 under the course of trends and issues in early childhood education. Now we are going to discuss how ECD programs are a great equalizer for our children. So increase of developmental disparities between the children who receive care and the others who do not. So where there are ECD programs, students get education before they enter a proper school. So it lessens the disparities between them. This program helps to end these disagreements in the beginning. ECD programming affects disadvantaged groups more. There are a lot of researches and our authors of psychology. When experimental studies were done on that, the early childhood care and education when we give those groups, well-advantaged and privileged groups, when these children were given pre-education program, ECE program in which the children were out of school, when they got a chance or were related to disadvantaged groups, then those children were more advantageous than other children. This means that where there are more disparities or there are more children in disadvantaged groups, if we offer ECE programs there, then those children are more advantageous. Now the next thing is that these programs, because they are comprehensive programs, you understand that there is an awareness campaign, there are facilities for the children, they complete all their cognitive, social, emotional needs. So now it happens that when the children have holistic development, they are not alone. Along with them, care givers, families, educators, they are also very advantageous. So gaps between girls and boys in early childhood are mitigated. From the beginning, there is an awareness campaign, a difference and a difference, it can be finished from the beginning. When you will first send the children together, take care of their rights, give them the same treatment, give them the same education, give them the same opportunities, cater to their interests, then the difference between boys and girls is that more and more love or love is given to someone, and less and less is given to someone, or this opportunity is given to someone and the children are not given, or the children are not given, this difference is eliminated from the beginning. So we can do all this through ECE programs. So our different studies and researches tell us that there are many things that are difficult to finish at the age of later through early childhood education, that can be destroyed to the very end. So there are many such researches, as I told you, on South Asian countries, African countries, the researches that have been done in developed countries, we get to know that the children who we benefited from early childhood programs were educated in comparison to other children. For example, we have an example of Brazil, in Brazil girls from low income families who attend community based pre-school programs are twice as likely to reach grade 5, that is, the children who used to drop out from the first 5th grade, now these children, when they were educated in early childhood programs, and they were educated from the beginning, they went to grade 5 more than twice, and in the same way, they got to go to grade 8. So look, on the education side, and when they try to cater to different needs, then the children get ready for the next life. So we saw this, as you can see now, the 2012 research of UNICEF, they worked on many developed and developing countries, and they saw that the children who attend early childhood education programs, they perform better in the next education, their sustenance, that is, they stay in that education for a long time, the other children drop out more, and secondly, the surroundings, the environment, changes were seen there too, that is, changes were seen in their homes, in their communities too. So there are many concerns that can be eliminated through early childhood programs.