 Patient-derived tumor xenograft, PDX, models, which involve transplanting tumor tissues from cancer patients into immunodeficient mice, have emerged as a valuable approach in translational research for advancing precision medicine. The first stage of PDX development is patient-derived orthotopic xenograft, PDOX, models that implant tumor tissue in mice in the corresponding anatomical locations of the patient. PDOX models have several advantages, including high fidelity to the original tumor, heightened drug sensitivity, and an elevated rate of successful transplantation. However, they present significant challenges requiring advanced surgical techniques and resource-intensive imaging technologies, limiting their application. Humanized mouse models and zebrafish patient-derived tumor xenografts, ZPDX, are promising alternatives that provide a cost effective approach for drug testing and reduce patient waiting time. This article was authored by Wei Jingwang, Yong Xiu Li, Kai Dalin, and others.