 Hello everybody and welcome to the class. So, we have been doing a lot of Japanese in these past lessons. You have learnt verbs and adjectives. In our last lesson, we did verbs in base form, in the dictionary form, in the present plain form. So, now this time in this class we are going to do verbs in past form, plain past form of the verb. That is what we are going to practice with a lot of other things also. Also, we will do something new today. I want to tell you about festivals in Japan. So, we will learn about a festival which happens, which is celebrated during this time of the year. So, well, before that we will do our assignments as we always do. And let us see how much is right, how much is correct, whatever you have done. So, well, the first assignment is match group A with group B and make good sentences. So, well, this is a very simple exercise. We have been doing sentences all these days in our previous lessons. So, well, what you have to do is you have to match them. Let us see what it is and you can check as well. Tanaka san wa mainichi nijikan benkyou wo suru. So, if you remember, we had done plain form of the verb in our previous lesson. Instead of shimasu, we are using suru, which is the plain form or the dictionary form of this verb of group 3. It means exactly the same as I told you last time. Meaning does not change, only this is plain form of the verb. Watashi wa kino roku-ji ni okimashita past form, minasan furu de nani wo shimasu ka? If the intonation is rising and high, you can omit the ka over here. You do not have to use the ka only if the intonation is rising. It becomes a question statement. Well, ashita gogo shichi-ji ni kaegi ga arimasu. Can you tell me what is the plain form for arimasu? It is aru, natsu yasumi ni kazoku to dokoe ikimasu ka? Ikutou issho ni omitiru over here, not written. Imouto san wa daigakusei desu ka? Raigetsu amerika e ikimasu. Tomodachi wa mainichi uchi de ega wo mimasu or miru as is given over here. Daigaku no shiken wa raigetsu desu. So well, I hope this was all correct. Now we have this second assignment, where fill in the blanks with appropriate interrogative words is given which you have to do. So let us see what is the first interrogative word. Well, dare ga tegami wo kakimashita ka? That is, who. Then isu no ue ni nani ga arimasu ka? Because of arimasu, you have to use ni over here. This is for inanimate. Kino watashi wa dokoe mo ikimasen deshita. As we did in our previous lesson, well, dokoe mo will always have a negative verb in the end. Kino dare ga kimashita ka? Dare is again who. Kono jishou wa dare no desu ka? Dare no is who's. Because you know already, dono kuruma wa nihon no desu ka? Now with dono and noun over here, it is choice between two. So which one of these two, anata no tanjoubi wa itsu desu ka? Please remember, tanjoubi is always itsu and senen gapi is nan. Right hiragana for the words given below, well, the hiragana is given here in the right column and you have the words here. You can check them out and practice your hiragana, write it and practice. Now you have to match the kanji is over here, kanji is given over here in the left column in column A and you have the words in Roman in column B. So, let us see what is the first one over here. That is what we are doing actually. Nihongo, this is oki and this is hito means otona and adult. Daigaku, again oki over here and gaku is seat of learning or place of learning. So, oki place of learning will naturally be a daigaku which is a university. Kino denwa, denwa, we have done this kanji, it is a little complicated. You do not have to write it now. You can remember it from the visual and try to memorize it. Tokio, hanasu. So, you can see over here also there is the same character and you have this character here for hanasu. The reading over here is denwa and over here it is hanasu. Both mean to talk. So, talking on phone is denwa and this is hanasu is to talk. Gozen, mainichi and then in the end we have nen. So, I hope everything was correct. Now, fill in the blanks with particles, proper particles. Particles are not given. You are supposed to write the particles on your own. Well, I will just read it out once and let us see what you have done. Kino wa yasumi deshita, watashi wa tomodachi to densha de, kaisha no hitotachi to issho ni piknik e ikimashita. So, densha de, we have done mode of transport, we will always take particle de. Then, minna wa kanpur eki no iriguchi no mai ni atsumarimashita, atsumarimasu is to gather. Eki kara densha ni norimashita, soshite ichijikan ato bus ni norikaemashita, norikaemasu is to change from one mode of transport to another. Then, bus wa yama no naka wo hashirimashita, watashitachi wa piknik no basho ni juuichi ji ni tsukimashita, ni will be because of time, piknik no basho, basho is place. Soshite sanjuppon yasumimashita, juuichi jihan ni soba no restaurante at oishihiru gohan wo tabemashita. Gohan no ato watashitachi wa yamamichi wo san kirogurai arukimashita. Gurai you already know is approximate time duration or amount. So, well