated in terms of a sequence of precise sentences or a block diagram. The latter is a diagrammatic representation of the sequence of events to be followed in solving the problem. The relationship between the events is shown by means of a connecting arrow. A block diagram can show if a process has to be repeated or if there are alternative routes to be taken. Step number three the programmer must translate the algorithm or flow chart into a computer program. To do so he or she writes detailed instructions for the computer using one of the many computer languages available following the exact sequence of the flow chart algorithm. The program is usually written on coding sheets which have a specific format drawn on them. Step number four the programmer must then key punch the program or give the coding sheets to the key punch the key punch operator to do it. The program is either punched on cards or entered into the computer at a terminal with a visual display unit. Step five the program must then be tested. To do so the computer operator puts the deck of cards in the card reader and presses the read button. This transfers the information to the memory of the computer. Next a print out shows if the program works or if it has errors called bugs. If the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards to enter the instructions it is possible with the aid of a few commands to store the program in the memory of the computer and get a print out. In step six the last step is to add the data to the program and run the job completely. The computer will then perform the calculations necessary to solve the problem. It will follow the instructions in the program to the minutest detail. Therefore one can say that the computer is a robot it doesn't think but simply does what it is told. Now that was a very interesting text a lot of people think that computers are like yes they are modeled on the human brain but they are robots. Now we shall go through the first exercise and that is the usual comprehension exercise. Three statements are given you and you have to identify which of these statement best express or expresses the main idea of the text what were the reasons for your eliminating the other choices. Statement number one constructing an algorithm is the basic step in solving a problem that was number one constructing an algorithm is the basic step in solving a problem. Number two solving problems becomes easier if certain steps are followed solving solving problems becomes easier if certain steps are followed. The third statement the computer does what the programmer tells it to do the computer does what the programmer tells it to do now out of these three which statement one two three which one best expresses the main idea of the text I am sure you had no problems it was statement number two solving problems becomes easier if certain steps are followed. Now what about number one number one only states one of the six steps that have to be followed in solving problem it is again a detail not the main idea by now you should have no difficulty in distinguishing details from the main idea of the passing and statement number three again it is it describes a characteristic a characteristic of the computer and it is not a step the statement was that the computer does what the programmer tells it to do fine but that is a characteristic it is not a step that must be followed in solving problem. So, in this exercise where you had to identify the main idea it was statement number two which was the main idea now the next exercise understanding the passage again a comprehension exercise and you have to decide which of the statements which of the ten statements are true or false and you will do this by referring to the information given in the text and you have to make the necessary changes to convert the false statement into a true one statement number one the computer is a great help to people because it solves their problem apparently it looks as if it is a true statement but it isn't if you examine the language of that statement it says the computer is a great help to solve their problems the computer only helps solve the problem right number two so number one was a false statement number two all problems are equally difficult to solve no it is a false statement because not all problems are of the same difficulty right and number three an algorithm is a sequence of instructions used to solve a problem and this is what the text says it is a true statement statement number four the most important part of problem solving is defining the problem clearly no it is a false statement why because the most important part of problem solving is constructing an algorithm not defining the problem number five block diagrams cannot show relationships block diagrams cannot show relationship it is a false statement because block diagrams show relationships with arrows block diagrams show relationships with arrows number six coding sheets are used for writing programs coding sheets are used for writing program this is a true statement coding sheets are used for writing program number seven punched cards are the only way of transferring the program to the computer memory punched cards are the only way of transferring the program to the computer memory this is a false statement false because the program can be can be punched on cards or entered into the computer at a terminal with a Vdu a visual display unit right and statement number eight if the data is not added to the program the computer cannot perform calculation true simply true if the data is not added to the program the computer cannot perform calculation so statement number eight was correct number nine it is a good idea to test the program before adding the data it is a good idea to test the program before adding the data and this was a true statement number 10 a computer is very intelligent it is capable of thinking a computer is very intelligent it is capable of thinking that should not have taken you long in deciding it is the false statement because machines are not capable of thinking programmers are so there is a difference between programmers and machines machines are not capable of thinking so statement number 10 is all now an exercise on locating information if you go through the text just find where this sentences that I will read out are located in the text where will you find this idea programs are usually written on certain lined form I can give you a hint this is in paragraph four mind you paragraph four not step four because in the text that you read you have got steps marked for you number two a block diagram can show a decision with two different outcome a block diagram can show a decision with two different outcome look in paragraph three you will find that this idea is expressed over there number three the programmer is the one who solves the problem you will find this information right in the beginning in the very first paragraph number four even if the programmer is using a terminal instead of card it is possible to get a permanent copy of his program wherein in the text is this information expressed you will find this in paragraph six right at the end and the next statement not all problems are of the same level of difficulty not all problems are of the same level of difficult and this you will find in paragraph two now we will move on to an exercise in which you have to explain the meaning of certain word not the meaning sorry the what do these words refer to it is a contextual reference exercise number one look for a word in paragraph one where it says it is a machine and what does it in this phrase refer to it is a machine and it refers to the word computer in paragraph one this line occurs in