 Hi everyone. Welcome to this webinar. My name is Brianna Kraft and I'm going to kick us off I think now that we're at 11 o'clock. So official welcome to our webinar on loss and damage research policy and lived experience in least developed countries. So nice to have so many of you with us today. Thank you for introducing yourselves on the chat as you come in 65 and counting great to see so much interest. So as I said my name is Brianna Kraft. I'm a senior researcher in the climate change group at the International Institute for Environment and Development IID. I work to support the least developed countries in the UN climate negotiations which I've been involved in since 2011. And IID just as background is a policy and action research organization. We promote sustainable and equitable developments to improve livelihoods and promote or protect the environments in which those livelihoods are based. This is in London and in Edinburgh and I am speaking to you from London today. We work with a wide range of partner organizations and a number of issues. My team works to support the least developed countries in the UN climate negotiations. We are co hosting this webinar today with a partner organization in Bangladesh the International Center for Climate Change and Development and they will introduce themselves in a moment. So I'll just walk us briefly through our schedule. We'll start with some background from our partner organization ICAD on their loss and damage program as well as some scene setting with Dr. Sleevil Huck who has been involved in the negotiations for a long time to kind of paint picture of what is loss and damage and how has the concept evolved under the UNFCCC. After ICAD then introduces themselves we'll move on to our panel discussion with our three panelists we'll hear about lived experience of loss and damage in Rwanda from Anesa Grace. We'll hear about loss and damage research in Nepal from Manjeet Stakal. And then we'll hear about the way forward on loss and damage in the climate negotiations particularly in line with COVID from our final panelist Shahzaman. So we're very excited to have such a great panel with us and a great partner organization. So that will kind of be our first real chunk of time together, and then we'll move on to some discussion and questions and answers. I have some questions prepared for our panelists that we'd like them to address and I'm sure you'll have questions for them as well. We've saved a significant chunk of time for that so do please keep your questions coming and I'll gear it up for that discussion. So that will be our time together. And again if you have any technical issues or can't quite get through your to the question and answers or having some problems with the chat do let us know and that can help you out with that. All right, so I'm seeing that participants are still coming in if you came in a bit late. Hi there welcome. My name is Brianna Kraft. I'm a researcher at IID and I am going to emcee our webinar. We are going to start by introducing our partner organization ICAD. So it's my pleasure to introduce Istiak Ahmed. Istiak manages both loss and damage and locally led adaptation resilience programs at ICAD in Bangladesh. And he currently leads four different projects under these programs. He has in depth experience in social research and his different methodologies particularly the environmental aspects of this research. And I'm going to hand over to him to give us some background on ICAD's loss and damage program. So Istiak, over to you. Thank you Brianna. Hello everyone. I'm Istiak Ahmed. I'm working as a program coordinator at the International Center for Climate Change and Development, ICAD for the last five and a half years. So to give you a background of our loss and damage program, ICAD has been always working on the issue of loss and damage from the very beginning of its journey as an organization. We do research on loss and damage to better understand its different issues in the national context of Bangladesh. We publish different papers, blogs, books. We also develop video documentaries to make it available for the public understanding. We are also heavily involved in national level advocacy. Currently we are working on with the government to develop the national mechanism for loss and damage together with Action 8. We also facilitate discussion on the topic. We organize different webinars, seminars, we organize different courses so that we can have a wide range of discussion to understand this topic and kind of find a way forward. We also were also involved in capacity building. We do different trainings on the topic so that people understand this topic better and we're also about to start a new online course on loss and damage. We also support, as Brianna said, IAED is also doing this. Dr. Hock is supporting the LDC negotiator for long when he was in IAED and still continuing this. As an organization, we are supporting that as well. Our colleague M. Hafiz Khan, he is a LDC negotiator on the track of loss and damage. So we also communicate with him regularly to understand the process. At the same time, how we can support them with different evidences. So yes, this is pretty much what EECAD is doing on the topic of loss and damage. I hope you all enjoyed this webinar. We have a great list of panelists and this is from everything. Thank you, Brianna. Thank you very much. Thanks, Diak. And great to be working with EECAD on this topic, given your range of expertise, long standing and all the work you do in Bangladesh on this. Thanks very much. And as he said, we'll next hear from Dr. Salim El-Huk. Salim is the director of EECAD and a senior associate at IAED. He's an expert on the links between climate change and sustainable development, particularly from the perspective of developing countries. And as Diak mentioned, he has supported the engagement of the least developed countries in the UN climate change negotiations for a long time. So we're very pleased to have him introduce loss and damage and set the scene