 Great. All right. So thank you very much for the opportunity to present this paper and I'm doing this on behalf of myself and Professor Charles Aka whom I co-authored this paper with. And unfortunately I wasn't able to join you physically but I've been following some of the presentations in the different sessions. So the paper I'm presenting on is Domestic Savings in Sub-Saharan Africa, the case of Ghana. And my presentation is going to be following this outline so I'll provide some brief introduction and background to the study. And then I will share what's the main research objectives where the data and then their profile estimations. I'll discuss some of the results that we found and I'll finalize my presentation by providing a summary and conclusions and also sharing some recommendations based on our study. So it's already been established from the previous speakers how important savings is when it comes to capital accumulation and investment and the important role this actually plays in driving economic growth particularly in the long run. So because of the importance of savings, most of the macroeconomic growth models that we know of have continuously encouraged countries particularly for developing countries to be able to increase savings and investment in order to drive their growth and development agenda. Now this has been done several times like you know over the long period most Sub-Saharan African countries have struggled over the period to be able to mobilize resources from domestic resources to be able to finance their growth and development agenda. So if you go back in time using data from the 1970s to the 1990s for instance the data shows that for this particular sub-region there's been consistent declines in private savings over time going from 11% to about 9% in this period. And using more recent data over the two decade period from 2000 to 2020 we still see a similar kind of declines in savings from about 30% to about 20%. So what this means is that in view of the low savings that these countries are recording most of these countries actually... Hello? We can't hear you. Alright, great. I got some feedback so I wanted to be sure that I wasn't speaking to myself. So in view of the low savings domestic resource mobilizations that these countries have faced over time most of these countries have had to rely very heavily on foreign aid and also extend our sources of finance to be able to drive their development agenda. In the case of Ghana there's been a recent call to actually have development that goes beyond aid. So we have a very popular mantra in Ghana that talks about growth beyond aid which has brought this new focus and renewed interest in mobilizing resources on the domestic market to be able to drive the growth and development agenda that we seek to how. Now what does the literature say about the determinants of domestic savings? And this has been very well documented in the literature. So we do have income related variables and the previous speakers have already alluded to some of these important determinants. So we have GDP per capita, we have economic growth rates, we have interest rates which have all been well documented. And we also have macroeconomic variables like fiscal policies, monetary policies and most importantly for developing countries that rely mainly on primary commodities. We have that important macroeconomic volatilities and the external shocks that it comes with. So you have a situation where you have unfavorable terms of trade and that actually works its way into adversely affecting savings in these countries. In more recent times we've had growing literature and in the previous session before the lunchtime there was a whole session on like institutions, political institutions and environments and how this is very important for domestic resource mobilizations. You can think of things like if your financial sector or your legal system is not really strong then people are not able to carry out financial contracts and this creates a lot of lack of confidence in the system. So there's also things relating to democracy, things relating to corruption which all have important implications on domestic savings. So these are all things that have been well documented in the literature. Now although we have learned a lot when it comes to these determinants there's still some gap in the existing literature. And the first one has to do with the fact that most of the existing studies that we have have focused more on a block of countries at a go. So you look at studies that focus on sub-Saharan Africa, you look at studies on domestic resource mobilization that focuses on the Sardic regions. So what this class is that we lose a lot of the heterogeneities or the nuances of individual countries and we are not able to see for a particular country what is actually driving these savings behavior. And aside that many of the studies have also focused on more short-run relationships which also limits our understanding of what works or what the relationships are which are important for long-term policymaking for domestic resource mobilization. So this takes us to the main research objective here which is to be able to determine the long-term drivers of savings in Ghana and also to be able to establish if indeed there are long-term relationships between savings and then the variables that we think are relevant in the Ghanaian context. Now how do we implement this, you know, achieve this research objective? We use data from the 1980s to 2020 and then we use and this particular period was chosen because it has very important like it captures a lot of the major policies and programs that have been implemented over the time. And we believe that focusing on this particular period would give us like a good understanding of what is changing and how what is changing is actually affecting savings in our context. So some of these important policies include the economic recovery program in the 1980s and then the structural adjustment programs. And this was the very turbulent times in the history of our country. And then the 2000s became more of the stabilizing period where we have the growth and poverty reduction strategies one and two. And aside these policies, we also have the monetary, we've had quite a number of monetary and financial reforms because if we look back at the crisis period, a lot of repressive policies were implemented. And that's actually discouraged by national deepening and savings and some of these policies included. Anyway, so I think given the time I'm just going to highlight the main findings from our study. So basically we found that in our case there was no long run relationship between private savings and the variables that were considering. But in the short run we did find the impact or the effect of the significant effects of GDP per capita, which initially, which was negative, but then the square was a positive effect. So our interpretation of that is that at the low levels of income, beyond a certain threshold, we start to see that possibility between income and savings. So that means that at some point people, households or economic agents would have to deal with their basic needs first before if their incomes increase up to a certain point, then they get to increase savings. Then we also saw that there was a significant effect on the lack of money, which is like the proxy for monetary policy, which then also tells us that policy makers would have to be at the back of their minds that whatever policies that they are implementing today has a persistent effect in the future. So you find people's behavior being based on what they know to be the case in the past. So these are the main findings that we had and we thought that the policy implications there would be that we should continue as a country to pursue policies that would increase households income so that once they are able to deal with their basic needs, we actually see that beyond that threshold there will be increases in savings. So I think I would end here so that I can give other people the chance to respond to the discussions. I sincerely apologize that you were not able to see my full presentation. Thank you. Thank you, Monica.