paragraph one but you have to tell what does the word it refer to it refers to the word computer number two again looking at the same paragraph what does the word which in the phrase which the programmer gives it refer to which the programmer gives it what is which what is which referring to and which is referring to procedure the procedures which the programmer gives the machine still looking at paragraph one find this phrase phrase who solves the problem what does the word who refer to who solves the problem and who refers to the programmer naturally because it is talking who is always used for a human being so the human being over there is the programmer number four in paragraph three move on to paragraph three and over there look for the phrase which may be stated which may be stated and here what does the word which refer to which over here refers to the flow chart it refers to flow chart number five still looking at paragraph three look for this phrase the latter is a diagrammatic representation the latter is a diagrammatic representation and what does latter refer to the word latter refers to blocked diagram latter refers to the two words blocked diagram and number six now move on to paragraph five find paragraph five quickly and look for the phrase operate to do it operate to do it and what does the word it refers it refers to key punch the program key punch the program number seven move on to paragraph six and look for this phrase this transfers the information this transfers the information what does this refer to what does this refer to this refers to the reading cards through the reader card reader right and number eight again looking it still looking at paragraph six look for the phrase or it has errors or it has errors what does it refer to it refers to the word program and number nine move on to paragraph seven it will follow the instruction find this phrase it will follow the instruction what does it refer to it over here refers to the computer and the last one keep looking in paragraph seven and locate the phrase does what it is told does what it is told what does the word it refer to refers to the word computer again the word computer so those were two comprehension exercises now we move on to vocabulary part again look for synonyms and antonym first we look at synonym words with similar meaning if you look in paragraph three you will see that there is a word over there which is the same in meaning as the word construct if there is a word over there which you can use for the word construct and the word is formulate in this context the word formulate and construct have same meaning the same paragraph that is paragraph three look for a word or two words that you can use for the phrase takes a lot of time there are words given in that paragraph which mean the same which mean takes a lot of time and you have the phrase time consuming again in paragraph three look for a word which you can use for exact for the word exact is there a word over there which has the same meaning or you can substitute for the word exact and you will find that you have the word precise precise and exact are synonyms one can be used for the other now move on to paragraph six look over there for a word which is used there which means the same as mistakes a word which is similar in meaning as mistakes and you have the word bugs again looking at paragraph six find a word which you can substitute for the word hell is there a word over there which is the same in meaning as the word hell and there is a word and the word is aid a ID and you aid someone when you give aid to someone you help them out all right now we look at a few words that are antonym look in paragraph two and see if you can find a word which is the opposite in meaning to the word and big was Lee and big was Lee the word has to end has to have the same ending as the word ambiguously the opposite of ambiguous ambiguous is more than one you are not very clear so the word would be the opposite of ambiguously would be clearly and it is given you in paragraph two the next word look in paragraph two and look for a word which is the opposite in meaning to the word specific the antonym of specific specific means something that is again very precise very clear and the opposite of specific would be general applicable to more than one all right and move down to paragraph seven look in paragraph seven there is a word over there which is the opposite to the word partially partially and you look find a word which is the opposite of partially partially as the word tells you to break it up part the opposite would be completely and in paragraph seven you will find the word completely completely is the antonym of the word completely is the antonym of the word partially now still looking at vocabulary we will do an exercise on word form again different forms of word are given you and you have to complete the sentences by choosing the most appropriate form of the word and later on you can check the differences in meaning in your dictionary and the first group of words are procedure proceed proceeding look at the endings of these words and you will get the clue proceed proceeding procedure the first sentence the machine carries out the dash which the programmer gives it now what does the machine carry out it carries out the procedure which the programmer gives it and in the next one you've got two words left and you have to choose one the correct one would be you should with care when using a calculator you should proceed with care when using a calculator the next group of words are program programmer programmed programming you should be familiar with these words by now shouldn't be any problem for you look at the first one I would like to dash in cobalt I would like to program the right word the appropriate word is program over there in the next one there were quite a few errors in my again it will be the same word you will use the same word as in the last sentence there were quite a few errors in my program see my calculator is it plays a tune on the hour my calculator is programmed you've got clue over there the verb is so it has to be the other word the helping verb the verb the word that goes with the helping verb is programmed is programmed it has to be the word with the e d ending it plays a tune on the hour and number D Portran is one of the many dash languages available in the market is one of the many programming languages available on the mark number E computer is a new field of study at the university computer programming is a new field of study at the university and the last sentence he is a good dash because he always constructs algorithm for his problem right a good the correct word would be programmer again words that end with E are announced you've already got the word good over there which is an adjective which described the noun programmer right so the right word over there was he is a good programmer now the next group of words are relationships relate and related now you can look at the endings again and after you've looked at the endings and look at the sentence it shouldn't be difficult a the first two steps in your program are not they are basically different and here you will look at the word different and the right word would be they are not related meaning that there is no connection between them be in a flowchart the dash between events is shown by means of connecting arrows so you've got a clue the word there and there you know is always it always goes with a noun so it has to be the relationships between events is shown by means of connecting arrows the correct word is relationships now the next two words are code and coding do you have any sheet left do you have any coding sheet left be I have