for us in the context of the negotiation. So Salim, over to you. Great. Thank you very much, Brianna. And welcome to everybody at this webinar. As you heard, my name is Salim El-Huk. I'm the director of the International Center for Climate Change and Development. And we are a center based in Dhaka, Bangladesh, based at a university called the Independent University. And we are a think tank doing a lot of research and work on the topic of loss and damage. I've also been advising the least developed countries in the global negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change for many years on loss and damage. And I've been asked to give you a little bit of a short history of that particular track of the negotiations. So essentially the issue of loss and damage arises when we have and we unfortunately have failed to either mitigate sufficiently to prevent loss and damage or adapt sufficiently to ensure that the losses are minimized. And in fact, the year 2020, which we are in right now, not only is going to be remembered for COVID-19, but is also in my view going to be remembered for being the year in which loss and damage from human induced climate change is now something that is manifest and can be attributed and seen all over the world right now. The fires in California, for example, are definitely attributable to the fact that global temperature has risen more than one degree globally. And many other events around the world in Bangladesh, we have major floods going on at the moment. A couple of months ago, we had a super cycle on Amphan, which again, you know, happens every 20 years or so, but this time happened because of the elevated temperature in the Bay of Bengal. So the attribution of impacts from climatic events, which are natural to some extent, but get exacerbated and more severe, because we have as a collective global community raised the temperature of the global atmosphere are now making these events more intense. And therefore the impacts and what we call loss and damage is now becoming a reality as of this year. Historically, it was something that we thought would happen in the future, and we tried to discuss it in the negotiations, but it becomes a in the in the UN Framework Convention is a highly politically sensitive issue because loss and damage is seen by some of the countries that are responsible for the major emissions as trying to get compensation because of liability. So the words liability and compensation are taboo words for those countries, the polluting countries don't even allow us to use those words. The words liability compensation cannot be used. And so loss and damage is a euphemism. And that's how negotiations happens. You find words that everybody can agree to, which have some vagueness of meaning, which others can people can interpret in different ways. So in the 19th conference of parties which happened in Warsaw, we did have a breakthrough where we had something called the Warsaw International Mechanism on loss and damage finally agreed. And that mechanism has been continuing. Last year in COP 25 in Madrid in Spain, there was an important element of that loss and damage issue review of the Warsaw International Mechanism where the vulnerable developing countries, particularly the least developed countries and other vulnerable countries, we were pushing for the mechanism to be enhanced to have both a technical arm as well as a financial arm. We pushed very hard. We managed after 48 hours of extra time of COP 25 to get the technical arm. It's called the Santiago network on loss and damage, which is a good thing. But we failed to get the finance on because as I said, the polluting countries are vehemently against any kind of finance for loss and damage. We plan and now speaking from the least developed countries and the other vulnerable country groups to take this issue up in COP 26, which now as you know has been postponed to November next year instead of November this year in Glasgow in Scotland hosted by the UK government. And so we are going to be pushing for the issue of finance to be raised again and discussed beyond insurance. So at the moment, the only thing developed countries are willing to talk about is insurance. And there's quite a lot of insurance schemes going on which are not bad. We are not against insurance. Our argument is insurance is not enough. It's not a panacea. It cannot deal with all the issues and particularly for the poorest people on the planet who can't pay for the premium to get insured. It just doesn't make sense. So we need to go beyond insurance financing loss and damage. So that is effectively where we stand at the moment in the international negotiations. Amongst our panelists, we have Manjit Dakal, who is one of the key negotiators who can also reflect on his experience in that. I must beg leave because I have to attend another meeting at this moment here in Dhaka. Our Prime Minister is opening a regional center on adaptation, which I need to participate in. So unfortunately, I won't be able to stay and answer questions, but my colleagues and other panelists will be able to do that. I'll stop there, Brianna. Thank you. Thank you very much, Salim. And thank you for joining us, given your busy schedule and setting that scene for loss and damage in the negotiations. So thank you. Before I move on to our panel, Salim actually raised a couple of points, which I might just quickly give some background. We keep mentioning the least developed countries group. The least developed countries group in the UN climate negotiations is the group of 47 of the world's poorest countries are classified by the UN. They are primarily in Africa, but they also reside in Asia and the Pacific and the one LDC in the Americas, it's Haiti. They work together as a group in the negotiations and have since 2000, and they are currently chaired by the Kingdom of Bhutan, who will, who has been sharing for the past two years. So led the negotiations in Madrid as Salim was mentioning. So those are the LDCs sorry to not explain that more fully