 Welcome everyone to our webinar. My name is Maria. I'm going to be the moderator and I will also be the point of contact. So I will type in the chat box my email and if you have any other questions at the end of the webinar, feel free to reach out to me. This is going to be the first of two webinars. The other webinar is going to be next Wednesday. It will have two other keynote lectures and we'll deep dive in another part of our masters program. So to also register in the webinar if you are interested. Another thing that we would like to mention is that given the number of people joining, we have turned off your microphones. We'll be using our chat so feel free to type there and I will be there to answer any questions you might have. But if you have bigger questions, please wait until the end of this webinar because we'll have a Q&A session where our professors and colleagues will be there to answer and talk better with you. Tomorrow I will also be sharing a recording of this webinar. I will also share the presentations of my colleagues so you can really be focused today during this webinar. As the agenda, we'll start with an introduction to our program by Yap Aver, Senior Lecturer in Water and Environmental Policy. After that we'll have two keynote lectures by Assela Patirana, Associate Professor in Water Infrastructure Asset Management and Konstantin Evelkushanov, Senior Lecturer in Non-Short Initiation. After that we'll end with a Q&A session that I just mentioned where besides the professors, also my colleague in a command will be there as coordinator of fellowship and admission office. Yap, would you like to step in and start your introduction? Maria, and good to see so many people already online. Welcome to this webinar also from my introduction to our master program in water and sustainable development. And I share a very nice picture here, but I think I need to change this picture with this because this is what you might be actually coming for to have an interest to continue your learning journey. Potentially here at IHE and that maybe one day just like these people on this picture, you leave maybe this institute with this blue tube containing a diploma in water and sustainable development. And then you are one of the more than 25,000 alumni that we have as an institute from all over the world, more than 119 countries that have a part of this IHE water family continuing to add their knowledge and experience and skill to improving our water systems and to contribute to a more water-sustainable and just society. My name is Jaap Evers. I'm a senior lecturer in water and environmental policy here at IHE Delft since already 2012 and in that sense I'm also a member of the Water Governance Department. I'm also one of the program coordinators of this MSc in water and sustainable development and as such part of the program committee that is responsible for the organization of this program. In this presentation I give a rapid introduction on how our program works and with a particular focus on the water hazards, risk and climate track and also the water and health track. So let us first go to our track of water hazards, risks and climate. So you are likely already very much related to some of you at least into the story about climate change and maybe in your countries. You are also working already on climate change adaptation plans and you are aware of how climate change is impacting on our water systems and maybe then you are also aware that in the last decades the reports from the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of the United Nations is bringing out more and more alarming results. Or more alarming messages and so climate change is actually changing much more rapid than we had expected in the past and also the impacts of it might be more severe than we expected in the past and also that climate change is irreversible. It's here to stay and we need to deal with it for quite a while even when we are reducing our greenhouse gas emissions with quite a lot. And we are of course putting as a global community many efforts in it. And that is some things that we are actually that you would be able to study in this in this track. So the kinds of water hazards like flooding from either sea level or rivers or the extended droughts or increased monsoons and hurricanes. How can you study this from these different perspectives and so the causes and consequences the impacts of it but also from the solutions and so you could think of more engineering solutions but maybe more nature based solutions but also thinking about governance solution with a kind of governance setups in either financing certain climate change adaptation approaches. So another aspect of this is then so okay, what are the. So the problem with climate change and also the solutions is that there is a lot of unknowns in it so what are the probabilities of climate change but what are also the likelihood that the things that we are developing. are actually going to work and that they have a positive impact and how can we then actually plan for the implementation of those things were the different stakeholders and how can we organize that so. These are all kinds of these things that will be discussed when you would choose for this track and I said. Either you can choose it for more engineering kind profiles or more governance and management profiles, or you would be maybe more interested in hydro informatics and digital innovation in which you look at maybe developing innovative models and maybe using. Artificial intelligence to contribute to that better understanding of the system. So there's all kinds of ways that you can look at these problems solutions in this track and so if you like to contribute to your societies or our global societies ability to deal. With climate change adaptation. This track might be definitely something for you. So. The next track is water and health. And well. So you might think that climate change adaptation is a big issue well safe water and sanitation is also a very big issue so safe access to safe water, clean water and sanitation service are primary drivers of course for our public health and even access to clean water and safe sanitation are considered as human rights so to be able to thrive as a human. Communities we need safe water and sanitation services and even though we have as a global community made these intentions with the sustainable development goal and in this sense, sustainable development goal six on clean water and sanitation. We are still lagging behind so three out of 10 people in the world still do not have