 Yes, thank you for that very kind introduction. It's a really great pleasure to have the opportunity to talk to you today. Especially given the very strong and long relationships that have existed between ISIS and Scandinavia over many years since the late 1980s. So what I'd like to do today is to really give you an overview of the facility. If you're familiar with neutrons and meons, there'll be some background that will not be challenging for you. But if hopefully for those of us not so familiar with the techniques, it'll just give a bit of background as to why we're interested in these things. I'll give you a bit of context about some of the research examples that we're driving forward. Tell you a little bit about how we've responded to COVID, how you can access these facilities and what we see as our major developments going forward. So let's dive straight in. And the spirit of the talk today will really be about providing unique information about the structure, atomic structure, molecular structure, nanoscale structure, macroscopic structure, and dynamics of materials that really you can't get by other techniques. I think there is a... Neutrons and meons are in such short supply that actually if you can do these measurements with other techniques, you should do so. And so we really want to play to the strengths of the techniques. But let's give you a little bit of background if you've not visited the Rutherford site before. This is what it looks like probably today. I'm just looking at the window. It's a grey sky, but reasonably clear. And so this is the Rutherford-Apton Laboratory, part of the Harwell campus. Actually, later on I should be talking about our activities in terms of clean growth and circular economy. And actually ISIS is a nice example of that because it arose from an existing proton synchrotron, the Nimrod 7GV proton synchrotron, which was housed in here. The actual spallation source was approved in 1977, quite a brave decision to go for what was a relatively new technology in terms of spallation, so accelerated driven sources, especially given the wealth of experience that the UK has in reactor sources for neutrons, as was demonstrated at the Harwell site just over off the side of the picture here. So a brave decision in 1977 resulted in the opening of target station one, which is a 160 kilowatts target station that opened in 1984, opened by the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who was a chemistry graduate, so she had a very particular interest in ISIS in 1984. And then in 2009 we opened the second target station, which is a low power target station, only 40 kilowatts as opposed to the 160 kilowatts of TS1, but actually taking advantage of a lot of the developments in things like optics, detectors, moderators, and neutronics to really holistically design a super efficient target station. And so even though the power is low in the second target station, the neutronic output and the scientific outputs are very high. This picture is already out to date. And in one way it's out of date is that in terms of the idea of clean growth and sustainability in our lives, but also in science. We're also generating our own electricity, which I'll show a little bit of in a slide just in a while. But also an important part of the campus is not only do we have the ISIS Neutrona muon source, but we also have the third generation diamond x-ray synchrotron. We have some of the UK's most intense lasers, and increasingly important, we have our scientific computing department. One of the big frontiers for our research is the ability to model and describe our data. There's really no purpose in us producing beautiful data if it can't be interpreted and then ultimately used to design new materials and so on and so forth. And so having the scientific expertise on site as part of our wider engagement with our community is a really important, holistic way to do science. And so lots of the examples that are described today really play on these synergies between all the facilities. So I just said I had a little bit of slide on all the why this is out of date. So this is if you were to look down on the top of TS to just building here now you'd see it is covered in PVs, which is really great. So we have something now like 800 kilowatts of install power just on our AT this is TS to alone, which is will take out hopefully 200 tons of carbon, but it's a small step. So operating protons is an expensive business. It takes a lot of energy. I see typically runs at about 12 megawatts in operational cycle. So obviously 800 kilowatts is a relatively small amount of to take off the top of that. But I think it's important that we all take a responsibility for the sustainability of the science that we do and we'll come on to that a little bit later when we talk about that clean growth and circular economy. So a few headlines to give you an idea for the scale of our activities. We are a national facility, but we're international in scope. So we have a number of instruments over 30 between our neutron and beyond instruments. And there are some numbers that I'm particularly pleased with. One is the very large student PhD training aspect that we do. You can see, this is in 2019 2020. And I think it's really important to pay attention to the impact of COVID. So almost 800 PhD visits, which, which is really important. And we take that training aspect of our program very seriously. And I think it helps that we have an amazing staff who really engage with the PhD students postdocs and so on to support the principal investigators. We have used visits in total over 3000 working with a range of companies and this number is continually increasing, particularly in the energy sector engineering chemicals and increasingly in the micro electronic sector. We might give an example of that later on. Typically, latest data is over 600 publications of this, the trend in publications needs to be going up. And it kind of scales with the number of instruments that you produce on the number of days you run. But that's a nice trend where we've seen 600 high impact publications. And a metric that I'm particularly keen on is that is the number of new users. I think it's easy to think that neutrons are a meteor technique that the