 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Kanna Girls Ruby College, University of Palahabad. And this is my email ID, and this time I am going to discuss with you a very important theory of motivation, that is, attribution theory of motivation. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode, and it must be useful for you, for your various competitive teaching examinations as well as for your regular BA, B&M courses. So, let's start. Attribution theory of motivation. Look, we have read all the common theories, which are also popular. In which there is a macro lens, there is a macro lens, there is a macro lens, and there are many other important theories. But many times, the question is asked on attribution theory of motivation. Or it is asked, what is the relationship between causal attribution and motivation? Attribution, as you will see in Hindi, will come out soon. What is the meaning of attribution in psychology? So, this is attribution theory of motivation. Without it, your concept of motivation is not complete. Questions are asked from it, so you have to understand. So, what is attribution? What does it mean by attribution? In psychology, the word attribution refers to the inference made about the causes behind an event or behavior. That is, attribution does not mean attribution, there is no problem. Attribution, in the word, means that any event, meaning any incident or any behavior, to remove the inference of the causes behind it. Why did this happen? A wide body of research indicates that the formation of causal attributions is vital for adapting to changing environments and overcoming the challenges we are confronted within our daily lives. It is said that when a lot of research has been done, it has found that causal attribution, meaning we find the reasons behind it, why an event is happening, what are the reasons behind it. It is very vital, it is very vital, it is necessary. For which the challenges and challenges that are coming in our daily life, the environment that is changing, how do we become unruly? And you know that unruly is the power of wisdom. When we experience desirable outcomes, when we get what we want, i.e. when we get the results, when we experience the results of the results, attributions help us understand what causes those events so we can experience them again. So, the attribution, the reason behind it, to remove the inference that it must have happened, it tells us that we understand that since we got the desirable outcome, we know the reason behind it, why this happened, then we will try to remove it again. And when we experience unpleasant outcomes, and when we get what we don't want, we get some sorrows, some sorrows, then what we will do? Attributions help us identify. So, the attribution will tell us what causes those events, so we will avoid them, behaviors and other factors that cause them to occur. So, because of the cause or the behavior, we got the unpleasant outcome, we will avoid it. Okay? So, the characteristic of the attribution is that it follows three stages. A three-stage process underlies an attribution. There are three steps behind any attribution. What are the first steps? Oh, this was B, B-E. Behavior must be observed or perceived. First of all, we observe the event first, then we will see the reason behind it. Behavior must be determined to be intentional. And the behavior means that we are intentionally observing it, observing it, observing it, and the behavior is attributed to internal and external causes. And we will connect the behavior to the reasons or the reasons that are happening. So, this attribution means that whatever is happening, whatever is happening with you, the reason behind it is to put an inference, to find out the reason, to identify it. Inferance means prediction, to predict why it happened. And if it didn't happen, we will try to avoid it. And Wiener's attribution theory. The attribution theory is called Wiener's. For example, Heeder, in the 1980s, he was the first to propose a psychological theory of attribution. He gave you the knowledge of Pre-Rana's Guna Siddha. He proposed it first, but Wiener and Kalees developed a theoretical framework that has become a major research paradigm in psychology. This attribution theory comes from social psychology. Why? Because it talks about the emotion and the social surrounding in the case of cognition. That's why it's not purely in psychology, but in social psychology. So, Heeder proposed it first, but Wiener and Kalees developed a research framework that became very popular. So, what is the motivation? Motivation is the psychological stimulus that directs people to act in a certain way to achieve their individual goals. Pre-Rana is a spiritual stimulus that directs you to achieve your goal in a certain direction. Okay? Bernard Wiener stated more succinctly when he wrote that motivation is the study of why people think and behave as they do. So, what is Pre-Rana's focus and why people think and why people think and behave as they do? What do they think and behave? Why do they do something? This is the motivation. Although many theories on motivation exist, Wiener focused on the link between motivation and behavioral attribution. There are many theories that have been made. But, Wiener focused on the link that is connected between motivation and behavior attribution. That is, what is the reason and motivation related to it? This is what Wiener said. Wiener suggested that an individual's causal attribution of events that happen will affect their motivation for their subsequent behaviors. He said that the reason behind this is related to motivation. This affects the effect that what kind of person will be motivated and how they will behave. One of the most important assumptions in this theory is that an individual will subconsciously establish a causal relation or attribution that maintains a positive self-image. The most important concept of this theory is that individuals unconsciously subconsciously establish a positive self-image in their subconscious. We can discuss the reason and the effect of it and manage it so that our positive self-image can be formed. We can feel good about ourselves and our image can be formed. We find a causal relation like this. Attribution theory holds