access to safely managed drinking water service and six out of 10 people in the world still do not have access to safely managed sanitation. And even when we might have access to sanitation services we have access to toilets, either publicly or privately than those waste flows from those toilets but also other ways flows are most of the time, not treated. And so 80% of the waste water flows are flowing into our service water bodies into rivers into wetlands into the oceans without any treatment. And of course without proper treatment of these waste flows they are contaminating actually the actual environment from which we actually also take our water to be used for drinking waters services. So, when we think of sanitation and clean drinking water, and we also in this program we really address is from a systems perspective, either sometimes being called in the, in the, in the chain from producer of waste water to where the treated waste flows re enter in our ecosystems, or from a water chain from water production extraction of water from our service groundwater purification and distribution to our end users, but also in this more large ecosystems approach. And this is with the, with the previous track on water hazards. Also here we can study these issues from an engineering perspective and what are the kind of innovative technologies for wastewater treatment, onsite waste water treatment, decentralized waste water treatment versus centralized treatment, free treatment, post treatment, etc. And also think about what the distribution networks in case of water drinking water services, but we also can think okay what is the organization of drinking water and there's a lot of debate on private companies in drinking water services provision or public drinking water service provisions, or maybe even a mix of both. So, again, and because we at IHC I think in all tracks we can, we take the systems approaches to understanding our water challenges, but also our water solutions. We, it requires that we take these multi disciplinary perspectives of understanding these problems. And that is represented also in our program and our program is organized. So let me go to the next step. So, in simple terms, our program structure looks like this, we have a modular setup, which means that you basically take one course at a time, and a module is the same as a course in which we start with eight modules, eight courses, which you can select yourself. But you select those courses in line with your research or your learning interests or your learning needs. And together with a coach, you make that selection of your own portfolio of modules. In between those modules, we also have mixed weeks. So you see in the in the graph that we start in November and then we have first module one, which is an introduction module, and which is an introduction model for the whole group of students. Then it continues in module two, which is track based. So you would see an introduction to water, hazardous risk and climate, for example, or the introduction to water and health. And then you see that in between module two and three, there is a so-called mixed week. And in these mixed weeks, we first organize exams. I run Monday and Tuesday, and then it continues with skills development course. So we very much see your academic education, not just an education to develop your knowledge skills, but that for to be a comprehensive professional or academic, it also requires other skills. And you can think of writing skills, presentation skills, but in the mixed week, coming week that we are organizing. We also have science communication skills that we are well developing together with you. Next to that, you also see here that I mentioned portfolio reflection. So as I mentioned, together with your codes, you are developing your portfolio. Your portfolio consists of your learning trajectory. So the course is that you are take with the ambition to acquire your own learning goals. But in these weeks, you also have time to reflect on it and potentially maybe change your learning route. And that is a particular point organized in our program to reflect on this. Well, not an important to mention. So in module eight, after you have done your seven models, there is an interdisciplinary project in France. And in particular in this interdisciplinary project, you will work with other colleagues from different tracks and different profiles to together study and propose solutions to one of the water challenges that are presented in that case in France. And finally, when you have that, although the selection of your MSC thesis topic already starts more or less in February, then you continue with your most important work maybe in your MSC studies, which is your MSC thesis research in which during which you will work together with a supervisory team on your MSC thesis project. Well, that is what you would do when you are here. But what we also offer in our program is actually to prepare yourself maybe a little bit more before arrival here at IHG, but maybe when you are here at IHG, you will also notice, hey, it is 10 years ago that I did my masters of my bachelor's degree, and I need to update myself a little bit on some of the information. And therefore, we offer some of these prep courses. So how does that look like in reality or in our schedule? So here you see an overview that we present all kinds of courses within the different tracks. And when you see these different colors, those colors represent different profiles, and we have these profiles of engineering and hydrology, governance and management environment, sanitation and digital innovation. And you can thus yourself, if you for example are in that water and health track, you can together with your coach, select the courses, your own learning trajectory. And it could look like this that you start off with a few engineering courses and then move on maybe with a little bit more water management courses. Or you might choose a learning trajectory that really focus on sanitation in this case, but it might also be that you think, hey, there are also courses offered in other tracks that are of interest to me. And you are taking courses that are outside of your track and maybe contribute to a more interdisciplinary profile. So a lot of possibilities are there with what is important here is that you choose the courses that contribute to your learning objectives. So to sum up and finalize this presentation key features of our program. So we have customized study trajectories that you develop your own by yourself in relation with your coach and your