to dash my program I have to code my program see a similar is one example of a machine code right and the next group of words are print printer printing printed a your name and address in block letters very common you find this whenever you are filling out forms the sentence print your name and address in block letters be was introduced by Gutenberg in Germany and it was printing printing was introduced by Gutenberg in germ number C the quality of the dash output from a daisy wheel printer is superior to that from a dot matrix and the word is printed and number D dash printers I am sorry I have already told you provided a hard copy of the result of data processing operation and the word is printers right now we look at a review of the contents will have a review of the contents of the passage that you read now try to think of a definition for each of these items there are items there are words given in word bank now complete the statements with the appropriate words make sure you use the correct form the singular of the oral you have a number of sentences five sentences and you fill those blanks in those sentences with the right word from this word bank number one special forms which are usually used for writing programs are called which one is it called coding sheet another word for program errors is and the word is bugged number three a number of steps used in solving a program is called an algorithm right not algorithms but an algorithm number four a machine which is incapable of thinking but follows instructions is called a robot number five dash is either a group of exact sentences to solve a problem or a block diagram and we know it is a flow chart right now again a flow chart is a kind of a flow chart is given you you have to fill in the missing information right you complete the following the diagram which is shown you and fill it out with the sequence of steps now solving a problem is a process which involves various steps the first one is done for you define the program that is the first thing what is the next step fill in the block the empty block what is the next step notice that you have to go along with the arrows the direction in which the arrows go number one has already been done for you define the problem clearly the next one you will write formulate the next step is formulate an algorithm flow chart which is followed by translate the algorithm into a computer program into a computer program and then key punch the program or key key it in at a terminal fifth word the fifth step is test the program correct the bugs and the sixth step is add the data and run the program right now having done the usual exercises we will look at we will look at how in English cause and effect or cause and result are shown now you will find a number of sentences which have been taken from the text that you have just read steps in problem solving now while reading these sentences you underline or you identify in whichever way suits you the cause there is one word or words which show the cause and then underline that part of the sentence which shows the effect or the result of that cause now you can circle the the effect circle the cause and underline the underline the cause once and circle the effect result mark now in the first sentence if the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards to enter his instructions he can he with the aid of a few commands now which is the cause which word shows is shows the cause in that sentence if the word if is the call the result the causal effect mark at the cause mark if the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards that you can underline once the effect is he can store the program in the memory of the computer and get a printout number two over there which word is the cause mark which word shows you is related to cause and effect the word is therefore and the computer will follow the instructions in the program to the minutes to the minutest detail right and the third one is the third one is one can say that the computer is a robot all right now let us move on to another exercise and that is how classification is shown in English now in English the term classification means to separate objects from one another the simplest classification divides things into those that show groups of characteristics that are shared and those that are not for example one would not place birds and fish together in the same class right birds belong to one class fish belong to another and you wouldn't put fish and birds with trees classification usually goes from general to specific and it is essential in attempting to make sense out of things around we classify most of the time now in English there are ways of showing of doing this classification is a process of bringing order out of confusion by breaking things down to the general topic into closely related parts in a logical way now one way of doing this is by going from general to specific now there are several ways of expressing each of these relationships you can focus on the large or high level category and talk about its part that is you can move from the general to the specific and the following expressions are used and you can use the for instance the word is made up of is composed of comprises consists of can be divided into is is off has includes these are all words to show to define classification a general to specific classification will usually have a single a singular main verb unless there are two or more things being analyzed simultaneously now for example listen to this the CPU is divided into three parts the control unit the arithmetic logical unit ALU and the memory now you can say the same thing in different ways the first one is is divided into three parts the second way is the CPU has three parts the control unit the mathematical logical unit and memory you can say the same thing again in another way and that is the CPU includes three parts the control again the same thing number four the fourth way of saying the same thing and that is the CPU is made up off is made up off three parts notice you use the phrase is divided into then you use the phrase has three parts and then you use includes and the fourth is is made up off these are all terms used to classify used to show classification of things and we are using the example of the CPU the CPU is composed of three parts the control unit the arithmetic logical unit and memory notice in the sentences that I read to you that you heard they are all dealing with the CPU but I have stated them in so many different ways consists of three parts these are all ways of showing classification now that was from general to specific now we looked at ways of showing of going from specific to general a specific to general classification is what the smaller or the lower level components make up when they are put together and the usual expressions are constitute maybe can be are of make up form and look at a few example now a specific to general classification remember will have plural verb because two or more lower level categories are the focus of a classification now example again we are using examples from computer the control unit the arithmetic logical unit and memory are three parts of the CPU it is the same thing but now we are moving from specific to general right the control unit the arithmetic logical unit the ALU and memory are three parts of the you can say the same thing the control unit unit logical unit APU and memory are the three parts that make up the CP and you can say the same thing again in another way and that is the CPU the ALU the the control unit and memory are the three parts that form the CP right and with that we come to the end of this lesson see you again next time Allah Hafiz