 The number of electric vehicles, EVs, is increasing rapidly due to their low emissions and long driving ranges. Lithium ion batteries provide the power for these vehicles and are composed of various components such as electrodes, electrolyte and physical design. Researchers have been working to optimize these components in order to maximize battery life, efficiency and capacity. Additionally, efforts have been made to develop new high-energy density batteries and repurpose or recycle existing ones. This article was authored by Yu Miao, Patrick Heinen, Annette von Juwan and others.