coach supports you in building your program and support you in critically thinking about what kind of learning trajectory is in your most benefit. It's interdisciplinary so as Institute we offer knowledge and skills from asset to governance and sanitation to environment. But also in the courses we take interdisciplinary approaches to get most from these different insights from these disciplines in understanding problems and solutions. And we do that mostly via problem oriented curriculum so you will see in many courses that you will work in a group on a certain case on a certain problem. And problem based learning helps you to further develop your analytical skills in developing an understanding of problems also going to solution so it's not very theoretical in that sense but we require you to apply theoretical practical cases. And next to that it's not just about your knowledge skills but also about developing professional skills to finalize. Well, I hope to see you then one day here in Delft Delft is a very nice historical city in the Netherlands, and I'm very much looking forward to meet you. Thank you very much. And then I give it back to you. Maria. Thank you so much. Yeah. I think it was very insightful. I hope everyone enjoyed it. We didn't have a lot of questions. So I think it was very clear. And now as hell, we can go back to you with the keynote about challenge of sustainability in water infrastructure. What is missing. I see my screen now. And good day to everyone. Welcome to this webinar. And also thank you, Maria, for the introduction. And yeah, for the overview of the of our program. So, this presentation you are first talking about multidisciplinary. So probably I think I would approach my presentation, showing that that how we try to synthesize, you know, different knowledge from different, different thematic areas to solve very practical problems. So, I thought of selecting one such problem that is has the title, the challenge of sustainability in water infrastructure, what is missing. So, you all know that water sector is in a challenge, both due to population growth and increasing demand, as well as the climate change that the previous speaker also mentioned. The future is extremely uncertain. But at the same time, there are very scary scenarios for which as responsible citizens of the world, we have to be prepared to give an example. In the recent climate change report, there is one scenario that talks about, even though it's low likelihood, there can be 15 meters high sea level rise that is not completely ignored or ruled out. So, this is one of the extremes but you can see the level of challenges that we have to feed, we have to deal with the coming future. On the other hand, if you look at how in the places where most people live urban settings and so on, the water scarcity is a huge, huge problem. By 2050, World Bank estimates that we need to spend about 23 trillion US dollars in order to address this infrastructure gap what we see in the water sector. Now, this is my hypothesis. We are introducing this problem, everybody at least talks about it. The investments are there even though not enough. We admit that. But my hypothesis is engineering technology and project investments provide necessary sufficient conditions for the sustainability of those investments. So, in other words, the new technologies, the engineering approaches, the big project investments are unnecessary. But I would argue that they are not sufficient to make sure that humanity is going to be with the right amount of water. Now, to give you a story and anecdote, in 2020, I traveled to the Maldives where, you know, we were commissioning a desalination based water treatment plant. So this is a very modern system, of course, small scale. So we were very proud about this. And I was taking an evening walk in this little island, and I went to the other side of the island. And this is what I saw. I saw another desalination plant. After questioning, I realized that it was from 2005, so not that old, 15 years old, but it's completely dilapidated like nobody even knew about this. So this simple story tells a very important issue that we are facing as water professionals around the world. We ask for investment with good reasons. But sometimes, you know, we get caught up with this, the need of investment money. And we forget that there is another equally important responsibility to sustain, to keep this infrastructure running, working and delivering services properly. Now, some people call this, this challenge, a bit of build, neglect, rebuild or BNR cycle. So that is, you know, this is a recent report from Bangladesh. We can find this kind of findings from around the world. This is only one example. So what you see that in spite of huge investments in the water sector, you get inadequate sustainable services. In this particular case, it's about flood protection infrastructure, but you can apply this for water supply, sanitation, drainage, anything. This is a reality that we are facing in the world. We, you know, the money we invest, the money we find with a lot of difficulty to invest, sometimes it's not optimally used because we forget beyond the project, so to say. So we are around the world, we are very much focused on the initial stage of service provision that is creating new infrastructure. This is another example from the Caribbean. It's the same story. So my contention here is what can we do about it. To understand that we need to admit that we are at the moment we are good at building stuff but not very good at keeping them running. That's a reality. So we have to deal with that and we have to counter that situation, that reality. So that is where the topic that I cover at IHE that is water infrastructure asset management comes in. Because we say that this is the coordinated activities of an organization to mainstream the rational and systematic resource allocation decision making for optimal use of limited resources for good delivery and sustainability of its services. So in this topic, in this definition, we embrace the whole life cycle of a solution, not only the building, not only the project that happens initially but you know how it keeps on working and how it can deliver the service for the coming decades if not centuries. And sometimes we use different terms to denote this. Generally it is infrastructure asset management at IHE Delphi, we call it water infrastructure asset management because our business is dealing with water. And some people just call it asset management. But generally how do we do that. Asset management is a very