user community is stable it's not changing but actually it's dynamically evolving so over a third of our users are new users have never used the facility before so that's a real challenge to us to look after our new colleagues. But of course it's really energizing and exciting place to be as a result of that. I said we were a national facility. But I just showed this plot here on the left hand side, which is the origins of our principal investigators. It's slightly out to date. So it has changed a little bit. But you can see throughout Europe. ISIS has a very strong reputation footprint from across Europe. Scandinavia particularly well represented Sweden in particular has had a partnership with us since 1988, which is recently a few months ago has been extended by another five years. And that's developed real step changes in our instrumentation Polaris I'm at, and really supported the engagements of the Swedish community. And I think we see this where, where countries engage with the facility you really see a growth in that community so Sweden is our largest international community about 5% of the user program. And as happened in this case with India, you can see that we have a lot of users coming from India, and that's result of the Indian government engaging with with ISIS and providing support and resources to allow Indian users to access our facilities. So if you have interest in Japan as you can imagine, North America, and even South America and also South Africa. So, so national facility, but with a huge international profile. I really want to dig and find a lot more. Our annual review from 2020 is on the web. The link is here you can maybe get to it in the recording. And that's a really nice description, a catalog of a lot of the activities that we do. I really want to understand about a sort of almost how do you build your own special neutron source. There's a really nice guide that we've just published on the web page in the UK. If you're old enough you can remember Ladybird books will kind of take a complex topic and kind of introduce it to you and this is our kind of Ladybird equivalent of how to build a neutron source. So I was asked to just talk a little bit about the next thing which is something that that we probably don't want to talk about but is actually in some ways is a big success story and is a huge credit to our staff and that is of course the impact of the COVID pandemic. We are by and large an experimental facility. And as such, we have we rely on people coming to our beam lines, doing experiments, making materials, writing code and so on and so forth. And that's just not being possible under the restrictions which hopefully we're starting to see the relaxation of. But actually at ISIS, I think we've responded incredibly well. We've run two and a half cycles now, under COVID restrictions so we have about a month left of our third cycle, before we go into our long shutdown which I'll talk about at the end. We largely had no users so most of the access has been remote here's just some examples of staff and users, installing various things on various beam lines. We've completed well over 500 experiments. Typically in a cycle we maybe have 2030 40 users, but all in very small groups, a group being sort of one researcher or maybe two under special circumstances, but I think the staff have responded dramatically. In a way that I think is is is great testament to them, but also slightly surprising in the sense that in a normal cycle we would maybe deliver an efficient program at the level of sort of over 90%. So over 90% of our beam days would get used doing good science. Over that number of shrunk. I thought it might have or be even smaller but it's 80%. So we're still able to deliver a strong program, but it comes at a huge cost to staff who are having to support a lot of external users who are able to access things remotely and so on. So yeah, I just like to publicly thank all of our staff for the work they've done under COVID. And one of the things that's come together to try and enable that is before we started the lecture today we discussed about new technologies. And one of our new technologies is IDAS, which is, you can tell we're not created acronyms. And so this is a basically an STFC cloud with a huge amount of compute resource that people can actually access remotely, create a desktop is one of our last colleagues, and multiple people can engage simultaneously on this desktop. And so it's a very nice collaboration tool so that people can look at their data in real time they can analyze their data. And actually, all the things they need are brought together in one place, namely, access to the data access to the compute resource access to data reduction and software access to the analysis, it all comes together. And so each of our groups sorry this is too small you probably can't see it. I've sort of created an adapted environment to bespoke environment in which our users can can analyze their data. So that's really been a something of a game changer. And I think obviously the sort of degree of serendipity with the arrival of COVID, but obviously this has been a thing that's been long in the planning, and it just arrived exactly at the right time. So okay, you're all very familiar with this electric run through it quite quickly. So neutrons have a lot of interesting properties that energies allow us to study the excitations vibrations in materials collective modes. The wavelengths are comparable to atomic spacing so it gets exquisite district description of crystal structures with kind of femtometer resolution, right up to a kind of the nano scale micron scale in even to microscopic. Particularly important that we interact with the nuclei. So we're sensitive to light atoms. We have a different scattering power of atoms with with neutrons varies quasi randomly across the periodic table, unlike with x rays whereas you know it goes in electrons. So we're very good at seeing light atoms. So hydrogen is important to you, for example, that we can study that, even when it's in the presence of much heavier atoms. We can also do isotopic substitution, which means we can swap hydrogen for deuterium, which has a different scattering power so we can light up different parts of