 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panayan Grammar. We continue studying the Ach Sandhi or the Vaubel Sandhi. We have stated that the Ach Sandhi can be classified under two broad heads, the first one being Ekasthanika Ekadesha, described as one sthani and one adesha, one substituent and one substitute, one substitute coming in place of one substituent. This is the first classification and the second one is the Visthanika Ekadesha, one substitute in place of two substituents, two substituents getting substituted by one substitute, Visthanika Ekadesha. But we shall study this later on, right now we are focusing on Ekasthanika Ekadesha and we said that there are two instances of this type of Ach Sandhi, they are Yen Sandhi and Ayavaya Sandhi respectively. And we have already studied Yen Sandhi, we already studied the Sutra that prescribes, that describes this Yen Sandhi namely Ekoyanachi, 6177. We studied the Udeshya Vidheya Bhava that is discussed while interpreting this particular Sutra, we also studied individual examples, we also looked at the criterion for selection of substitute, we also studied how Ekoyanachi and its output becomes the input for the Swara operations. Then we studied the second instance of this Ekasthanika Ekadesha which is Echo Yavayavaha, we also studied the Sutra, we also studied some of the examples. Now, we continue studying the other examples. Ekasthanika Ekadesha is diagrammatically represented in this particular fashion, where you have A plus B in the Samhita model, B coming immediately after A and so A gets substituted by C, Ekasthanika Ekadesha, one substitute and one substitute. A plus B being the input, C plus B is the output, B remains unchanged, A is substituted by C. This type of Sandhi and the two instances are stated in the section 6172 onwards up to 6183, from 6184 onwards the Dvisthanika Ekadesha is stated by the Sutra Ekapurva Parayohu. Now, the second instance of this Ekasthanika Ekadesha is A Yavayav Sandhi and we have studied some examples, we have to study some other examples. This is the Sutra which describes the Ayavayav Sandhi, the Sutra is Echo Yavayavaha, 6178. This Sutra consists of two words Echaha, 6 slash one of H, H is a Pratyahara and so Echaha means in place of H. Ayavayavaha is one slash three of Ayavayav, so H stands for the sounds that are present in the Sutra 4 and 5 of the Pratyahara Sutras, namely A-O Sutra 4 and I-O Sutra 5 and in place of these four, we have four substitutes Ayavayav which are Ay, Av, Ay and Av. Amongst them we have studied the examples of A and O when they are followed immediately by an ach or a vowel in the Samhita mode then A is substituted by Ay and O is substituted by Av. These examples we have seen. Now in this lecture we shall see examples where I is followed by an ach and I gets substituted by Ay, Av is followed by immediately by an ach or a vowel and Av gets substituted by Av. These examples we shall study in this particular lecture. So these are the general templates of such individual examples. So we have I followed by O and I will be substituted by I and O remains as it is. So I plus O is the input, 6178 applies and I plus O is the output. We know that O is part of ach which is an Udesh here and so O can stand for its homogeneous sounds, R is considered to be one of them. So we can have examples I plus R also here. So if I plus R is the input 6178 will apply and will generate the output in the form of I plus R. If I plus short E is the input 6178 will apply and will generate the output I plus E. E remains unchanged. If you have I plus long E as input the output would be I plus long E after the application of 6178. If I plus short U is the input 6178 would apply and the output generated would be I plus short U. Then I plus long U and 6178 applies and the output generated is I plus long U. Similarly, if you have I plus RU 6178 applies and the output generated is I plus RU. If you have I plus long RU as the input 6178 will apply and I plus long RU will be the output generated. If I is followed by RU 6178 will apply and the output generated would be I plus RU. If I plus A is the input 6178 will apply and I plus A would be the output. If I plus O is the input 6178 will apply and I plus O would be the output. If I plus I is the input 6178 will apply and I plus I would be the output. And finally, if I plus O is the input 6178 will apply and I plus O will be the output. Now, let us look at individual examples explaining these templates. First, we have I plus O as input and I plus O is the output. So, we have a concrete example in the form of the word rai plus us and we are deriving the nominative plural of the Pratipadika rai meaning wealth. So, rai plus us and you have I plus