common sense approach. Of course, we don't do it very well at the moment but it's very much common sense. So usually what we do is we look at two different areas. One is how we day to day run our infrastructure services. So these blue color bullets are about that. And then we also look at a little bit of the long range or the future picture. Those are those green color bullets. In the operational loader day to day world we ask questions like what do we have. So you will admit that these are very common sense questions what do we have. That is the answer to that is we need to have a very comprehensive as complete as possible inventories of infrastructure. This is easier said than done said than done because when it comes to complex infrastructure like flood management systems water supply systems drainage sometimes the hugely complicated so understanding even this first issue is challenging. And then what is the condition of that and what are the importance what what are the risks that that create is created by failure of these components and how to prioritize our investment or the operational money. Those are the operational questions, then we are looking at the future, both positive and negative issues of future what the, what will the future bring. Climate change can be climate change population growth depopulation in some cases, new innovations, all those things, then we have to look at how we can finance that transformation that we are envisioning into that into that future addressing those future problems and capitalizing on future innovation. So these six questions we call is the key or the heart of the infrastructure management. Now, a very practical challenge that we face in many organizations, many organizations as well as other infrastructure organizations in the world is that those people who are dealing with those green or strategic questions, and people who are dealing with their day to day drudgery of running a system operational issues, they don't talk to each other. So one of the very important premises of asset management is somehow we should get these tools in organization to talk to each other so that is what this slide explains here. So talking about the situation of asset management we started delivering this topic at IHG Delft in 2007. So that was one of my very first tasks at IHG to deliver to develop this curriculum and start delivering it with a couple of other people. We have come a long way we can see that because big players, including International Finance Institute, have recognized the importance of sustainability and asset management in our infrastructure. As shown by these examples of different expert reports that various big international organizations have produced in the last decade or so. Now, as the final part of my presentation, I would like to show you some nuggets of, you know, how we do this in practice. One important practical element in asset management is look at investments from the life cycle perspective. This is a little tool that we use in education to, you know, to drive this idea home. I'm looking at different case studies and so on. But the simple lesson is that if you look at the value of an infrastructure or the cost that is needed to provide a service, by far the biggest cost comes after you construct that service. And success or failure of that infrastructure also depends on what you do after the construction of the piece of infrastructure. But decisions you take during the construction impact those decisions that you take during the lifetime of the infrastructure. This is another little tool that we use to calculate, for example, comparison of different investment strategies and come up with payback period, things like that. And here's another example where, you know, we apply asset management in the drainage sector where, you know, we have developed a certain machine learning or artificial intelligence based optimization routines that can use both financial analysis and hydraulic and hydrological analysis together to come up with how to have optimal life cycle strategies, both at the initial design and implementation phase, as well as during the life cycle of those assets, how you can come up with optimal life cycle strategies so that you can provide best possible service under limited amount of funding. Finally, here's another tool that we use to look at, you know, what is the cost benefit picture of making investments in the flood management. This case study is from the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. And there what we do is we provide these little asset management tools that stakeholders can look at it and play different scenarios and try to understand that, you know, on the one hand, how much investment you should make in certain things and what is the return on that investment in terms of reducing flood risk in this particular case. In summary, during this short introduction to water infrastructure asset management, I discussed the why question first, why we need this kind of thinking. So build neglect rebuild cycle is very much in action, especially in low in low and middle income countries, due to various realities but that is not only only they are around the world this is a problem. So we waste huge investments, sometimes by, you know, by not taking care of those investments after the after their implementation period. Water infrastructure asset management as a concept can provide the backbone to break out of this BNR cycle and go beyond just construction projects. Look at water solutions as not only as projects that you need to quickly deliver and wash your hands off but about as lifecycle endeavors that you have to you know deal with decades in decade out. Now about the solutions. We at IHG both our education programs as well as the research we have done, we promote two types of action, bottom up actions for this and the top down actions. I'm sorry, this, this bottom up and top down should should change it. Top down actions generally you know actions that need to be taken by big financiers governments and people who provide the way we told to, you know, to implement these solutions, there need to be some change happening there and we have good news and bad news. The good news is that, you know, looking at the reports and looking at the discussions we have with these organizations, the world is changing, but the bad news is slowly, because these organizers have very big organizational inertia. So changing them is not easy but at IHG we are doing our part. Then we have the bottom up actions and we promote very much I think earlier yeah was also