outcomes that ultimately help to shape emotional and behavioral responses. This attribution theory tells us that the outcome behind the outcome and outcomes ultimately help to shape emotional and behavioral responses. This means that how our behavioural and our social behaviour takes shape is the attribution theory. Which attribute will be responsible for? Look at the roots of attribution theory. Roots of attribution theory is rooted in the work of Kurt Liebin. We know about Kurt Liebin. He created Johnette Kinson, Fred Heder Kelly and Bernard Werner. This attribution theory is based on their work. Attribution theorists investigate the perception of causality and the judgment of why a particular incident occurred. The whole reason behind the incident is how we perceive the cause behind it. How we have experienced it. The allocation of responsibility manifestly guides subsequent behaviour. The reason behind the incident is how we behave. Winner's attribution analysis of achievement behaviour is the most comprehensive theoretical model about the influences of attributions on cognitive processes, effects and behaviour. What are the effects? What is the emotion? Cognitive process, emotion and behaviour are done by Winner. Winner's 1986 model incorporates a cognition-emotion action process. Cognitive, mind or brain processes are involved. Emotions are involved. Attribution theory addresses how cognition and emotion together influence people's behaviour. The reason behind the incident is how cognition and emotion influence people's behaviour. The behaviour behind it is important for cognition and emotion. When you read the dimensions, you will understand what attribution theory is. There are three dimensions. Globality, Global effect but generally these are the three. We will search in the articles. You will find these three. What are the three dimensions of attribution? Locust of control, Locust of causality. Why is there an incident? Control is internal or external. Stability dimension is stable and controllability is stable. Locust of causality refers to an individual's perception of how much control they have over their lives. If an individual perceives that any incident is happening in his life, then what is the reason? Is it the reason of difference or the reason of difference? Two types of locusts are external and internal. First, attributions can be classified as long dimension of locust of causality which describes the internality or externality of an attribution. What is the reason of difference? Is it the reason of difference in your mind? What is the reason of difference? What is the reason of difference? What is the reason of luck? For example, if a physician misdiagnoses a patient and attributes this medical error to his carelessness, he is making an internal attribution. Suppose a physician misdiagnoses a patient or misdiagnoses his disease and he considers his medical error to be a mistake in his carelessness or in his carelessness. What is the reason of difference? Because carelessness is your internal controller. You can control it. You can say that I will not misdiagnose a patient next time. If the same happens to another physician and misdiagnoses a patient but he finds an external cause if the same is attributed to faulty laboratory results. Even though the patient's symptoms contradict the lab results and the patient's symptoms contradict the lab results. It should not be like this. The physician is making an external attribution. What kind of attribution will the physician misdiagnose? I did the right thing. He misdiagnosed the laboratory results and checked the patient's external attribution. This is the external attribution. This is the reason why the same happens in our life. Why did this happen? Either it is internal or because it is your fault or because it is external. We will discuss its educational implications. The locus of causality is a particular derivative of emotional reaction. We think of it emotionally as we were wrong and we did not have the capacity to talk in this way. What is the locus of stability? Causal attributions can also be categorized along the stability dimension. You can categorize it along the stability dimension like Stable causes are those that tend to influence outcomes and behaviors consistently over time and across situations. The factors are consistent. The same will happen today and later. For example, what are the stable causes? Intelligence. If you are a Buddhist today, you will be a Buddhist tomorrow. Buddhism does not change so quickly. There are very few changes. Physical and government laws are generally relatively stable. Unstable causal factors are not stable in the context of stability. Unstable causal factors such as the amount of effort exerted toward a task are comparatively easy to change. Unlike the locus of causality dimension, which primarily influences emotional reactions to events and behaviors, the stability dimension affects individuals future expectations. Unlike locus of causality locus of causality dimension is an emotional reaction. The future expectation of stability dimension is whether it will happen tomorrow or not. If the stable factor is involved then it will happen. If the unstable factor is involved then it will not happen. It refers to whether the behavior will happen again in future. So there are two dimensions locus of causality and stability. The third dimension is controllability. It deals with the causes one can control. It depends on whether we can control it. For example, there is a skill we can control it. It has an efficacy from causes. We cannot control it. It is aptitude. It is not aptitude. It is not mood good. It is uncontrollable so it refers to whether someone is able to change the outcome of an event by expanding more effort. It depends on whether a person can change that outcome by putting more effort. If the control factor has that event then we can put more effort to change it. But if it is uncontrollable then we can change the luck and the work of the other person. What does it mean to say? That whatever happens in our life in these three dimensions we find the cause of it. And all we have to do is to make our self image better. For example, this theory proposes three factors people will use to explain the