O. So, I gets substituted by I. So, we have rai plus us, raius and raiaha by the application of the sutra that we shall study in the Visaragasandhi section. Similarly, when we are deriving the form by adding the suffix akka to the verbal root ni in the sense of one who leads ni becomes nai by the application of certain rule in the astadhyayi. And at this stage ni plus akka, we have I followed by O. So, 6178 applies and I is substituted by I. So, ni is substituted by nai and you have the form nayakka that is derived. This is a krdant form and that is why it is put in one pair of square brackets. Now, also represents r. So, we have rai plus r the instrumental singular of rai and so, I is substituted by I by the application of hoyavaha and so, we get rai plus r and finally, raiya. These are the examples of sandhi happening within a padha. Now, when we have sandhi happening in between two padhas, this is an example, vartai asha. So, vartai is the imperative first person singular vartai vartavahai vartamahai and asha. Asha is hope. Now, when these two words are joined are in close proximity in the samhita mode and their meanings need not be connected. In such a case, hoyavaha applies and I is substituted by I. So, we have vartai asha and then optionally this year gets deleted and we get the form vartai asha. This is the sandhi in between two padhas. Then we have next I plus E and the output is I plus E. The example is of the compound rai plus ishta and I is substituted by I by the application of hoyavaha and so, we get rai plus ishta, rai ishta. This is a compound word and so, samhita is obligatory. Similarly, rai plus ishwara long E and so, we get I substituted by I. So, we have rai plus ishwara and rai ishwara. So, these are the examples of sandhi within a padha. Now, when we have two padhas in between those two padhas, when we have sandhi, what do we get? If we have labhai plus ishtam, labhai is imperative first person singular. Labhai, labhavahai, labhamahai plus ishtam. So, this I is followed by h. So, I gets substituted by I. So, we get labhai plus ishtam and this year gets optionally dropped by another sutra that we shall study in the Visaragasandhi section and so, we get the form labhah ishtam. So, similarly labhai plus ishwaram long E and we get the same process hoyavaha applies and this I is substituted by I. So, we have labhai plus ishwaram year gets deleted optionally. So, we have the form labhah ishwaram. So, in these two cases labhai ishtam and labhai ishwaram being the input, we note that the output form consists an optional form in which hoyavaha becomes an input for the rule which generates this output labhai ishwaram and labhai ishtam. Now, we have examples of I followed by u being the input and the output generated is I followed by u after the application of 6178. So, we have rai followed by ukta and I is substituted by I. So, we have rai followed by ukta that is rai ukta. Similarly, rai followed by udha and we have rai followed by udha as an output where I is substituted by I and we get the form rai udha these two are the compound forms and so samhita is obligatory. In the next two examples, we have sandhi happening between two others varthai plus upari varthai is the imperative adnyarth first person singular followed by upari. So, I is substituted by I and so you have varthai plus upari as the output. Now, this becomes an input for another rule which optionally deletes this year and you we get the form vartha and upari. Similarly, varthai plus udha and I is followed by an ach. So, itchoyavaya vaha applies and then the output generated is varthai plus udha and then optionally year gets deleted and we get the form vartha udha. Next, we have I plus root being the input achoyavaya vaha applies and I plus root is the output. So, we have rai followed by rishi in a compound. So, I gets substituted by I so rai rai plus rishi and rai rishi. Similarly, varthai plus rishi which is a sandhi between two others now. So, varthai plus rishi and we have I substituted by I so we have varthai plus rishi and optionally vartha plus rishi here being deleted by another rule. Similarly, labhay rukarukaram this is long rule labhay rukaram and so once again I is substituted by I. So, we have labhay plus rukaram labhay rukaram labhay rukaram labhay rukaram. Then we have I plus loo being the input achoyavaya vaha applies and you have I plus loo. So, we have rai plus lukar as part of the compound and I is substituted by I. So, we have rai plus lukar and rai lukar being the being the finally generated form of the compound. Now, when we have labhay plus lukaram and labhay is the imperative first person singular followed by lukaram. So, I is substituted by I and so we have labhay plus lukaram and