 Molecular pathology has become essential for guiding treatment decisions in cancer patients. Next generation sequencing, NGS, technology has revolutionized the field of precision oncology by providing comprehensive genomic analysis of tumours. However, the complexity of interpreting these results can be daunting. To address this challenge, new methods of characterizing tumours beyond DNA sequencing are being developed, including transcriptomic, immunofenotyping, epigenetic profiling, and single-cell analyses. Additionally, liquid biopsy techniques are being used to monitor circulating tumour cells and circulating nucleic acids. Lessons learned from the limitations of genotype-driven therapy suggest that precision medicine should extend beyond genomics. This article was authored by Ewan Amalone, Marco Lever, Peter J. B. Sabatini, and others.