over here san kirogurai, approximately for 3 km we walked. Taksan shashino torimashita, torimashita is to take pictures because of shashino over here. Shashin is picture. Tsukarimashita kara taksi de kaerimashita, tsukarimashita is to be tired because tired taksi de kaerimashita. Watashi no piknik wa tanoshikatta desu. I was very very happy during the piknik, it was an enjoyable experience is what it says. So well, you can check your particles now and this was reading comprehension. You were to read the passage and answer the questions. So well, you can do it again. The answers are given right here. In short, you can write proper sentences, make proper sentences and write full answers over here. The answers are right here for you. Tsumarimash means to meet and Toru means to take a photograph or to snatch something from someone. So well, this was your assignment set and now you can listen to the radio conversation. It is a simple conversation, very very short and then we will discuss it. Onii san, arigatou nan desu ka? Kamera desu yo. Okaa san, okaa san, onii san ni kamera wo muratta, yokatta desu ne. Well, a very simple conversation over here between two people, Onii san and Imoto. Onii san is elder sister, Imoto of course you already know is younger sister and then there is another person over here, Okaa san. So, actually this conversation is between three people, Kaiba is conversation. So well, I will read it out once and you can see how much you understand. So well, this is your conversation. This is in the script, there are a few words over here, there are a few expressions which of course I will do with you and this is the English not translation, but this is what you would say in English when you get a present. So well, let us see what it is. Now you have this expression over here, you see three people on a table with a birthday cake and some presents wrapped up very nicely with paper and bows and some glasses are kept on the table, some candles are there. So well, let us see what they are saying and doing. Tanjoubi omedetou gozaimasu. So well, omedetou gozaimasu is an expression which generally you would use for congratulating people. It could be birthdays, it could be on getting a good job, it could be when you have a child or you get good marks in class or you do well, it could be omedetou on any occasion like this and omedetou means congratulations. So well, they are congratulating this girl, we can call her Mariko over here. These two friends are congratulating Mariko-san on her birthday. So let us see what it is. Tanjoubi omedetou gozaimasu. Well, we have these two saying this to Mariko-san and what does Mariko-san have to say? Well, arigatou gozaimasu. So answer to Tanjoubi omedetou gozaimasu is thank you arigatou gozaimasu. So you can use this phrase anywhere you want. For example, in our conversation, she just received a present from her sister. So well, Tanjoubi omedetou gozaimasu arigatou gozaimasu. So now, in our previous lesson, we did verbs in dictionary form, present plain form like this, ikimasu tabemasu yomi masu kaki masu hiki. We have been doing verbs in masu form, masen masuta masen deshita. This form we did in plain form as well, iku taberu group 2, yomu group 1, kaku group 1 and kiku group 1 again. Now we have also done ikimashita tabemasuta and so on, yomimashita, kakimashita and kikimashita. Now how will you make the past plain over here? It is very simple. All you have to do is, you have to add tta for group 1, tta for group 1, tta for group 2. So look over here, remove the mashi from over here and tabeta for group 2. So you have group 2 verbs like miru, taberu in plain form neru, so mita, tabeta and neta. That is how you will make for group 2. Well, for group 1, you have to add tta. So over here, ikimashita, itta, yomi, mashita, yonda, kaki, mashita, kaita. So well, group 1 has a lot of exceptions also, thus sometimes you will add tta, sometimes you may have to add ita, sometimes you may have to add nda. So well, there are these exceptions. We will do these exceptions during our class over the lessons from now onwards. For the time being, you have the set over here which you can practice. Get it from the sound, it is easier and simpler. So well, we have ikimashita in the beginning. I will say it out, please repeat after me. ikimashita, itta, kaerimashita, kaetta, aimashita, atta, kaimashita, katta, hakobimashita, hakonda, migakimashita, migaita, hashirimashita, hashitta, hanashimashita, hanashita, kakimashita, kaita, kikimashita, kiita, arukimashita, aruita. So well, now you will see that in some places you have tta, tta over here. In this case it is all tta, then here you have nda, itta, itta, itta. So well, there are these verbs which have tta, which have nda and which also have ita. We will get used to these verbs as we practice here in class during our lessons. So it is not very difficult, it is simple, get it from the sound initially and then we will make sentences. Now practice verbs in plain past form. You have done in present form, in our dictionary form. Now