 Welcome! Let's look at an important aspect of pragmatics in the following, the phenomenon of Dixis. And let us discuss the following questions. What is Dixis? And what are the central dietic elements that are used for referencing? According to the German psychologist Karl Bühler, the method of relating to the spatial temporal context of the utterance can be labeled as Dixis. The Greek term for pointing with words. Dixis is basically a speaker-centered notion where the central person is a speaker. Well here we have two speakers, speaker A and speaker B, where the central place is the speaker's location and where the central time is the time at which the speaker utters a particular sentence or produces a particular utterance and where the central discourse element is the one containing the speaker's utterance. Let us find out how these examples of this little dialogue are realized in an actual example. Well here we have our four elements, our four dietic labels, time, place and person. Let's now associate the elements of this short dialogue to these labels. Now first of all we can associate you with person Dixis. This is clearly an element of discourse Dixis. Here we have another you, another element that relates to a person, the same applies to me. Then that is another discourse Dixis element and before is clearly temporal so it's time Dixis. I again person Dixis, well here relates to the place and then is another element of time Dixis. So this is how to analyze a little dialogue in terms of dietic elements. Let us now look at these types of Dixis in more detail. Let's start with person Dixis. Person Dixis is normally realized by personal pronouns and it is concerned with encoding the roles of the participants in the speech situation in which a given utterance was produced. Person Dixis involves the speaker's reference to himself, that is the first person. So for example elements such as I and me are typical elements of person Dixis where the speaker refers to himself or we and us so the first person singular and plural pronouns. Person Dixis also involves the speaker's reference to the adressees that is the second person. So this means in terms of English pronouns you in the singular and you in the plural. And last but not least we have elements that the speaker uses to refer to other persons and entities. So typically the third person pronouns he, him, she, her and we have it and of course they and them in the plural. Person Dixis depends on the speaker as the dietic center. A speaker switch so does the reference point. For example if someone called Linda is the speaker then I the first person singular refers to her and if Paul is the current speaker then I is the person dietic element relating to him and so on. Pronoun usage can encode information about the social identities or relationships of the participants in the conversation. This is often called social Dixis. For instance many European languages distinguish between familiar and polite pronouns. Often referred to as TV because in French there's a distinction between tu and vous. And in German in my mother tongue we draw a distinction between tu and sie. Where sie, the third person plural, is the more polite form. I would certainly address you, my audience, with sie and would say something like ich begrüße sie, I welcome you. Okay so much for Person Dixis, let's now continue with Place Dixis. Locative dietic expressions denote the spatial locations of people and objects relative to the participants in the speech event. Speakers use them for the following purposes. Dictic terms that can be used to identify an entity include for example the set of demonstrative determiners such as this and these or that and those for more remote items. Dictic terms can also be used to inform the address sie about the location of an entity. Speakers typically use locative adverbs such as here and there or prepositions such as above and below to denote such cases. In some special cases speakers do not identify or inform by means of locative dietic expressions but they use them to well to acknowledge certain locations of an entity. In English the dietic verbs of motion come and go are often used in this respect. So let's first of all write down come and go and then illustrate this by means of an example. Compare the following two sentences. In the sentence Paul went into the bedroom. We have to acknowledge that the speaker who uttered this sentence was not in the bedroom. Whereas if someone says Paul came into the back bedroom this acknowledges the speaker was in the bedroom himself. Most languages draw a distinction between at least this sort of spatial dietic system. There is a distinction drawn between proximal dietic elements such as here and distal or non proximal elements such as there. However many languages carry much more elaborate divisions of space. Spanish for example makes a three term distinction in its spatial dietic system where English only has two terms. Well let's look at them here. Let's Spanish. Now in Spanish we have something like a key are here and Ali which means something like here there and over there. And in English well we also have here and there and well if you include archaic vocabulary vocabulary systems of English archaic words. You might want to add yonder which is equivalent to over there. So we have here there and yonder also a sort of three term system in English if you include arcade versions of English. Let's now look at time dikesis. Dietic reference to time involves locating points or intervals on the time axis using the moment of utterance you as a reference point on the time axis we can identify several dietic elements. For example we can identify elements that are used to denote an event that occurred before the moment of utterance that is before you saw elements such as before or yesterday. Or last year. Then we have elements that can be used to denote the time of utterance itself something like now. Today. Or even this afternoon. Well and last but not least we have elements such as tomorrow or soon which relate to events that occur after the time of utterance. In a conversation all participants share the same dietic temporal origin they all have the same now. In fact all languages allow the expression of time relative to the act of speaking. The most pervasive means include time adverbials like the ones given over here in English now and then yesterday this year and so on and of course tense. Let's look at tense for a while. Here I have three sentences. Let's relate them to two events. The moment where the event occurs denoted by E and the moment of utterance we've already assigned the character you to it. Now in John wrote the letter we clearly have an example of past tense use. The moment of the event that is the event when John actually wrote the letter precedes the moment of the utterance you. So we have this sort of relationship E before you in John is writing the letter we have the present tense continuous form. The moment of the event E precedes or coincides with the moment of utterance you. So we can denote this relationship by means of you equals or before E. So in these two sentences the speaker's time of utterance serves as the reference time for the dietic use of tense pointing towards the past and the present respectively. The third utterance John had written a letter when Linda arrived uses a third time are in the past the reference time are when Linda actually wrote the letter. And to this event in the past when Linda wrote the letter the event E and the event you can be related. Now in this past perfect construction the moment of event E precedes the reference time are and this in term precedes the moment of the utterance you. While the precedence relation between ear and are is non dietic it is independent of the speakers now there is a dietic temporal relationship between you and are. Let us finally look at discourse dikesis discourse dikesis concerns the use of dietic expressions within an utterance as a form of orientation inside an unfolding discourse in which that utterance is located. The dietic expressions indicate the relation of the utterance to future or past elements of the discourse or to a conversation or a text. Making reference to portions of the discourse itself can be accomplished by means of time dietic words such as last as in the last paragraph or next as in the next chapter. Well here are three examples that illustrate the use of discourse dietic elements. Let's start with this sentence at this point it is useful to return to our previous example. Now this element this of course the discourse element this refers to the current portion of the discourse. So let us use or symbolize this by means of this symbol. So it is refers to the current portion of the discourse in you will be interested in this problem we have another case now here we have reference to the forthcoming discourse element. Let's use this symbol to denote this use of a discourse dietic element. And in the example that's the most ridiculous or we have a mistake here ridiculous excuse I've ever heard. Here we refer to a preceding discourse element so an adequate symbol would be this one and using a dietic expression I could now say that's the end of this lecture. I hope my overview of this topic was clear enough perhaps you can try on your own now take any dialogue and identify the dietic elements within it. So thanks for now see you again soon.