 In this topic we are going to discuss about the sources of organizational knowledge and there are basically two sources of organizational knowledge, the internal knowledge and external knowledge. Internal knowledge is generated through investing in international production of, in internal production of knowledge such as research and development. So all the knowledge which is created within the organization that is internal knowledge, it is something which is highlighted in the resource and knowledge-based theories of the firm. So resource-based view, it also looks at the importance of knowledge, skills and abilities within the organization as well as the knowledge-based theories of organization which also look at how much knowledge does an organization have and what are the important outcomes of that knowledge. So internal knowledge is calculated, it is measured and it is evaluated in these resource and knowledge-based theories and a lot of research confirms the fact that internal knowledge, the human capital actually of the organization that has a significant effect on various different desired outcomes such as the productivity, efficiency, effectiveness of the organization as well as positive organizational behaviors. Then another source of knowledge is the external knowledge and within that there are further two categories. Number one is the network-based knowledge. Network-based knowledge is that is on the basis of knowledge inputs from relations to external partners and it is acquired and accumulated through long-term interaction with specific external parties such as customers and suppliers and use of that knowledge in the company. So basically it is the knowledge which you get from your network. Network is the relationships that you have as an organizational entity with your outside environment and the first relationship that you have with your outside environment is your market and another relation which you have is your suppliers and those who provide you with raw material and inputs for the organization and then there are many other important actors with which the organization interacts. For example, there are NGOs for particular causes so they press on for different kind of requirements from organizations for example for environmental management for example equal employment opportunity, discrimination and marginalization of certain people in the society. So all these things they make the organization gain knowledge about the external environment of the organization and by interacting with these entities the organization is able to acquire, create and develop new knowledge which can later on be applied for further enhancement. That is network-based knowledge then another aspect of external knowledge is cluster-based knowledge. Cluster-based knowledge is basically knowledge inputs from a well-educated workforce or local knowledge institutions such as technical universities. So that is kind of expert knowledge for example from people who are expert in certain fields for example if you hire consultants for change management, if you hire consultants for human resource development, if you hire consultants for organizational development all these people who will come to your organization and tell you how to restructure your organization that is organizational development or how to train or enhance the skills of your employees that is human resource development or how to manage your market in a better way that is marketing management. So all the knowledge which comes from you from these clusters the expert knowledge that is something which is cluster-based knowledge which is present in some form of clusters in the external environment of the organization and you get that knowledge for some specific purpose and apply it in your organization. So these are the various sources of knowledge internal and external and in external we have network-based knowledge and cluster-based knowledge.