we will do in plain past form. What is the first one? Let us see. There is this picture of this gentleman leaving his house, his wife is inside. So, what do we have now in plain form? So, you can see 出ました and 出た in plain form. It does not change the meaning at all, only the verb changes from 出ました to plain form. That is all. Then we have this gentleman sleeping, it is 11 o'clock in the night probably and he is sleeping and let us see what it is. 11 o'clock in the night, 寝ました so he slept at 11 o'clock. And what is the plain form? I told you here on the board, it is right here for you, 寝た. So well, let us see what is written over here, 11 o'clock in the night. Now we have another picture where this gentleman is asking something and this lady is pointing at something. So, let us see what it is, 女の人に聞きました, 聞きます is to ask over here. 聞きます means to listen also and 聞きます also means to ask. So, over here as he is asking, well, let us see what it is, 女の人に聞いた. So, well, the verb in plain form is not k-i-t-a, not k-i-t-a, 聞いた but k-i-ta, please, it is a long sound. So, please remember that it is a long sound over here, 聞いた. Now, you can practice this with other verbs as well. You can make sentences with these verbs in mass form and then you can try making the same sentence in plain form. We have more practice for you. Now, what is this gentleman doing over here? He has a box in his hand. What is he trying to do? Well, let us see. Nimotsu is luggage, baggage or something that you are carrying. So, well, he is carrying a box. Nimotsu wo, dozo, tell me what it is. We did it in the practice just now. Let us see. Hakobu, Nimotsu wo hakobu, to transfer Nimotsu to transfer something from one place to another is Hakobu. Now, it is in plain form, in dictionary form, in present plain form. Now, what are we going to do with past tense? Nimotsu wo hakonda, please practice. You can see nda is given over here. So, all verbs in their plain form, if they end in buu like this, then in past form it is nda. Please remember that, kare wa Nimotsu wo hakonda. He transferred luggage from, baggage from one place to another. Now, let us see what we have in the next picture. Well, we have a classroom, teacher is leaving and the students are saying, thank you very much or arigato. So, well, what is it? Benkyou wo, well, tell me what it is? It is suru, Benkyou wo suru, to do. What is it in plain past form? Can someone tell me please, Benkyou wo, let us see, Benkyou wo shita because it is already over. So, well, what is the sentence? Seito wa juu ichi-ji made, Benkyou wo shita and in past form it will be, seito wa juu ichi-ji made, Benkyou wo shimashita. Seito is gaksetachi, pupils or students, made is til. Now, we have another picture over here. There is Tanaka san who is about to eat and has finished eating as there is nothing on the plate now. So, well, Gohan wo, can you tell me? We did it here, just now on the board, right here for you. Gohan wo tabeta, that is right, gohan wo tabeta, in plain form it is gohan wo taberu and then gohan wo tabeta, Tanaka san wa gohan wo tabeta, mass form is Tanaka san wa gohan wo tabemashita. So, I hope it is clear now how to use past plain form. Everything does not change at all. Now, there is a small conversation here, nanika tabemasu ka? Ie, ima nani mo tabemasen, dou shite desu ka? Kesa tabeta kara ima tabemasen, so I am sure this is understood. You all have understood this, dou shite is why, nanika something we have done this earlier. Nanika tabemasu ka? Will you have something? Ie, ima nani mo tabemasen, I will not have anything and whenever there is nani mo whatever verb follows is always in the negative. Dou shite desu ka? Why? Kesa is today morning, tabeta kara I had in the morning, thus ima tabemasen, I will not eat now. So, well you can practice it, saki a little while ago. Same conversation, you can replace kesa with saki, for example, nanika tabemasu ka? Ie, ima nani mo tabemasen, dou shite desu ka? Saki tabeta kara I just had a little while ago, ima tabemasen, so well you can replace all this whatever is going to follow now, uchi desu tabeta kara ima tabemasen. Now over here, shigoto aru, so you can see before kara, before you give a reason, always plain form will come because masen is in the end. Now as I told you earlier in Japanese, masu form is always going to come in the end. Always masu form is used in the end. Now when you want to make sentences like this, when you want to make complicated sentences, when you want to use more than one verb, what will you do? You have to use verb in plain form because masu form will come only in the end. You cannot have two masu forms in a sentence. Please remember that and things will be very easy. Now saki tabeta uchi desu tabeta shigoto aru and kara you are giving a reason over here. So you will see before kara, verb is always in plain form. That is what is important over here. You have to remember that when you are talking, then when to use plain form, when to use masu form, you have to keep in mind. Now what is next, ato de taberu kara, I will eat later, ato de taberu kara ima now tabemasen. So this is how you can make your sentences, a small dialogue, a very very small dialogue but everything is stated very very clearly. Another one, dou shite desu ka, why are you not eating now, ima isogashi kara tabemasen. I am busy over here, thus I will not eat now. Now you can also do this with other time expressions that you have done. For example, in this conversation, インド料理を tabemashou ka, iie kino tabeta kara kyou tabemasen. I had it yesterday, thus will not have it now. So let us see what other time expressions we can use. インドの笑顔, as you can see on the board, 昨日 食べたから 今 食べません. 