earlier. And yes, Salim raised some excellent points and we will delve into more depth and more detail on the negotiations for the year ahead, particularly in Shara's presentation. Thanks very much for that. We'll now move on to our panelists. Now that we've heard from our partner. So our panelists have introduced the concept of loss and damage a bit giving you a flavor. So our panel will be three speakers. First to join us will be in a great. She is the CEO of a youth led organization called the green fighter in Rwanda, which she founded in 2017. She is an African eco feminist environmental activist following the issues such as loss and damage and gender and climate change as discussed in the UN climate negotiations. She believes that youth inclusion and climate change solutions is our hope for sustainable development right on in Asia. And we're very happy to hear from you about your experience of loss and damage in Rwanda. So over to you. Thanks. Hi. Thank you Brianna. Thank you for everyone for joining us. As Brianna say my name is in Asia. I'm speaking from Gwanda, which is in Africa for those who doesn't know where Rwanda is. So I'm very happy and glad and honored to be here to present. We as the youth are experiencing the loss and damage, but most importantly sharing the case of my country. For me, I think it's an honor. I thank you for giving me this opportunity. So I was trying to explain what is loss and damage, because from I was introducing in the climate change negotiation back in 2018. I can be frank enough to say that I didn't know what loss and damage were at that time, because loss and damage and climate change impact as such as such a miss misinterpreted words that when you reach the negotiation you can get lots. So loss and damage for me, I get to understand that the loss and damage are those impacts that are due to the climate change, but it's late to be adapted for and also to be mitigated for and it kind of expose the most vulnerable community in facing much more climate change challenges in the development. So back in our media or in any of communication structure, we tend to put loss and damage as a kind of natural disaster or man-made disaster when we are talking about images, which is for me is a kind of the gap that is affecting either the awareness or our ability to address it in our context. So back speaking on Rwanda, Rwanda we are a tropical country and recently we've been experiencing a high intense rain which which caused death and the destruction of infrastructures and some other irrepressible disasters. But what we are talking about is like it kind of affects the economic pilot for our country, this agriculture, because the rain, the rain is on a high intense, we have the solar version and our crops are destroyed and we have many people being exposed to food security and we also have our community are not aware enough of how to adapt on that change or how to better cope with it because our irrewinding system are not that strong enough to predict all the intensity and the natural for the impact of the rain and we can understand because it's using a tool to define what the natural gonna cause. So I can see, I can say that whether the system gonna work, there's some of natural surprise that we can get. But the most important thing is that the loss and damage is affecting women and girls, especially in the rural area. A reason being that in our culture, I mean, I mean, it's a general culture and only in Rwanda, there's some of the household activity that's attributed to women. Here it's like fetching food for cooking and cooking food. So when the rain is intense and the crop is destroyed and the forest is dry, I mean, wait, so we kind of get more women exposed to face their household level not being able to provide food or get enough energy for cooking. Which also is impacted on Rwanda's sense. For the youth, for the youth in the climate action, I believe this is a time where we need to showcase our ability and we can show it in terms of, for example, advocacy, trying to raise the voice of the voiceless on the table where the decision are made. Trying to come up with stories, storytelling, so that we can share the experience of our community and also trying to design our solution, the solution in our own context. So, for example, speaking of sharing my experience, I came to know the loss and damage back when I was in the negotiation in the last couple. That's when I was introduced to the loss and damage and I came to realize that this is such an attempt issue and that need really consideration either at the convention, even on our national level because it's impacting our well-being, even our ability to be a developed country. So, when I was into the negotiation, I came to realize that I meet me as the youth, maybe I'm not capable enough to make a policy demand or anything, but still I can try to do what I can to decrease the vulnerability of my community in my own context. That's why I was really eager to share what we are feeling here in Rwanda on the global scale so that we can even give information so that people can understand what's really to be done. And most of the time we don't need to do much, we can do less with a very strategic plan on impact, which can later facilitate the development of much bigger things. So, today what we are trying to do, as I say, we are trying to write story and we can publish as a blog or story or anything, but also we want to showcase that we are really to work with the youth, the global youth, we are really ready to work with partners but who are ready to listen and hear and nurture our ability and commitment for the future to decrease the future impact of climate change. Thank you. Thanks, Ines, thanks so much. Really difficult topic but you really painted a picture of how widespread the issue is and how many layers of impacts you're experiencing there in Rwanda. That's to intense rain, food insecurity, the impacts on women and girls in rural areas, impacts on youth. And yeah, the impacts of Rwanda's development