the structure. And we'll probably see examples of that neutrons are neutral particles. So that means they're very highly penetrating we can get inside complex sample environment. Very low temperatures, very high temperatures, controlled humidities, in situ sample changes, whole range of things that you can go through a lot of liquid for example to get to an interface you need to study, or a lot of metal to get to a world that you need to study. I have a minute in moments to spin half particles we have a dipole moment so we can study minute structures fluctuations and so on. And we can polarize them and do lots of tricks to really separate out the important information in a measurement. So the other technique that we have which is is exotic, I mean muons are exotic particles is muon spectroscopy. So this is different to the neutron technique that we'll talk about in that muons are implanted in materials, and they process in a local field in the material. So the two sides which they have a large electronectronic activity, they process in the local field, and then 2.2 microseconds later they decay, they admit some neutrinos, and the positron we deduct the positron. And the interesting point is the positron is preferentially emitted in the direction of muon is pointing at the time it decayed. So you can see if you measure up enough statistics, you're able to back calculate the local environment that the muon must have been sitting in to give you that profile in time. Okay, so this is a really powerful technique which is very sensitive to incredibly small moments so for example if you have a complex superconductor that breaks time reversal symmetry, where you might expect a very small moments much smaller than you can measure at the level of what you can measure with techniques like XMCD, then the muons are a really powerful technique to study those sort of systems. And you can also do something interesting with things like battery materials as we'll show. So the key to ISIS is that we're a spallation neutron source. So without going into too much detail, essentially, we bring a high energy beam of protons. We're going into a heavy metal target in our case, tantalum. The nucleus absorbs that proton gets a lot of energy gets excited starts to boil and starts to kick off a whole load of other particles, which then actually can go on and and can generate more neutrons but typically you get about 15 16 neutrons for every proton that hits our heavy metal targets. Okay, so we have some like 10 to the 15 protons, which gives us over to 10 to the 16 neutrons. Those are all very high energies so our instant proton beam is typically of the order of hundreds of mega electron volts in our case 800 MeV. And that means we produce neutrons up to the energy so we have a lot of very high energy neutrons. For the most part we want to slow those down to the kind of energies that you find in systems. So that's angstrom wavelength or me electron volts in energy, and we do that with moderation. And then we do that 50 times a second 10 times a second. So unlike a reactor which is a continuous source, we have our neutrons produced impulses, and the difference between our source, compared to the source that's being built in the SS is our proton pulse is very short is about 100 microseconds, whereas at the ESS is much longer so we have a short bright force, and the SS uses that extra time to, to couple more power in the target to give you a large integrated neutron flux whereas we get all in a peak. And that then flows through and instrumentation that we have. So this time of flight is a natural choice for false sources because you'll see that by knowing distances and times, you can determine the energy wavelength of your neutron, and therefore you can do your scattering and lasting measurements and so on. Typically, just as a piece of information. A thermal neutron is a broader kilometer per second. So if you measure distances to better than a millimeter you need to be timing on the kind of microsecond times gone that's all very feasible with modern electronics. I'm very poor at PowerPoint animation so I'm going to skip that but that was a proton beam hitting a target neutrons being produced moderated interact with a sample and into a detector. So what does that mean for an experiment. Let's just take one example, and this case is is diffraction. So we're going to have our moderator or source of neutrons. We're going to have a sample, and we're going to just have a single detector at some distance, and at some angle. And the key feature here of the neutron technique is that within a single detector, we measure the entire defraction pattern, because basically the de spacing in your crystal is going to be proportional to the time of flight so if you know the distance between the all the sample detector, you know the scattering angle, then you can basically measure an entire spectrum. It's very simple expression you can see within a single detector, we measure this entire spectrum. But of course we don't just have a single detector. We actually have multiple detectors which we can then group and focus to improve the statistics, play around with resolution, and so on and so forth so a very powerful technique. We just have diffraction of course we have the full spectrum of techniques. We have a range of instrumentation to study the structure and morphology of materials, including chip irradiation that we might talk about. We have a range of spectrometers to allow us to study the dynamics of materials. And then we have a lot of ancillary support facilities that users can access to produce bespoke due to rating materials. We have a very well equipped characterization lab that allows you to do complimentary x-ray measurements, magnetometry, and so on and so forth. So we have kind of 30 instruments that we kind of group into various disciplines, and really taking advantage of the fact that we have two target stations, because that allows us to tune the instrumentation to actually match the science that we want to do so this particular target station here, number two, is a very good source of cold long-wave lab neutrons, which are very amenable to techniques like when you want to look at large scale objects, such as small angle sketch