presenting about about related concepts like very much about the very much about dealing with stakeholders creating ownership of infrastructure at the lowest possible levels in the infrastructure use like among users making, making stakeholders into shareholders we say like make, make ownership a real thing for these people and dealing with these societies and also capacity building and changing attitudes I highlighted those two bottom up initiatives because these are like very real things that we do at IHG based on our educational research and capacity development programs. So finally this is one of one example of the asset management related courses we offer at IHG so with that I will stop it here. Thank you. Well if you have any questions about water infrastructure please say that to the Q&A session and now we'll have Konstantina's keynote lecture, non-short sanitation, a critical component towards sustainable development. Hi everyone. Well I saw that we have quite a lot of representatives from different parts of the world so I would say good afternoon, good morning and welcome to this first series of the keynotes. We really hope that you learn from our presentations and yeah if you have any further questions please don't hesitate to contact us even after the sessions if you would like to hear more details. So I am going to speak about the water and health track and particularly my focus is on non-short sanitation. I am a senior lecturer in non-short sanitation so this is what I have been specializing especially in the last 12 to 13 years of my career. I started working with centralized wastewater, I have been working with solid waste management but moving to South Africa more than 12, 13 years ago helped me to realize that actually our focus needs to be a lot more shifted towards the non-short sanitation. So let's see why. First of all I wanted to start with a couple of myths that we are continuously dealing with and just something for you to think about, you don't have to respond to that. But the first myth that I consider is not true is that access to toilet equals to safely managed sanitation. We have quite a lot of examples of people using toilets and having access to toilets to their homes or outside their homes but the excreta is not safely managed and it ends into the environment. Another myth is that the toilet construction equals to toilet use. I've seen so many examples how brilliant engineers, they construct this, well according to them, create innovations and they are great if you look at them from a technical perspective. If you don't take into account the end users what they would like to use, if you don't involve them into the process of installations, most likely you would end up not having these toilets used, not particularly for that purpose. Another saying and this is very common, especially in Africa we say water is life, sanitation is dignity. But then often when we say this we don't ask ourselves the question, where does the excreta go? So when we think about it the excreta goes back to the water one way or another, whether we use sewered or non sewered, whether it's treated or not. So they are interlinked when we speak about water and sanitation, they're all interlinked together and that's why we stress so much on the importance. And another to me myth is that we consider that if we achieve sewered sanitation, this equals to safely managed sanitation. Because this could be the case in countries like the Netherlands is a very great example of how it's functioning properly. But we would see some examples in the Global South where we see that installations of sewered sanitation are not actually so safely managed. So what is sewered versus non sewered? I just thought, let me go through this part because I'm not sure how familiar all of you are about that topic. When we speak about sewered sanitation, so this graph is representing the sanitation service chain. We speak about water closet, anything that we connect with a flushing system, which is connected to the pipe network, the sewers, usually underground, sometimes they could be over. And they usually end to a treatment plant where we have different stages of treatment and then we have final end use and disposal of the product. When we speak about non sewered sanitation, we speak about onsite systems or anything that is not connected to the sewer. So it could be collected into pit latrines or septic tanks or any similar onsite facilities where this, we call the collection FICO sludge is staying for a specific period of time. They could be emptied after that and transported to a treatment plant or they could be closed and a new pit latrine, for example, is dug in the hole and constructed. So this is how conventionally we see them, but it's not so simple and it's becoming more and more complex. So if we want to speak about the sustainable development goals and we would like to have a look at what is the distribution about safely managed with versus non safely managed sanitation worldwide. We see that, well, the on the left side the graph shows in the very light yellow color. We see these are the countries that are considered having access to improved or safely managed sanitation. And these are mainly the regions of North America, Europe, and Australia. For the rest of the world, we see that it's becoming more and more unsafe, non safely managed, and especially in the African continent, we see that this is becoming the bright red. So according to the JMP, about 43% of the world population in 2020 has been using onsite containment or an onsite sanitation systems. And you can see also from this picture, they are mainly focused in the global south. And this has implications and a global impact. It's not that it's them and us and whoever you are. But if we see this holistically, this graph on the bottom right is a little bit old, but it shows very well what is the burden to the world with dealing with the not having access to safely managed sanitation. And we see back in 2013 this was estimated to 260 billion US dollars per year. When we speak about sanitation and when we speak about sewer versus non sewer and the connections with water usage. Another aspect we have to consider is access to water resources. We can see on this graph, this is a model predicting what would be the water stress by country in 2014. So this means that the water that is consumed in this particular country or region is more than what is naturally recovered through the water cycle. And we can see that it's becoming more and more of a problem, not only in countries that we saw in the