all kind of sit within this topic, so well done in capturing all of that and really giving us a lot to think about in terms of how loss in damages impacting people. And I am particularly excited to hear the youth telling their own stories and how this issue is affecting them and thank you for being the first to tell us so well done. Thanks Ines for that. So we'll save questions to you for our discussion, so we'll move on to the next two panelists first and then we'll have some questions and answers. So our next panelist joining us is Menjit Dekal. So Menjit is the head of LDC support team at Climate Analytics and also serves as an advisor to the chair of the LDC group, Bhutan in the climate negotiations. He provides technical inputs and analysis to the chair and members of the LDC group. And he played a key part in the LDC's efforts that led to the negotiation of Paris Agreement in 2015. Menjit's been in the climate negotiations for a long time and I've had the privilege of working with him there. Menjit is also associated with the School of Environmental Science and Management at Pokhara University in Nepal as an adjunct faculty for climate change and he regularly writes, teaches and presents on climate change related issues. So we're very pleased to have you Menjit to discuss loss and damage research in Nepal. So over to you. Thanks Menjit. Thank you. Thank you Brianna. So the introduction has already been done. I will not take time further but really impressed with what Inesha said earlier. And please take that. The youth have a huge potential. Please don't don't feel that you cannot provide a policy guidance or policy advice. I think that's the area where it should come from. And then on the topic that we are here today on discussing and loss and damage, I think this is an important area where the youth have to make a contribution. Thank you very much. So let me start by a very brief context of where I'm coming from and how this issue relates in Nepal. Clearly, we hear during this month of the time and just before this, there are a number of events, a number of extreme events that we face in the South Asian country and the extreme or any kind of slow onset event are not contained by the political border. Every time we have this event of the flood of the country in the region Nepal Bangladesh, India, the countries have a huge damage and it's not an issue that one country is only facing. If we talk about the the glaciers in the Himalayas, just on this, the report was published yesterday from from EC mode and UNDP, which conforms the number of glaciers that we have and the potential of damage of or bursting them anytime soon, which also creates a huge consequence possible consequence in the reason when we talk about the specific Nepali society, the Nepali farming society, the population has a very low capacity. When it comes to the responding to the climate impacts and building resilience, some of the government report has also confirmed that more than 80% of the extreme event that we face are triggered by drought, flood, landslide, extreme temperature, particularly outburst flood which are climate related events. All these also highlight that the, the lack of hydrometrological data, the lack of data sharing in the region, the lack of research that we had, and the lack of having a long term analysis to fit to the policy process makes difficulty in terms of having any suggestion in terms of the policy process. So that's where we are. Next slide. So, this was a very preliminary analysis that I did, looking at the, the annual looking at the light portal that we have in Nepal called the R our portal, which kind of presents the list of disasters, which are not necessarily the climate related disaster, but combined, it also has a list of earthquake, snake bite, number of other accident. So what I did here is I tried to put together the two events, flood and landslide, which are more related to climate, climate events, and the death caused by this two event. So looking at the data from 2011 to 20, here you can see in the first graph for each of the year, the number of the incident that has happened, landslide and flood, and in the next graph, the death caused by two respective events, which obviously is not in a real, I think doesn't really show us a clear trend, but number of reports including the Nepal disaster report published in 2019 has confirmed that among other landslide and flood are the events that has claimed more life. So this clearly shows how the situation is in terms of facing this disaster and when we talk about the death is not something that can be recovered and it's not something that can be economically valued. Next slide. In this one slide I tried to put together some of the studies that has been done in Nepal, most of them are the case studies in this specific area, in this specific district, some relates to the flood, some looking at the landslide, some trying to minimize the economic impact of those impact, and some trying to help the local development planning in terms of how they can respond to the residual impact to the events that cannot be recovered. These are only the case studies. In fact, the NDC that Nepal has submitted in 2016 has also prioritized a loss and damage research, not it's something that the country can contribute but it's highlighted to focus on the loss and damage research so that it helps in terms of development planning, it helps in terms of policy process. I've not go detailed in terms of this study but as I said earlier, these are the selected studies that are focused on loss and damage, the attribution of this study are still to be discussed, the whole methodology I think we can still discuss but these are some of the studies that has been done in Nepal that respond directly to loss and damage. So just to conclude, looking at what it has been done in Nepal in terms of these studies, which has only covered a very few areas as I said earlier, few relating to the landslide or the flood, not much we have been able to do relating the loss and