and reflectometry and look at the complex magnetic structures with large d-spacings for example. So those scientific applications, it's a real challenge within a half an hour or so to talk about some of the science. You could spend many days talking about the science, but let's just kind of give it a feel, and I won't have the time to go in any great detail, but hopefully they'll give you a flavor for the kind of things that we do. So I've chosen clean growth as one of the kind of buckets into which we can put our research, and this is important clearly. It's one of the UK's government's priorities for as part of a clean environment, sustainable growth, and so on. Interestingly, the government recently ended last year, published a 10 point plan for a green industrial revolution. The UK has ambitious targets for net zero in terms of fossil fuel by 2050. UKRI, my employer, has set a target for facilities to be carbon neutral by 2040. And so clearly this is something that we need to be contributing to. And of course the good news is that neutrons and muons have a huge potential for impact in this area. Whether it be in offshore wind power, carbon sequestration, photovoltaics, fuel cells, reliving reactors, nuclear reactors, and so on, the neutrons have a really important role to play. And so we don't just do a single thing in clean growth, we actually reach across a very wide range of areas. But let's have a little bit of a dive into some of these areas. I think a rather nice example recently is from colleagues looking at next generation materials for solid state batteries. So this is a lithium lanthanum tungsten oxygen system. The lithiums are the yellow color here. So there's a course of the ions that are going to carry the charge around for us. And this has a double perovskite structure. And of course, with neutron diffraction, you can go in and really resolve the structure with great resolution. And in fact, these figures down here, I apologize, I made them a little bit too small. So this is how the structure changes as you load it up with lithium. And you can see at the highest lithium concentrations, you can see what happens is that the lithium actually generates clusters, a lithium oxygen for clusters, which locate on a particular side, the A site within this double perovskite structure. So neutrons give you this absolute determination of where the atoms are and what the atoms are. And you've got this really powerful determination of the structure. Of course, you might also like to know about how those liliums are moving around on the system. And this is where the muon technique can play an important role. Recall that muons are sensitive to the local environment. So if a muon implants itself into a structure at a place where there's a larger electro negativity, then as the lithium ion, which has a nuclear moment, moves past the muon site, it perturbs the local magnetic environment, which the muon senses and here you can see this is, I don't go too much details but this is the muon signal as a function of that decay time. Remember the muon has a lifetime of 2.2 microseconds. And so you can actually infer the hopping rate of the ion from the muon data. If you look at it as a function of temperature, you can work out what the activation barriers are. The muon just worked for lithium, it worked well for sodium, can work with a whole load of other materials. So next generation matter technologies are probably going to be amenable to this site. And what you can see, this is a function of temperature. You can see here, mu, this is the rate at which the field that the muon sees is fluctuating. And you can see nothing's happening, nothing's happening and then at some point the lithium start to move. And you can measure your diffusion coefficients. Now you can measure it in other ways, the muon's, you can do it with electron and electron-pedium spectroscopy and you get this answer. And if you do with muon's, you get a reasonably similar answer, there's a little bit of disagreement there. You can also measure the activation barrier from this temperature dependence, and you find that muon's see a much lower activation barrier than is measured with a bulk microscopic technique. And of course the reason for that is that the muon is a local probe. So it doesn't see things like grain boundaries, which obviously in any kind of transport measurement, you're going to impact the ability of the lithiums to move around. There's a direct measure there of the impact of grain boundaries on this transport of lithium ions, which is so important in these materials. This is a nice example of from Shiha Young's group in Manchester, which is trying to develop materials to more efficiently reduce the energy and environmental cost of producing materials, in this case polymers. And this is to do with alkenes, propene, ethylene that need to be separated from our kinds before they can be converted into polymers. Now typically zeolites are kind of quite inefficient of this process, but the group of Manchester realized that by adding nickel, which is the green atom here, these are neutron structures determined by powder diffraction. And you can actually see that the, the alkenes are actually binding selectively at the nickel two plus sites as a chemo selective binding. And I apologize, you can't see the numbers here. We have this absolute determination of the, the loading of ethylene ethylene, et cetera, on these systems. So not only can we say where these molecules are binding, but we can also talk about dynamics. And this is what's shown here this is an elastic neutron scattering, which compares the side of settling with the settling that's bound to the structure. So you can start to see all of the, the changes to the trident transition, excuse me the translational vibrational vibrational modes in this structure. So not only do you have this determination of the structure, you also understand how these atoms moving around. Whoops. Sorry, I don't know what happened there my computer has just stopped as it's always going let's see if it comes back. Okay, so give me a second, take your time. Don't worry. I think the chance to say to the audience that if you have questions, please don't be shy, and just write them on the chat and