labhay lukaram being the optional form that is generated. These are the examples of I followed by loo being the input and the output generated is I followed by the vowel loo. Then we have I plus A being the input and 6178 applies and I plus A is the output. So, we have rai plus A and now we are deriving the native singular chaturthi ekavachana of the word rai and rai plus A achoyavaya vaha applies and we have rai plus A and finally rai A. Then the sandhi between the two padas and here is the example, nivartai eshanaya ha. So, I is immediately followed by A and so achoyavaya vaha applies over here and I is substituted by I. So, we get nivartai plus eshanaya ha and then finally we get nivarta plus eshanaya ha. Now, we have I plus O as the input and I plus O is the output. So, we have rai plus os and we are deriving the genitive and locative devil of rai 6178 vivachana where I is followed by O the ach and I is substituted by I by the application of achoyavaya vaha and so we have rai plus os as output and then raios and then raiohu. This was within a pada. Now when in between two padas we have labhai plus ojaha and this I is followed by O that is an ach and so I gets substituted by I. So, we have labhai plus ojaha and so we get here deleted optionally and labha plus ojaha. Then we have I plus I being the input and the output generated is I plus I after the application of 6178. So, we have a compound rai plus I here where we have I followed by I and so the output generated after the application of 6178 is rai plus I here that is rai I here. This is a compound and so samhita is obligatory. Now, we have an example where vartai plus Aisha maha are uttered in the samhita mode where I is immediately followed by I and so 6178 will apply and the output generated would be vartai plus Aisha maha and this here will get deleted optionally and you have vartai plus Aisha maha and finally, we have I plus o being the input and 6178 applies and the output generated is I plus o. So, the example is the rai plus aushadha being a compound where I is followed by ou which is an h. So, 6178 hoy avaha applies and the output generated is rai plus aushadha and rai aushadha. Now, within two patterns we have labhai followed by aushadham, I followed by ou that is an h. So, hoy avaha applies and the output generated is labhai plus aushadham and optionally labhai plus aushadham. These are the examples of I being the substitute substitute and I being the substitute in the environment of a vowel immediately following. Now, let us look at the examples where the substituent is ou and the substitute is av in the environment of the vowels. So, ou plus o and 6178 applies and the output generated is ava plus o. Since, we have also applied the uddesha vidhayabhava, o stands also for its long variety r and so, we have ou plus o being the input and 6178 applies and av plus a is the output. Similarly, av plus e is the input and av plus e is the output after the application of 6178. Av plus long e being the input 6178 applies and av plus long e is the output. Av plus short o is the input 6178 applies and av plus short o is the output. Av plus long o is the input and 6178 applies and av plus long o is the output. Similarly, av plus ru short ru is the input 6178 applies and av plus short ru is the output. Av plus long ru being the input and 6178 applies and av plus long ru is the output. Av plus lu is the input 6178 applies and av plus lu is the output. Then we have av plus a as the input in the samhita mode and 6178 applies and the output generated is av plus a. Then av plus o being the input and the output is av plus o after the application of 6178. Then we have av plus i being the input and the output is av plus i after the application of 6178. Then we have av plus av as the input 6178 applies and the output generated is av plus o. These are the generic templates of the sandhi. Now, let us look at the concrete individual examples. So, first we have av plus a being the input and the output is av plus a. So, here is the example glau plus us and we are deriving the nominative plural form of glau. So, av followed by a vowel. So, av is substituted by av. So, we have glau plus us as the output glauus and glauaha. Similarly, we have the verbal root pu with the suffix akka being the meaning the agent. So, purifier. So, pu becomes pow and this av is followed by a now at this stage. So, the output after the application of 6178 is paav plus akka that is paav akka that is a fire. Then we derive the instrumental singular of glau. So, we have glau followed by av which is the vowel. Av is substituted by aav by 6178 and so we get glau plus a glauaha. So, these three examples are the sandhi, examples of the sandhi happening in between a