先週 笑顔 見ますか いいえ 先週 見ましたから 先週 見たから 今 見ません. Picnic e ikimasu ka いいえ 週末に 行ったから 今 行きません or ashta 行きません. So you can use these time expressions that you have done in class earlier and make sentences give reasons for not doing a certain thing or for performing a certain activity. Like this over here instead of インド料理, you can replace it with 天乱開. It is very clear インドの笑顔 見ましょうか 先週 instead of 昨日 先週 見ましたから 今日 見ません. So you have to replace the verb according to 天乱開へ行きましょうか 音とい 行きましたから or 行ったから 今日 行きません. What else do we have? Shokudo e ikimashou ka 食堂へ行きましょうか 先日 行ったから We did this word 先 in the previous slide 先いったから 今 行きません. Then we have コーヒーを飲みましょうか 先飲んだから 今 飲みません. So that is how you can practice with your partner. One person can ask and one person can answer and you can do simple conversations like this in Japanese. Now let us see what is next. We have two verbs over here which are a little difficult and there is lots to do in these verbs as well. I will just introduce these verbs today and then we will do these verbs in our next lesson also. Age masu and morai masu. Age masu means to give and morai masu means to receive or to get. So you will see over here who is giving and who is receiving is what is important with these two verbs over here. And in Japanese it has a lot of importance because relationships are important, your position is important when you are giving something to someone, when you are talking to someone, when you are performing an activity with someone, your relationship with that person is extremely important where you are placed is important and that is how you will use these two verbs age masu and morai masu in conversation. So well over here a simple introduction, two people are again talking, Rao san, imouto san no tanjoubi ni nani wo agemashita ka? What did you give? Now over here E-san is talking about younger sister of Rao san. So well he is using san over here. Please remember san is not to be used for family members. Only for someone else or someone else's family members you would use san. So over here Rao san, imouto san no tanjoubi ni date ni nani wo agemashita ka? Watashi wa kamera wo agemashita, I gave a camera. So well this is agemasu, very simple. You have this vocabulary over here, lot of words are given, Oto san, Oto san, Oka san, imouto, tomodachi, kodomo, Oto san. So lots of words you can replace for imouto san and again for camera it is given over there. You can also replace for camera with ningyou, ningyou, omocha, toke or anything E-san wa bi san ni nani wo agemashita ka over here. So well ningyou wo agemashita, ningyou wo agemashita, omocha wo agemashita, toke wo agemashita. So you can practice it like this, it is given over here you can make any combination over here Oto san, Oka san, imouto, Oto to, kodomo, any of these and then you have instead of tanjoubi you can have Kekkon shiki which is marriage, Kekkon kinenbi which is marriage anniversary and Sotsugyou no toki which is graduation. You can replace it with tanjoubi, Rao san, imouto no kekkon shiki ni nani wo agemashita ka or imouto no kekkon kinenbi ni nani wo agemashita ka. Well, we have let us see, shousetsu, tokei, doresu, nekutai, shatsu, omocha, any of these things you can give. This is niwatsukuri hon which is a gardening book. Watashi wa doresu wo agemashita, watashi wa omocha wo agemashita, watashi wa tokei wo agemashita. You can practice like this with your partner. Now we did this verb just now, agemasu, now we are going to do moraimasu. So well, Rao san, okaasan kara nani wo moraimashita ka, Rao san, okaasan kara nani wo moraimashita ka. So well, watashi wa hon wo moraimashita, watashi wa hon wo moraimashita. Watashi wa instead of hon, you can have tokei hon wo moraimashita, tokei wo moraimashita, or anything you want, o moraimashita. Practices given over here, you can practice, watashi wa okaasan kara from my mother, kara over here means from. You have done it for time, you have done it for place, well, you can use kara now. In this manner, Rao san, okaasan kara nani wo moraimashita ka. So well, watashi wa okaasan kara tokei wo moraimashita, oto-san kara nani wo moraimashita ka, imouto kara nani wo moraimashita ka and so on you can replace okaasan for any of these words over here and then we have all these words for you, nani nani wo moraimashita, you have shousetsu, which is novel, tokei, doresu, niwatsukuri hon, nekutai, shatsu, omocha. So you have all these, you can