we will share them with our speaker. We try to fix. Technical issue. Yes, I'm sorry about that of course I run through the slides a couple of times this morning and nothing went wrong. I mean I guess there's a possibility that it's a high engine neutron has hit my computer. I don't think we can study but not something I wanted to study during the talk. Yeah, of course. This is going to come back. It's always like this things crash at the wrong moment. Yeah, give me a second. I think it's an experience that we don't have the worst cases. Yes, with our US speakers. Yeah, my PowerPoint just coming back it says. Yeah, I think it's worth it. Let's see what it says. I do apologize. Right. Let's close that. It's okay. The screen again. I think it should work like this. Yes. Great. So we can directly jump to this slide. If I can get back to where I was. Yeah, it was interesting maybe in some ways because the example I was going to give is about death. So I don't know why I've called this clean growth, but it sort of feels a bit like the kind of circular economy, maybe the circle of life. And this is just some really nice work from our colleagues in Italy. Wonderful. So I didn't like the word that no. Another collaboration, long-term collaboration in this case with Latio. Perfect. Yes. Very well. Excellent. So they have realized that actually you can, there's a very clean signature in elastic neutron scattering, which relates to the temperature at which bones were burnt. And so if you want to understand the funereal kind of process that took place in the first century AD, actually, elastic neutrons can can give you a key here. And what these guys realized is that when you burn a bone, the bone matrix undergoes some structural and dimensional changes, which make it very difficult to use kind of more conventional osteometric methods. What they did was to combine inelastic neutron scattering, bridge transform infrared, micro-roman, and so on, to actually look for the signatures, which allows you to differentiate bones that are burnt at 400, 500, 800 degrees C, and so on. Yeah, I don't know what this relevance is for modern forensic pathology and so on, but it's good to see that neutrons are really kind of given us new insight into what was happening in the first century. So let's roll forward. Let's look at nanoscale and quantum. And again, I think this plays to the government's agenda of transformative technologies and also healthcare, actually. So here are a few examples that I realized I've lost a little bit of time there. Hopefully we can recover some of that. And this first example is is one where colleagues at the University of Cambridge created little memory stores. Now we're all familiar with microelectronics, but we're very familiar with 2D planar structures. So if you think about your chip or your storage in a computer, it's on two dimensions. But of course, if you can go in three dimensions, then you have potential to massively increase the storage density and so on and so forth. And so this is an example whereby you can create these little nanoscale structures. So these layers in this case are an alloy of cobalt iron and boron, a few nanometers stick, separate them with a very thin spacer layer in this case ruthenium. And they're natural ground status for them all to be anti-pheromonezically coupled. Okay, we can then apply a field pulse and actually flip one of these layers. And you can see here now we've flipped this layer. We can, so we've basically got an information store. This is a little piece of information. We can apply another field and flip it up. And again, and we can move it through the stack. So we've got basically a shift register where we can move information and therefore transport data through this structure. So if you look at a conventional technique, like, like MOOC, for example, you get these complex patterns where you can sort of indirectly infer what might be going on. But with polarized neutrons in this case and reflectometry, here's some of the data you can absolutely definitively define what these structures are. So these structures that you see here are cartoons, but they're extracted from the neutron data. So we precisely know what's going on in our little structure. So that's an example of a metallic system on the nanoscale. We can also study soft matter as well. This is a recent example from Zoom, one of our latest instruments, a small angle instrument, which is work with colleagues in diamond in Japan, Switzerland, Italy, so huge collaborations in this case, creating these interlocking structures that you can kind of engineer their properties. And the really amazing thing here is that you can organize these structures in a self assembly that they start to interlock, which is really difficult to do. So you have to have these kind of pre-annual molecules that then pre-organize and that then give you these little structures. I do wonder if the reason this is in nature is because we have the Olympic rings here in what turns out to be an Olympic year. But of course this is just a microscopic, this is atomic force microscopy that shows this image. So it's very nice. But what neutrons allow you to do is with some modeling is not only see the structure, but also to see inside the structure. And so each of these has a little kind of structure, which is a so-called core shell model, and we can see inside that we can see the interpenetration of the solar molecules and so on, which you can't get from other techniques. And actually looking inside materials is clearly a big part of what we do. So here's a nice example from the healthcare, and this is work from Yumea Lund-Gottenberg for NMR. This is looking at a cancer-causing protein, PCL2. And I think this is a nice comparison. The NMR provides you with the structural and dynamic information on the atomic to the protein molecule level. Whereas what neutrons give you is this a location, the molecular compounds and volumetric contributions. In this case, you can see that this particular protein is tail anchored into the membrane. In this case, you can see it's embedded and so on. So just a huge amount of information. I'm going to jump forward, if I may, and just talk a little bit about just a couple of examples from engineering and