padha. Now, is an example where we have sandhi that is happening in between two padhas, ramau agatchataha two ramas come. So, av is followed by a vowel a and so av is substituted by av. So, ramau agatchataha and optionally rama agatchataha. Then we have av plus e as the input and the output generated is av plus e. So, we have glau followed by iti av is substituted by av. So, glau plus iti glau iti. Once again we have glau plus ishvara in the compound where glau is substituted by glau that is av is substituted by av followed by ishvara and so we get glau ishvara. Then we have the sandhi between two padhas ramau plus itchataha and av is followed by e and so we get av substituted by av and so ramau plus itchataha and finally rama itchataha. Then we have av plus u as the input and the output generated is av plus u. So, we have glau plus uktah a compound and av is substituted by av. So, we have glau plus uktah and glau uktah as the finally derived compound form. Similarly, glau plus udha av is substituted by av. So, we have glau plus udha and that is glau udha being the output. Both these examples show the sandhi in between the compounded form. Now, here is an example which is the example of a sandhi that happens between two padhas ramau uktah. Ramau uktah where you have av followed by u which is a vowel. So, 6178 applies and substitutes this av by av. So, you have ramau plus uktah and then vowel gets optionally dropped and you have ramau plus uktah as the finally derived output. Then we have av plus ru as the input and av plus ru is the output. So, you have glau plus rishi and av is substituted this av is substituted by av. So, we have glau plus rishi glau brishi. Similarly, glau plus ru kaar as a compound and this av is substituted by av. So, we have glau plus ru kaar glau ru kaar. Then we have sandhi in between two padhas ramau ru chataha av followed by ach and av is substituted by av. So, we have ramau ru chataha and finally, ramau ru chataha. Then we have av plus lu as the input and 6178 applies and the output generated is av plus lu. Glau plus ru kaar as a compound and av becomes substituted by av. So, we have glau plus ru kaar that is glau lu kaar. Then we have av plus a as the input 6178 applies and output generated is av plus a. So, we have glau plus a we are deriving the dative singular of glau. So, glau plus a and av is substituted by av. So, we have glau plus a glau a then we have an example of sandhi between two padhas. So, we have ramau followed by etaha and av is substituted by av. So, we have ramau plus etaha optionally rama etaha. Then we have glau av plus o as the input and 6178 applies and av plus o is the output. So, we have glau followed by os this is the genitive and locative dual of glau. Now, this av is substituted by av. So, we have glau plus os glau os glau ho this is within a padha. Now, when in between two padhas we have ramau plus okhata this is the verbal form two ramas go in this case av is immediately followed by o. So, av is substituted by av. So, we have ramau okhata and then this word gets deleted optionally and so, we get the form rama okhata two ramas go. Then we have av followed by i as the input and the output generated after the application of 6178 is av followed by i. So, glau plus iq as a compound and we have 6178 applied and we have glau plus iq the generated output of the compound. This was within a compound within a padha. Now, when the sandhi happens between two padhas here is an example ramau idhetam where you have av followed by i and av is substituted by av and you have the output ramau plus idhetam rama idhetam being the optional form. Then we have av followed by av being the input 6178 applies and av plus av is the output. So, we have glau plus avshadha in the compound 6178 applies and the output generated is glau plus avshadha that is glau avshadha this is within a compound. Now, when we have two padhas and the sandhi happens in between two padhas this is an example ramau plus avkatam. This is the imperfect past tense of the verbal root okh. So, two ramas went and 6178 applies and the output generated is ramau avkatam rama avkatam. To summarize we studied the examples of 6178 in detail. We focused on two vowels first namely a and o and then we focused on the remaining two vowels namely i and av being the substituents. And then we studied examples where i av and i av are the substitutes. Many of these examples are artificial because we do not have such words infrequent use ending in i and av and a and o mainly. This sandhi we studied in different environments inside a padha in between two padhas. Now remains the study of the additional rules which explain this sandhi further. This we shall do in the next lecture. Thank you for your attention.