result. That is success and failure. If you are motivated then you will be successful. If you are unmotivated or demotivated then you will get failure. So if we are successful or unsuccessful then we define it in three ways. First we say it should be a locus of causality or controlability. Either it is not in our control or it was not stable or it was not in our control or it was not stable or it was not controllable. Different factors contribute means different ways to motivate us. Thus this theory is called the attribution theory of motivation. That is why it is known as the property of prayer. Now if you look at its educational implications then you will understand. It is said that attribution theory is probably the most influential theory with implications for academic and achievement motivation. That is how it identifies the reasons given by performers to explain success and failure. It emphasizes the idea that learners are strongly motivated by the pleasant outcome of being able to feel good about themselves. This is the most important thing. The learners are motivated by the pleasant outcome of being able to feel good about themselves. The learner is strongly motivated by the pleasant outcome of being able to feel good about themselves. For example, when he tops he will say that internally which is the locus of causality which is about internality and externality. He says that he put more effort he has more ability he has a lot of hard work not that he has good external control the teacher has taught him very well he has a good resource he has a good material if he fails he will say that he will not talk about internal control he will say that he was lucky or the teacher did not teach well or the classes were not completed so his self image is not getting damaged We are saying that we do the interpretation of events that our self image is getting positive So as a teacher we have to teach him that internal can happen on any event increase your ability increase your effort So it incorporates cognitive theory and self efficacy theory in the sense that it emphasizes that learners current self perceptions will strongly influence how they will interpret the success and failure that means cognitive theory is involved self efficacy theory is involved self efficacy theory is also involved in which we have a good concept So our self perception what we think about it influences us how we will interpret the success and failure if we think about ourselves well we will say that yes we have a good capability but we have less effort or if your self efficacy is bad then you will always be responsible for bad effect, bad weather, bad teaching situation for your failure So this theory shows strong relationship between self-concept and achievement So what is its educational implication that as a teacher we should do self-concept well the better it will be the better it will be ok then an important assumption of attribution there is that people will interpret their environment in such a way as to maintain a positive self image that is they will attribute their successes or failures to factors that will enable them to feel as good as possible about themselves in general this means that when learners succeed at an academic task when the person who is going to learn is successful in a task they are likely to want to attribute the success to their efforts or abilities so we say it is our duty but when they fail they will want to attribute their failures to factors over which they have no control and when they fail they say that it is wrong that we cannot control the basic principle of attribution theory as it applies to motivation is that a person's own perceptions or attributions for success or failure determine the amount of effort that is spent on their activity in the future so what is the implication of this implication is when a person their own perception or attribution for success or failure their own thinking determines the amount of effort in the future for example if he thinks that he is losing then he will make an effort if he does not think that he is losing then he will say that he is losing or that he is losing so he will never make an effort and they say that there are 4 factors related to achievement there are 4 factors related to attribution theory that influence motivation in education if we want to live like a prayer then they have found 4 factors that are important what are the abilities task difficulty is easy how much effort we have put in so what is the ability it is relatively internal and stable factor it is internal stable factor stability dimension and the learner does not exercise much direct control because we do not have much control because we are able then task difficulty is external because we have not set the task how difficult and easy it is largely beyond the learner's control we have not made our syllabus so this is out of our control effort is internal but it is unstable factor ability is also internal but it is stable factor we have yoga today so we will do yoga tomorrow generally but it can be an effort we did not do yoga today but we can do it tomorrow over which the learner can exercise a great deal of control task is external but effort is internal and luck is external that is, it is outside it does not mean anything it is unstable it is unstable and we do not have any control we cannot do our luck so in these 4 ways we are motivators for academic achievement effort and ability is internal task is difficult external factor external factor is also called environmental factor it shows strong links between attribution and achievement motivation so this theory told us the causal attribution i.e. the reason behind the incident or the inference why this happened it is a direct link it is connected directly we will pray now or not this is the value of this theory and this is a very important theory if we ask this question the question is explain attribution theory of motivation or it asks discuss the relationship between causal attribution and motivation so you can solve this question but remember 2-6 times so in this way i have completed this last theory of motivation 2 and in this way the topic of motivation has been completed now like and subscribe my channel explore education i have done from my side