previous graph where we have the safely managed sanitation. But this links to how much water is used. And we see that larger parts of the world would start becoming water scars or water stress. Even Netherlands is becoming slowly water stress, although there is the plenty of water. And you can see on the graph here on the right top right. So these are the estimations of what is the water usage per person in Europe, the big drop and the small drop is what is estimated by the World Health Organization as a minimum for daily safely access to water. So we can see that there is not equal distribution, but also we are going to have a big problem looking in the future. Another big and important aspect is the urbanization. So we see that about two thirds of the world's world's population would be focused in Africa and Asia. And then this also brings complexities when we come to management to water resources and sanitation respectively. Another reality that we deal with related to the urbanization is unequal distribution. So you can see those photos show very well and probably a lot of you can relate in your own countries. There's particular regions, particularly in the global south, larger metropolitan cities where we have just right next to each other, informal settlements or slums, and then right next to them really nicely managed and beautiful areas. But this also speaks not only about the distribution of wealth in terms of well-being and where we live, but also it shows us that access to sanitation actually is another social barrier, because usually we don't, these people living in the densely populated slum areas, they don't have access to sewer systems, they would rarely have access in their homes, particularly to sanitation or to toilets. So they have to deal with the most basic forms of sanitation, but at the same time their neighbors that are living in the better neighborhoods, they would not have this problem. They would just usually flush and forget about their problem. However, if we have a look at certain places in the world, we can see that even if we have sewers and access to sewers, even if we have some sort of wastewater treatment, not all and everything that has been treated, it's actually safe to be discharged. And we see more and more increasing evidence on how the sewage that is going into the oceans and seas previously was considered, okay, it's a large volume that it's been diluted, but now we see that it has an impact on coral reefs on marine ecosystems. We see here, Asela mentioned, infrastructure asset management, similar issue we are dealing when it comes to sanitation. So when we have wastewater treatment plans, particularly in some countries I've seen, I've worked a lot in the southern African region. We see a subsidized construction of wastewater treatment plans, but the operation and maintenance has not been considered. So what happens is that actually there is not enough revenue, or there are a lot of other factors that the local government or the utilities have to deal with. So eventually these wastewater treatment plans don't function properly. And of course when we speak about on-site sanitation, there are a lot of other problems that come with this challenge. So you can see some pictures and photos of examples when the pits are full, when there is not particular emptying, how there is not a clear barrier and when there is not access to proper sanitation, everything can run off on the street. Or even in the next neighborhoods. So when we speak and look at fundamentally how we distribute resources, we see that we generate per person per year, about 550 kilograms or liters of urine. And then for the thesis it's just 51. So this in total accounts for 610 kilograms per person per year. But when we start mixing it with flush water coming from the usage of toilet, when we use between six to eight liters of flushing water, then the amount increases to 18,000. And in the most of the cases, the pathogens are concentrated in the feces, the nutrients are in the urine, so that's why sometimes we speak about separation at source. And there are some additional thoughts about it. When we think about it, we invest all the resources purifying water to a standard which is drinkable water standard, right, portable water, the most of the cases. And we still, every time we go to the toilet for half a liter of urine or 200 grams of feces, we use six to eight liters of this already purified water that we invested a lot of resources to have. Then we flush it down the drain and then all of this has to travel all the way through the sewer system. To reach the waste water treatment plant, where we have to additionally invest a lot of energy, electricity, additional resources to treat it and discharge it again in the water bodies, but usually the discharge quality meets barely the standards which is not exactly the same quality as it used to be before even being taken to be treated. So this is the cycle we are usually thriving into, but why don't we look at other options and speaking about shifting towards sustainable development, speaking about limited water resources. Why do we always consider that this is, that necessarily is the cure for everything. So just to share with you a couple of examples on what we have been looking at as part of how we can actually look at the excreta that has been generated particularly from non-suit sanitation systems and how we can incorporate them into the circular economy model. So for example, if we look at the sanitation service chain at the containment level, we can look at some innovations which are already in process of development. Some of them are quite progressed on how we can treat everything at source and we have to, we can shorten the chain for further treatment, for the emptying, transportation and treatment. So there's been these innovations called reinvented toilets, really looking at the whole concept and how everything is treated off the grid on site and generating valuable products. But more of all, offering a dignified solution to the users, something that everybody would use. I would not, for example, we speak always with the colleagues that we would not offer a solution to someone that we would not use ourselves. So some of these systems are in different development stages and we look in the program of some examples on that. So this is one of the examples looking at production of electricity from urine through microbial fuel cells, which is enough to charge your mobile phone or light up a bulb in the toilet. So let's an example of how we use a membrane bioreactors for treatment of