say, oto-to wa nekutai wo moraimashita or kodomo wa omocha wo moraimashita, any of this and make good sentences and do kaiba. So this is what it is, verb is expressing to give to receive, ageru and morau respectively depend on who gives what to whom. That is very very important, you can just read this and you will understand. Of course, we will be doing these verbs again in our next chapter, in our next class and also after that because there are lot of things that need to be covered with agemasu and moraimashita. This is a very very small introduction to these two verbs. Now we have another practice, you have done this counter ka-i earlier, if I remember correctly. So do you remember doing this word kai, jimushitsu wa nan kai desu ka? Which floor, number of floors, jimushitsu wa ni kai desu, so well it is on the second floor. Now today we are going to do kai again, but in a different way, anata wa mainichi nan kai gohan o tabemasu ka? For example, how many times do you eat food? So well let us see now, anata wa mainichi nan kai, number of times gohan o tabemasu ka? So, how many times do you eat food? Watashi wa ni kai tabemasu. Kodomo wa yonkai tabemasu. So depending on the number of times you eat, you can put the number over here and add kai to it. Number is here and kai is to be added, so many number of times. Now instead of gohan over here, you can have aega or you could say ha-o-migaku or more interesting, tomodachi ni denwa wo suru. So how many times do you call your friend? How many times do you talk to your friend? How many times you brush your teeth? How many times you have juice? You can ask like this and answer and practice simple conversation. The conversation is right here, we will do it right away. Tanaka san wa mainichi nan kai gohan o tabemasu ka? San kai tabemasu and E-san says watashi wa ni kai tabemasu. So simple, both are giving information about themselves. You have ha, which is teeth, kagami, which is mirror and shower, of course you all know. Migaku is to brush, how many times you brush your teeth? Mimasu is to see and abimasu is to take a bath. So well, Tanaka san wa mainichi nan kai ha o migakimasu ka? Watashi wa ikkai migakimasu. So well, you can answer like this, Mariko-chan mainichi nan kai kagami o mimasu ka? Jukkai mimasu, watashi wa ikkai mo mimasen, I do not even see it once. So you can practice like this and use all these times a number of activity is done in your conversation. Now, again you can practice with time expressions. For example, instead of mainichi, you can put kino-shu-ni meaning in a week, ikkagetsu-ni in a month. So Tanaka san wa ikkagetsu-ni nan kai okaa san ni tegami o kakimasu ka? So, I write to my mother 4 times, Tanaka san wa shu-ni nan kai kaimono o shimasu ka? San kai, I do it thrice in a week. So you have these words over here, you can practice kai with time expressions and make simple conversation using kai. These small words actually help your conversation, help you do conversation in a better way. Kai is given, it is a counter for counting number of times and activities performed, a work is done during a certain period of time. So you have ikkai, nikai san kai, yonkai, gokai, it is simple you just take the number and add kai after that. As we always do, I am going to do kanji with you. We have okaa san, kanji for okaa san, it is a simple kanji, mother you already know the word 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, it is a mother feeding her child, feeding her baby like this. So that is okaa san, like this. You can see the number of strokes given over here. Let us see it is a 5 stroke character and then we have otou san. This word also you have done, otou san means father, it is interesting this character is a 4 stroke character, fathers are always frowning, they are always angry and always scolding. So, it is from the face expression, you have the brows frowning and there is father always scolding and ready to beat if the children make a mistake. So that is what it is, we have been doing hiragana, there are lot of things we need to cover now. So, well hiragana is there. This is the last section of hiragana for the first set of 46 syllables, well this is wa as you can see, please kindly note the stroke order, the right correct stroke order is right here for you, you need to draw the straight line first and then make it like this. So please get the order right, make it properly and learn it like that, well you can see y is right here for you, then we have o, again o is like this 1, 2, 3 and 4. So please again the stroke order is given properly over here for you, please check it out and then write and practice. Now we have this is the last syllable of the 46 syllables in the first set, it is the sound of n which you will see in minna san or remon. So this is the sound that you get over there, well please learn it like this, it is similar to our h in the English alphabet. You can see the stroke order now, it is a little slanting, stilted and that is how it is made. This is vocabulary, you can go through the vocabulary, it