damage to either the Glacier Lake outburst or the long term impacts in terms of rising temperature. So this all clearly shows the need to promote the scientific observation and the research and the assessments that are required in the future. This also clearly shows the need of research and study that can strengthen the attribution to climate change, which is always difficult because of the data ability because of the methodology and because of the concept itself, which is that moment when the loss when the other patient is stops and the loss and damage starts. And as some of these studies that have presented earlier are also to the, the, the cases that is done by my students, where we also have faced a lot of problems in terms of data availability and then, and the attribution part. Also, the, it is extremely important to strengthen the hydro metallurgical station and the data processing and the, and the capacities for the vulnerable countries to analyze this data to help the long term observation, so that we can, we can strengthen the research capacity for all this. It's equally important to mobilize support from the international community to build the capacity in terms of research and assessment in terms of preparedness, immediate response and the long term planning for further for the events. And this I just want to highlight the point that I have been raising in most of the events when I talk about the loss and damage when the extreme events happen. We will not have time to write a proposal for the funding mechanism and tell that community that please wait, we are writing a proposal it to be approved by our national system then we'll submit it to the multilateral or some international agency and then we'll come back. And what it has been, what has been happening is that now is the countries who are in need the countries who have prioritized the funding for the development needs have been using the same funding to respond to those immediate needs, the whole international financing architecture has to be looked from that context as well. And just to conclude, it is extremely important to have a reasonable perspective to have a reasonable process that helps in terms of data setting that helps in terms of planning that helps in terms of preparedness, because it's not only about doing something after the event but also the early warning system and a lot of other things that can be done before and most important the immediate response that has to be done when the event happened. I will conclude here and if there is anything, any questions I'll come back later. Thank you. Thank you very much Manjeet, quite a comprehensive presentation to go from the impacts of Nepal to the research that you're doing to try and understand them more fully and really the further study needed to a figure out the line between where the threshold for adaptation stops and loss and damage begins but also have the collaborative data to really paint a picture of that. Very interesting and I certainly have questions of my own on that so looking forward to further discussion of those topics. Thank you very much for your presentation. We'll save the questions I see them coming through thanks very much everyone for writing in your questions and uploading them as appropriate. So, please do keep them coming we'll save them for our the end for our discussion and it's my pleasure to introduce our last panelist. So, Shara Zaman is an environmental lawyer and academic based in Bangladesh, working to promote environmental and climate justice. Shara has also engaged in the UN climate change negotiations and she began there in 2017 on issues of compliance and mitigation on behalf of the LDC group. We're very happy to hear from Shara on the way forward in the climate negotiations for loss and damage in light of COVID and everything that's happened. Obviously the negotiating schedule has changed quite a bit this year as everything else has so kind of what's going to happen on the way to COP26, which is now as we mentioned at the end of next year, but still in the UK. So, Shara, I will hand over to you looking forward to your presentation. Thank you, Priyani. Thank you so much. And very good afternoon from Thaka. So, and also thanks to the my previous two speakers in ISA and Manjeet for setting the ground very clearly actually makes my life quite easy. I was actually listening to them very carefully and yeah, this is, I mean, loss and damage is something that now, I mean, it's visible around the world. I mean, Dr. Salim Ulhok, he just briefly touch upon some of the very recent incident. I would also like to add like currently excessive monsoon floods are happening in South Asia almost 70 and 5 million people have been affected by flooding in India, Bangladesh, Nepal. California is burning. We recently experienced cyclone on fun special in Bangladesh and India. So also we have experienced Australian wildfire East Africa drought Central America strike order is into a six year of drought. So these are the what the reality that that we are coming across, I mean, from like 15 years. And I strongly believe that LVC has the opportunity to push for the issue of loss and damage for climate change to be made a central topic for discussion at COP26. This is quite a political sensitive issue that goes well beyond which have been the main focus of climate change conference until now. However, to before we jump in to that how we can make our way forward for COP26, I like to briefly discuss what we actually so far achieved in the matter of loss and damage in COP25. To be very honest, we do have some substantive wins here in COP25 decision to be reviewed Warsaw international mechanism parties agreed to review being again in 2024 and after every five years. COP decision establish a new expert group on action and support to help countries to access expertise on slow onset events. The decision strengthen the link of being with SCF and DCF it also established on the other network, which Dr Salim was referring a technical and implementation arm for