imaging, which I think is an important part of what we do. The place to this agenda of transformative technologies. So with neutrons, as I said, we can see inside material in real space through radiography and tomography, or we can see it through diffraction. And this is a nice example of studying monopiles. These are the things that support offshore wind turbines. They're big. They're typically 10 meters in diameter, 70 meters in length. And with neutrons, you can actually go in and look at the welds within a monopile. And all you can do that, you actually get the full stress tensor, so you get all directions in your measurement. And so if you can understand the stresses and strains in a monopole, then you can increase the lifetime of offshore wind turbines, which reduces the cost, increases the capacity, and so on and so forth. So it's a really nice example between Cranfield OU and colleagues in Norway, which have been able to fully characterize the stress in the monopiles. Interestingly, that stress is far higher than when you measure with other techniques. So it's really important to know that. So that's using diffraction, but we can also do that using imaging. And here's some nice examples from my colleague Genevieve Berker at IMAT. So we have this beautiful image at the top of an ammonite. You can compare what you see with neutrons here compared to what you see with X-rays. There's an ammonite. And I think this is just really nice work where Genevieve Berker has extended these measurements over to plant science. And this is really looking at how water uptake and the impact of soil and so on on plant systems. And this is a really nice example of where you combine neutron imaging with X-ray imaging to give this complete determination because they see different things. So you start to highlight different components of the system. The components containing water, the heavier components and so on, very clearly seeing with neutrons. So this is, let's get this right. This is the combined image. This is the neutron image, I think. Have I got that right? Yeah, okay. We'll come back to that. So you can use similar technologies and apply them to batteries. This is a lithium-finite chloride battery, which has a nice capability of being extremely low self-discharge. And here's some imaging from Graves Asia UCL. This is a very nice PhD. This is, I encourage you all to take a look at that. This is white-bean imaging looking at something like 7000 projections as you rotate the battery and the beam about 30 seconds each, giving you a resolution of better than 80 microns. And you can start to see all of the different things that you can start to see the lithium anode. You can see as it's discharging, you can see this flower pattern, which is the porous carbon skeleton that they use to provide channels for transport in this material. You can see the SO2 gas reservoir as they start to billow out. And you can see this in as a function of time as the battery discharges. So really, really impressive. I told you that we can irradiate microelectronics. And this is our chip by our facility, which is a facility that allows us to produce very high energy neutrons and introduce them to microelectronics. High energy is being in neutrons that we produce up to that 800 MeV level, which is very similar to the spectrum you get in the upper atmosphere. So one hour in our beam is like 100 years in a plane flying over the Atlantic. So a very good way of accelerating the safety, the performance of microelectronics and their resilience to high energy neutrons that can cause damage, errors and physical damage in microelectronics and that's an increasingly important area. I'll skip to this very briefly. Ordinarily, we would run a lot of hands on training exercises, whether that's neutrons, muons, a lot of virtual resources available to users. And of course, this year, that's not been possible. We've run a few things in the virtual environments, but hopefully we're very much looking forward to bringing those back online in the coming year. I should say we have a very strong PhD program. We funded over 40 students up to the present day. And if you take a look at our webpage here, you'll find some of the active positions that are currently available. So if you're so interested, please take a look. So just to summarize them, what are we going to do next? So of course we have a roadmap that is for a complicated figure. We're somewhere here, which tells you we're just about to go into a long shutdown. And the reason for that is we're basically replacing the heart of target station one. So we're producing a new target, new moderators, new reflectors, and so on. We're doing an awful lot of work on our accelerator as well. So we'll come back with a new TS1 early in the new year, which is great, given the age of this system. Of course, ESS figures largely in our activities. We're doing a lot of work on things like data streaming. One of the things that I'm particularly involved with is two of the instruments that we're building at ESS. The first one being Loki, which will be one of the first instruments. It's a small angle scattering instrument and you can see kind of various components. Here's the heavy shutter. Here's the detector tank. Here's collimation that's all being built. And so we look forward to that being installed at ESS. The second instrument is a little bit later in the design process is Freya, which would be a reflectometer for liquid surfaces and so on. And these should offer us really game changing performance in terms of what we can do at ESS. At my own facility, we are developing our next generation of instrumentation. Freya is a series of projects that we are currently developing, awaiting funding, which we are hopeful will arrive next year. But if you're so interested, there's a range of workshops we're holding in July. Please have a look at the website. Our website, you'll find those where we will be discussing those instruments in a bit more detail. We have bigger ambitions and that's recognizing the fact that the UK will need a new neutron source around the kind of 2030 timescale. So we're currently in the process of really quite detailed feasibility studies, physics design studies, looking at new technologies, looking