is given in Roman in the script in Hiragana and then the meanings are given over here, just go through the vocabulary and practice it loudly at home. Now as I had promised to you earlier, I am going to be doing important festivals of Japan here in class. Today I have a very nice festival, the Hanami festival of Japan and why I have chosen Hanami today is because we have just seen that festival end in the middle of May. So well this is Matsuri festival is also called Matsuri in Japanese and we will see what it is, it is a beautiful festival, it is a festival of flowers, it is an old traditional festival of Japan and you will see the pictures, the pictures are all from the net, you can also go and look up all of it on the net, it is there but this is just an introduction and I hope you enjoy it and like it. It is called Hanami as I told you just now, Hanami means flower and me you have done this character here, this means miru to see or to view. So viewing flowers bloom is Hanami, celebrating the spring season is Hanami, now you just see the pictures and you will know. Well, these are the sakura trees, the sakura blossoms and this particular flower is also the unofficial national flower of Japan. They are beautiful flowers, these trees are planted alongside the road next to the river side in cemeteries all over Japan and when they bloom it is a beautiful sight because the sky looks pink and not blue. It is beautiful, people go there, people celebrate the Hanami season, people go to watch these flowers, now this custom of viewing flowers, this custom of going enjoying like this, celebrating the spring is very old in Japan. This started sometime long back in somewhere in the 8th century or the 7th century where initially only the Imperial house, the royal family would go and view these flowers, would enjoy this season with their family and friends. Over period of time gradually this shifted to the samurai section and also then to the common man and initially instead of the sakura flowers which are very popular now in Japan, ume flowers or the plum flowers were actually more popular and they were viewed. The people of Japan would celebrate under those trees picnic, party, enjoy with friends. Now it is of course the sakura flowers, you see more pictures and you will see. Now you see sakura over here, it is just wild all over and once it blooms in the month of April and May, it is a wonderful sight to see actually. It starts from the lower southern most island of Japan which is Okinawa and from there as it gets warmer and warmer, it moves northwards towards the top most island of Hokkaido and gradually it blooms. So that is called the sakura zen sen and in the news the meteorological agency always follows that blooming of the flowers and they celebrate it in Japan. So this is one, well you can see another one, you can see this river over here, it is planted alongside rivers, brooks and ponds, lakes all over in cemeteries and how beautiful it is. Or actually the flowers, just 5 petals to it but they bloom in groups, bunches and you can read all of this, all the material is given. You can also go on the net and see for yourself, that is how they celebrate. Sit under the tree, enjoy good food with friends and family chat and enjoy. All this you can see how beautiful it looks, they are called cherry blossoms and alongside rivers also, riverside you will have and you just go and celebrate. Enjoy the day out, enjoy the spring season after a long harsh winter. Now there is a saying over here also, I have been doing proverbs with you and this interesting proverb is Hana yori dango means actually that the person instead of watching flowers is more interested in eating food but there is a deeper meaning to it and it means that you are very very practical, a person is very practical is interested only in practical things and material things and would actually not enjoy something as beautiful as flowers. So well, someone who is very practical does not bother about beauty is what it is Hana yori dango, more interested in eating than viewing flowers. Well, this is dango and you can see how it is, it is made out of sticky rice in Japan, it is roasted also and you can go on the net and see. Now in the end you have your assignments, my work is over, we have discussed a lot of things, practiced a lot of things, you have your assignments right here, you have to finish these assignments today. Match group A with B as we have been doing all along, match kanji with hiragana, proper readings then we have, you have to choose the most appropriate word from the brackets, pick the word then change all of this into past form, verbs and words that you can change and look at the pictures and practice your verbs and that is all for today, that is all that we have for you. There is less homework with lot of learning to be done because there are verbs in past tense. So, please practice all this at home because we are going to do something new in our next class very soon. So, minasan mata ashita aimashou, arigatou gozaimasu, thank you.