what is generated in the toilet. So it could be a mix of blackwater excreta with flush, or it could be also with greywater coming from showering. It could be combined with community gardens or hydro-ponics in the back, so because they are reaching nutrients. But what they do is close the loop and the cycle. So the water that has been treated could be reflushed over and over again. This is another example of one of our professor, Damir Brunjanovich, he has developed this kind of a system which is mostly for early stage detection of possibilities of outbreaks. So this kind of toilet is quite stackable or it's very easy to dismantle or put together. So then the applications that have been used as a humanitarian settings or emergency settings or any informal settlements. And of course, when we speak about non-seward sanitation, the aspiration for innovations at the capture or the early stage of the sanitation service chain is, it will take some time. But we're looking at also innovations that could treat and recover resources if we have pit latrines or septic tanks that have been emptied, how this sludge is being treated. So that's one example from an omniprocessor which is in the car in Senegal. And there is a lot of production of electricity. There is production of pure water and then a small amount of ash. So just to finish off, we are very much behind on the progress of achieving how where we are going or what the targets are for the sustainable development goals, particularly for provision of safely managed water and sanitation. And this is what we are trying to do. We're trying to focus on what would be the solutions and how we expedite this process. And of course we need more experts, potential experts like you that would bring this progress much further. And then with this is my last slide. I just wanted to mention how the non-seward sanitation is linked to a lot of interdisciplinary other studies within the program and generally how it's been covered. So we look at citywide inclusive sanitation, there's engineering aspects, but at the same time there are quite a lot of governance and management aspects, seeing how we direct and the whole planning of the sanitation systems. Also it interlinks a lot with behavior change and community. I mentioned to you how we installed this innovative systems and how we managed to communicate with the local population and the final users. It links a lot with public health, water research management and groundwater management, financing and business models, ecosystems health, climate change, very important. We look at more and more evidence on how to mitigate or to adopt non-seward sanitation systems, preparing for climate change and there are many agricultural applications of the treated product. We also look through gender lens, how to overcome taboos, gender-based violence related to non-seward sanitation, many different cultural aspects, inclusive solutions which leaves no one behind, innovation, context-specific design solutions, laboratory versus field-related research, modelling and sharing practical exercises from different regions of the world. So these are the colleagues from our group and yeah, I will leave it here. Thank you. Thank you so much, Konstantina. I believe you need to leave because you have another class soon, so feel free to not join during the Q&A session. I believe it's fine if you all have any questions about the keynote lectures. Feel free to email me after. As I understood from the chat, I think the main questions are about admissions and scholarships and tuition fee. So I believe that Inika, maybe you can jump in. There were several questions, maybe we can start with the first one. Are there scholarships to India, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Cameroon and Uganda? Those are, I think, the main countries that we're asking for scholarships. Do we still have anything open? No, for these countries it's difficult. We do have IHE partial scholarships available. You can find the information also among the scholarship information. So we do have the hardship scholarship that offers a 25% reduction in the tuition fee and the water leader scholarship for the regular MSc and the top scientists scholarship for the research master that offers 40% reduction in tuition fee. But it's also important that applicants apply for admission because sometimes it happens that throughout the application years, suddenly scholarships come available. And then we check in the list of applicants who are admitted and we inform all admitted applicants about this opportunity. So if you're interested in the program that do not have funding, do not wait with applying for admission but submit your application because we also do not know exactly if new opportunities will come in. And is there still any scholarship available for this academic year that is going to begin in October? For the next academic year, do we still have any scholarships available? Yes, we have to know what the development partnership program, but that's for specific regions like the mainland countries and small island development states and Sahel countries. All the countries are mentioned on the website. And for the World Bank, the deadline was already in February, so that has passed. And Rotary, the scholarship has also passed because you should apply for the first of April. And so the Rotary scholarship itself that was in 15th of April, so it's the few days so it's also too late now. I believe we still have scholarships for Latin America, right? We did answer the question about Latin America scholarship, but there are also these covered 50% of the cost. Another question that pop up several times was about paying in instalments, but that's not possible if you are a self-payer you will need to pay before the academic year. I think you should be and show that you have sufficient funding to cover the cost because that's a requirement to get the Netherlands visa. Okay, so now we have another question. I think this will not be to you, Enneke. How does the program incorporate fieldwork or practical experiences in conflict affected areas like Yemen and does not in partner with NGOs or these activities for these activities? Yeah, I can give an answer to that. As an organization, we are of course responsible for the safety of our staff and of our students and alike short missions from the staff also for the students. We follow the guidelines of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the country. It's a green, yellow, orange or red code. In conflict zones, if it's red, you are not allowed to go. If it's