very much at the energy sustainability argument we have to make facilities that have a low environmental footprint, even though we're going to do great research in terms of sustainable and clean growth. We're going to analyze the environmental impacts of what it is we do at the large scale facilities. So there's a lot of activity on that at the moment, which is very, very encouraging. All these facilities you can access them through a range of mechanisms. Our next proposal deadline is currently proposed. It's postponed because of COVID, but it's likely to be the end of this year for TS2. And that would give time on the instruments around the March period in 22 and early 2022 for the TS1 instruments that come on later. As part of the shutdown, when we come out of that, we expect TS2 to start up earlier than TS1. So there's various access mechanisms. You can do the direct one, which is the one I've just kind of described twice a year. And at any point in time, if you need rapid access, we have express access for the quick measurements of samples, testing ideas, cleaning up people's PhD thesis and so on. And then of course we have dedicated industrial time. So just to summarize, hopefully I've shown you both neutrons and muons possess this amazing range of characteristics that are very well matched to curiosity and technologically driven research. So we're friends of complexity, driving emergent behavior. We're looking at a multi-scale approach. So we want to study materials on many lens scales and on many energy scales. We're bringing together the complementarity of the facilities on our campus be that computing, neutrons, muons, photons, and so on. We have multi-mode measurements where we're not just measuring in elastic spectra, we're measuring in situ, mode, in situ, Raman, whatever it may be. And increasing that frontier that I talked about right at the start of theory modeling and software. And we're also very lucky that we have an expert and engaged staff. So if you have an idea for an experiment, you'll certainly have somebody in the lab who will be interested and be able to guide you through that process and try and support you to deliver a really good experiment. So with that I recognize run over a little bit because of the technical hitches, but I just like to thank you for your attention and also to thank all of my colleagues at the lab who provided basically all the information for the things I was able to just talk about. Thank you very much. On behalf of all the audience, we really thank you for such a great talk. So, now is the time for questions. And we have couples one. So we can start. So, there's one question is about so the staff at large scale facilities have a chance to do some research and we know that other. So, how do you read the innovation of the research led at ISIS compared to that led through the traditional university route. I think first of all, I'll challenge the premise of the question. All of the research that we run the facility has gone through a process of peer review so unlike many facilities at ISIS, we don't allocate in house research time. So what many facilities do and we can have a discussion around that we don't do that and so staff compete in the peer review process process as other people. What they do have is the opportunity to take out small parts of the program for commissioning. And I think, and maybe this is at the heart of the question that does allow people to develop new techniques and this is where our PhD programmers, I think it's been so successful because it allows you to develop new capabilities, whether that be in situ NMR, for example, in situ growth capabilities and using that small amount of commissioning time and it is a tiny amount, which is again is reviewed and has to be justified. So I would say really good outcomes. So I would say very much that for me the best science comes from the strong collaborations. I'm old enough to be a fan of the film spinal tab. And if there's anybody on the call knows that film, you know, the staff at the facility know how to turn the experiment up to 11. And so if you really want to push the boundaries of what's possible, then, you know, you work closely with those guys and they get you up to 11 and beyond. And so I think I'm not sure I'd make a valuable on the quality, but I think when we work together, our industrial, our academic and our staff, when they work together, we get, we get the best outcomes. So that's partly why I think COVID has been such a difficult period because a lot of those natural interactions have had to reform in a different fashion. Yeah, we fully agree like collaboration is really the key of success. And we're social people as well. I mean, we like, we like having a meal together and those things happen on an experiment. So we shouldn't, shouldn't forget we're humans. No, exactly. But we hope that with this format, we can all interact today and ask a question to our special speaker, Sean. So, yeah, in fact, the question was what followed was so what does this say about the need for a UK National Laboratory along the lines, for example, of CNRS, and lots of the Department of Energy Labs, for example, so this is also the following question from one of our Yeah, I mean that that's a really interesting question. So the UK has things like the National Physical Laboratory, which is a very different thing to what we have. We are actually called National Laboratories. Because I think our scope, we clearly demonstrate that we do things that you can't do anywhere else in the country. And in many cases, you can't do anywhere else in the world. I think that, you know, in my career, I've done a lot of work in, in the DOE labs in the US, for example, and that model works very well too. I think that the challenge is going to be for our future big projects like ISIS to is whether that's something that's still on the scale of a nation, or if it's a more international endeavor. At ISIS, because we have such strong international partnerships, we mentioned Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, India needs to apologize for forget any. But we just have this whole range of interactions and they just bring such a rich richness and diversity to the program that I think, you