 Okay, thank you Onda. Good afternoon everybody, Buena Stardes. So as Onda has introduced that this paper is discussing about we are trying to get the benefit of marine protected areas in combating in in reducing inequalities and at the same time fostering environmental sustainability in Indonesia. This is actually a group of six researchers in Institute for for economic and social research, an institution based under the Faculty of Economics and Business University of Indonesia. So just to get, as a scoping paper, oh it goes to the right, okay, this is a scoping paper in which just to get our expectation on the same page, we are trying to find to review the overall, the major mechanism, transmission mechanism. Channels on how, on how MPA would reduce inequalities by at the same time promoting sustainable environment. We do it by showcasing the current condition of inequalities in Indonesia. We we showcase the heterogeneity of inequalities mainly based on coastal and non-coastal areas and at the same time MPAs and non-MPAs areas. And we also describe about the current condition, the current situation of MPAs in Indonesia and how the government would react on that situation and how did it go. And as a result this scoping paper is trying to identify what could be improved for the for the next agenda. Thanks to AFD, last year we managed to narrow down some issues in climate change up to MPA. So we, how we select over many issues in the climate change, we narrow down to MPAs. But we did it after consult, after initiating consultations with six ministries and we identified 28 policies consisting of energy, transport, fiscal marine, social protections and some other areas that might might cover the climate change. And through discussions with AFD team we decided that MPA might be the one because it has clear transmission to both climate change and also inequalities. And potentially for the next work we could have a high and measurable impact of climate change to inequality and as I will later explain Indonesia as a vast archipelagic country where marine sector is placed one of the most strategic sector in economy. How we scope the topic in this paper, we basically do qualitative work. We review the regulation, implementation report and literature review. We also make use of some secondary data analysis from the national statistics agencies. And for the takeaways later we did workshops and FGDs with academician, practitioners, local and central government, mainly the stakeholder of MPAs and inequalities in Indonesia. Since I think to many of you, Indonesia is like on the other side of the world, I think it's worth for me to briefly explain the profile, economic profile of Indonesia. Located in Southeast Asia, it's big countries from end to end. It's almost as big as United States, but mainly the area is water, not like the United States, which mainly are covered by land and soil. In our country most of those are water, sea. It comprises of 17,000 islands, yes it's thousand, not hundred. And the GDP is over, slightly over one million, yeah one million, there's a typo Agisandika. Yeah we ranked the 16th in the world, but since our people is over a quarter billion, that brings down the GDP per capita to only four thousand and two hundred US dollars, which is like it ranked 127th in the world. So about the poverty and inequality figure, the poverty rate based on the national poverty line is below 10, thankfully, and the genetic coefficient is around 0.384. If you see the map of Indonesia, we show the poverty level here. As we go far to the west to the east, the poverty level increases. The capital city is somewhere here, so we still have inequalities issues across the region. We see a positive correlation between genetic coefficient and poverty rate, although we haven't yet to check whether there is a causal effect between the two indicators. And why does inequality matters in Indonesia? I might take you back to one and a half decade ago, back in 2005-2008 there was a commodity boom in Indonesia where we quite rely on commodities in our economy. That brings up the rich getting richer, but not so much for the poorer. That's why the genetic coefficient increases quite significantly during this period, but the government made a good progress over the 2010 up to 2016 there. There are some programs where they provide cash assistance to people in the bottom four, and then obviously the COVID hit Indonesia back in 2020. It pushed up a little bit from 0.381 to 0.384, but thankfully it didn't go that much because the government and dissipated using some cash assistance, for example. And why we focus on MPA? Again, this is an archipelagic country, and since many people are fisheries, over 16% of populations relies on the fishery sectors. And why we think it is important, because people who are in the fishery sectors have lower expenditure than people in other sectors. That's why we anticipate inequalities there. So yeah, again we stock up, we stock taking some transmission mechanism, I think I will go a bit far, a bit quickly here, because we all know that there might be, there are three branches of channels that we might expect from MPAs to inequalities, not only from economic inequalities, but also from access and governments and also the health and environment benefits. The later two will be like, you might say it's indirect effect from MPAs to inequalities. There are some research has been done about this transmission mechanism, and this is the foundation that we will use for the further research. Okay, about the MPAs, what is the related policies that the government has been done? Well, they target 32.5 million hectares of our ocean as an MPA, which accounts not so much, 10% of the territory, but up until 2021, over 60% of it has been considered as an MPA. And they put MPA as one of the road maps that they will try to achieve by 2030, and they do have evaluation and verification of MPA. They categorize as gold, silver, and bronze. The interesting thing is of 410 MPAs that has been evaluated, sorry, only 61 have been evaluated, and none of them came into the gold, the best categories. Many of those came down to only bronze categories. They also ruled down how to finance the MPA. They allocate, we call it special allocation funds, which is like the government put some allocation to the local government, where the local government can use it for physical development in their areas. And also they initiated some grants from the committee movement, which is called Compact here. And not only that, they also developed monitoring partnership with one institution in Australia. So this is the map of the MPAs across Indonesia. It's scattered around from the west to the east, so we see a good figure here. And how did it go? We tried to analyze it based on macro and micro level. In the macro level, as we said, it's not so much, only 10%. They aimed only 10%, but they did a good progress. So yeah, we may say that it aimed low, but should high, debatable probably. But yeah, they did a good progress. But the thing is, we don't really have a good benchmark for this, because I don't really think we have any other countries that big and have the same amount of islands. The closest that we might end up with is Philippines, Japan, and Australia, which is slightly a bit different geographically. And again, to conduct the council inference, probably, and for deeper empirical analysis, we are lack of data, as well as the documentation for monitoring each MPAs. Imagine we have hundreds of MPAs. They don't really have a good documentation of how each MPAs go. While for the micro level, generally, the government mainly just developed the MPAs, but not really maintaining the MPAs itself. So they just develop it, and then it's, that's it. It's not sustainable. It's sustainable. That's the main problem of the MPAs in Indonesia, and also as well as the human resources. Yeah, we know that. I mean, we need capacity building on the human resources. And from the secondary data, we make use the data from the National Statistics Agency. We try to identify which areas are on the district level. We try to identify which areas are coastal and non-coastal areas, and which areas has MPAs and which area doesn't have MPAs. This is more like descriptive statistics, not council inference, but we do find a significant, the T-test shows that there is a significant difference between the guinea coefficient between non-coastal areas and coastal areas in which coastal areas has lower guinea coefficient. And to be more specific, coastal area with MPA has has a lower guinea coefficient than coastal area without MPA. This is using the data back in 2021. But if we see, we see consistent figure from 2015 up to 2021, where the coastal area with MPAs shows consistently lower guinea coefficient than coastal area without MPAs. And the T-test shows a significant difference between the two. And the key takeaways from what we have here, we again divide it in policy perspective and what we can do for the next research. For the policy perspective, obviously, incentive is important for any program to carry it on. And from the FGDs and the workshop, we found that management, co-management system is important. So it's not only the task for the government, but also for the people in the MPAs and also other stakeholders in the MPAs, which should develop a strong collaboration and monitoring and also improving the institutional capacity, not only the institution, but also the human resource. And what we expect from FGD, obviously, the inequality diagnostic research might provide us with a better data, with a more detailed data, so we can conduct a more causal evidence between the MPAs and the inequality. So this is the key takeaways that we might identify from our work. So, thank you very much for your attention.