orange, you need to receive an approval from the directorate itself, so the highest level of management. Then of course there is often a difference that we make, but it is up to the decision of the directorate in that case, if you are from that country yourself or if you are foreign to that country. Because that matters also in cases of possibilities in these, but we follow basically the guidelines from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to allow for those kinds of areas. There is another question still from the same person about who is your ideal candidate. The ideal candidate is the motivated candidate. Good answer. Another question. Is there an employment advantage at the UN after having these masters? The simple answer is yes. Can I mention something? I just want to mention to our perspective students that I think a lot before starting the program aspire to work at the UN. But during the program, a lot changes. So we see that a lot of the students actually change their mind because you see that there is so much broader application of your studies in different areas. So there is a lot more out there than the UN. Yeah. And in simple terms also, so it is a master of science diploma recognized under Dutch education law. So that is also the status then of your diploma. So that would require you to jobs that require a higher level of education that require academic level of education skills. I think these are found beyond the world and I think we want to stimulate you indeed to think about also your future career when selecting your learning trajectory here at IHC. And indeed it might also rethink you where you can have your most valuable impact to the world. I also did a study with our alumni and we understood that all of, like the majority of them, it was a very high percentage actually got better position in their own company. So it really helped several people already. I have another question. If you can start now applying for the next academic year, Inika? No, not yet now. That opens on the 1st of October. Okay. So, but it's good to apply already now for a mission for this year because then we can check already if you can be admitted and in case scholarship opportunities will certainly come, then you may still be eligible. And if you are academically admitted, you are for the period of three years, right? Well, yeah, that usually it is for three years, but you will have to reapply again because we need again all the application documents. Okay. And is it possible to take a preparatory course now? If so, how? It's on the open courseware, so that's possible. Okay. The English test for under a war country like Ethiopia? There are possibilities to do the IBT home addition test for countries with difficulties in doing the test. So applicants can check that option. Okay, but if you have more questions about this kind of things, feel free to email me and we'll help you out. So challenges with scholarships. Yeah, I think at the end we don't have many scholarships available now. We do have the one that we just mentioned, but not for all the countries. So next time be sharp with scholarship deadlines. Okay. Can you provide some insight into the interdisciplinary project? Close the end of the program. Where is it going to be held? How does it work? Yeah, we are organizing that in several sites in France. In the southern part of France in the Camargue, which is a national area around Montpellier, but also in the area of Nantes. Yeah. So that is where we organize it. But it's then always organized around particular water challenge. And as mentioned during my presentation, you will work then together with fellow students from different tracks and profiles on this assignment. So really to support that you are using the knowledge that you have acquired during your program. So in modules one to seven that you apply that in that interdisciplinary project and that you bring your knowledges of your different team members together. And there's also another question about coaching. So how is our support also if we provide any extra support when students finish the masters in searching for work opportunities? So when you are at IH and it starts a little bit before so when you are fully admitted and it's known that you are coming to Delft, then a few months in advance of the start of the program you will be contacted by your coach. So every student is assigned a coach and a coach normally has a number of students that say four to five students that he or she will coach. And you will be contacted by the coach for a first online meeting. And you will have discussions with your coach about your future ambitions. What do you want to do after this program in order to start thinking about your learning. So what kind of knowledge and skills do you need to actually be able to fulfill your dream ambitions of the future. And you can have as much contact basically with your coach that you want or need to think about the organization of your program. What we often see after the program so on a certain moment you're going to start with your MSC thesis and you will develop a close collaboration with your daily supervisor, your mentor that we call and your supervisor so the professor who's the final responsible person for your academic work. And well for my personal experience it is the students with whom I have worked on their thesis in the past, who I also support afterwards. So in case of that somebody would like to have a reference letter because they apply for a certain job that they contact me and I'm now applying to this position. Would you like to support me with the reference letter and basically I always do. So you build up different relations with different people when you are here that also support you into your future. You will develop if you are here you will develop lifelong friendships also with people that also will support you in your future. Okay, we still have a lot of questions but we will not be able to answer everyone. So what I would suggest is that tomorrow I'm going to send a recording of this webinar. I'll also be sharing the presentations with you and feel free to answer back with the questions that were not answered today. We will apologize for that but we are already a bit behind and my colleagues needs to give some lectures. So, thank you everyone. Thank you, Konstantina, for being here today also, but he's not here anymore. And well, see you next Wednesday. If you'd like to join the next webinar. If not, feel free to send me an email. Thank you very much. Good luck everyone. Have a good day. Hope to see you soon in Del.