know, it's about trying to find that sweet spot. We've been in the National Lab and being well adapted to the UK's needs. But of course, science is global. And so we need to be part of that wider, wider community. So I guess there's opportunities and risks in going down a sort of DOE time model. Yeah. Thank you for such a detailed answer. Another question. So what would be the niche for ISIS when he says it's fully up and running. Okay, that's a good, a good question. So the, the answer to that I think is, is, is quite nuanced and complex for let me have a go nonetheless. The first argument is that it takes a long time to get facilities operational. If you look at a lot of major investments, the time between them sort of really switching on, so producing photons or x-rays. There's almost a decade before those facilities are really developed. So ESS is getting closer to its first operations, but there's still a period in which we need to build up that capacity and knowledge. ESS as a long pull source is totally new. So whilst we've done a lot of modeling and we think we understand we will be learning things throughout that process. So it's going to take time and there's going to be great achievements and there's going to be mistakes and, and that's how these facilities come online. But there is an intrinsic difference. ESS is a long post augustation, which means you've got a lot of power, but you've got relatively poorer resolution. And so you play that off against the power by having longer instruments by having complex chopper systems and so on. ISIS is a short post augustation has a very intrinsic high resolution. So I think it's going to be a complementarity. It's going to be about the experiments that you can do at ISIS where you absolutely need the high resolution. You know, we have one of the, if not one of two of the highest resolution instruments in the world, and they just provide new insight. So there are going to be certain science examples where you need that insight. There are going to be certain science examples where you need a very large energy range, wavelength range where you need cold neutrons, you need epithermal neutrons that we do very well. And then there's going to be experiments where you need lots of flux. We don't have that many neutrons, even at the most intense sources, we don't have that many neutrons. So I think there's going to be a really nice complementarity between the long pole source of ESS short pole sizes ISIS to very exciting developments at Oak Ridge in America with their second target station where they're taking an approach like us a low rep rate. So, yeah, I think there's a really, I think neutrons caters in Europe, potentially have a really bright future. Yeah, with these facilities, but I think I think you do need this landscape you do need this balance. Yeah. Next question. So, do you have joint proposals with diamond to make it best use of both x-rays and neutrons at both facilities. Yeah, so that's a good question. In a few cases we do where the science requested. So, things like small angle scattering, you can apply to one of our instruments and get time on a diamond instrument for pair distribution PDF measurements, you can do something similar. So it's not a global thing. Not for any instrument you got any other instruments but in specific areas, we've implemented that and and it works very well, just because there is this natural complementarity that is, allows you to get this, this, this deeper insight into the material systems that you're, you're studying so you know that that proximity a bit like ESS and Max for, you know, you'll have that that synergy, which I think is is really vital. And then you need to back it up with a computational resource as well. Thank you. I think we have time for a couple of questions. So there is another more general question, which is about like. So, can user have, yeah, testing time before the actual being time I think this is what someone in the audience wanted to know, because some experiments might be a little bit exotic people have any hard time to, you know, to have the feeling of how the experiment will be actually once. Yeah, everything will be set up at the deadline so that is there a proposal a channel that people can apply for to get access to test the new experiments. Yeah, so, so there's various mechanisms that won't one can do this. And the express mechanism is something that we, we use at this a lot for where people have created a material. You know, you can calculate the scattering pattern where you're not entirely sure until you measure it that's why we do experiments of course. And so that is a mechanism where people can just post in samples, and then at specific points in the cycle we will run a huge number of samples, typically with with relatively straightforward conditions you know we're not going to be doing ultra high or whatever but we can do temperature and so on so forth. So that's one way of getting materials developed in preparation for an experiment. Interestingly, our peer review panels, quite often they will request exactly this so they'll, they'll see a proposal come in and they think that's really exciting. You can do it. And so what we'd like you to do is go away and make that little test measurement that says, I got the system with a tiny moment can I can I see the moment in a magnetic case for example. And so then we would respond to that. And then equally, it's about, you know, I think now the connection. The problem with the connection that jumped the, in the middle of your answer. So, sorry, about to say if it's possible or not. All right. So yeah, you can do numerous mechanisms. Sorry, you can do it through express. If it needs more kind of a technique development and discuss it with the local contact and they can maybe make a case that there's some commissioning time. That would would be useful. And yeah, and again, I think that's where where our PhD program comes in so useful because often a lot of those developments are being generated by those guys. And so we can we can try out new things and quite often you don't need neutrons to do the development you just need to make sure your little widget fits in the right gap and so on. So so yeah, it's all about the discussion.