a week. But at the same time, we do have quite a good number of contentious issues as well on the matter of loss and damage in COP25, which we literally and critically need to take as a note for COP26. In COP25, there was no conclusive decision on finance arm of wind, which the LDC and also G77 China group was strongly pushing for. And there was no consensus to specifically refer the developed countries obligation to provide new and additional finance. No concrete timeline agreed to operationalize the Santiago network. Most importantly, no resolution passed in the matter of the governance issue of wind. So, I mean, these are the really contentious issues that we really need to critically take into consideration for COP26. Now, how I mean the current pandemic, I mean, COVID-19, how effect the schedule of this year, I mean, this year 2020. COVID-19 not only post one, the SB 52 session twice it's already been postponed for two times. It also pushed COP26 for next year, but this is not all. I mean, by the end of this year, the wind executive committee is supposed to establish expert group is supposed to develop a focus. A focus plan of action concerning a finance source of support collaboration outreach risk management, especially to support the establishment of link between XCOM, SCF and GCF. The expert group also required to form for the slow onset events and non economic laws taking into account the broad range of issues covered by relevant strategic works which may need to be addressed using a sequential approach. By this year, San Diego Network also needed to operationalize, especially we need to articulate its structure role functioning so that it can provide technical assistance to the developing countries to report on their progress to the XCOM. But unfortunately, due to COVID-19, I mean, nothing, not much progress has happened on all these listed issues that I just mentioned. In other words, when the COP25 was ended, we were very much looking forward for COP26, in fact for 2020, because 2020 is supposed to be a pivotal year for this sort of effort to address loss and damage. But the coronavirus right now thrown the whole process into a quite uncertain situation. However, the coronavirus crisis can also it's threatening the national, local and effort to meet the climate commitment that had already been made. But as a climate activist, I would like to see this crisis also as an opportunity, especially the delay can be used to prepare more efficiently for COP26 so that we can effectively make an outcome through COP26. In this case, I mean, we also need to know by COP21 what target we actually need to achieve. Especially from my point of view, in COP26, we really need to resolve wind governance issue. We need to fill out the finance gap, we need a finance facility under the wind based both on compensatory and distributive justice principle. We also need to scale up the technical support for loss and damage activities, we further need to progress in the matter of operationalizing the wind and also the Santiago network. So keeping all this target in mind, we need to make COP26 as an action COP. We really need to make it as an action COP and to make COP26 as an action COP. My strategic recommendation would be, we really need to identify and reach the gap that undermine the progress at COP25. This responsibility to bridge the gap now really falls heavily on all the parties shoulder, especially to LDC and seats who are really pushing hard to take the loss and damage discussion further. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and postponement of COP26 giving also sufficient space to resolve the contentious issues. UK as the incoming chair should take with all the relevant countries as well as civil societies and try to come in COP25. And last but not least, we need to keep our united position, especially among developing country of G77 and China, so that we can effectively make sure that what we demand can actually come out in COP26 decision. So yeah, I mean that's overall from my side and very much looking forward to hear your question and comments in that regard. Thank you. Great. Thank you very much, Sarah. Excellent presentation and painting the picture of where the negotiations stand, even with the COVID effects and I admire your optimism and seeing COVID as an opportunity. I hope we will take it that way. And I like the framing of COP26 needing to be an action COP, particularly in regards to loss and damage to finalize some of these things that didn't happen when we were in Madrid around governance of the Warsaw International mechanism on loss and damage finalizing the Santiago network on loss and damage to get operational, etc. And thanks for reminding everyone that the G77, the group of 77 in China, probably the largest negotiating block in the negotiations has a single position on loss and damage and negotiates together in the climate negotiations. So great to have set that that picture for all of us. Thanks very much. All right, so I'm seeing lots of questions coming through. Thanks very much to everyone for sending those questions in. We're going to move on to our discussion and questions and answers now so please do write them down if you have any more. I'm going to kick off this portion by asking a pre prepared question one that I wanted to have asked to our panelists, and to get their views on this. So my question is your presentations have demonstrated that loss and damage is a multi layered challenge we have an ASA who's broken down some of the local issues of Gottman G who's talked about his national context and then Shara talking about the national context. There's a lot going on. So, to our panelists, what in your opinion is the most important action that can be taken to address loss and damage on any of these fronts, what is most important to you. Over maybe we'll hear from Manjeet, then an ASA then Shara to answer those questions that question. And then we'll also then we'll start taking the questions from our audience. So over to you, Manjeet. Thank you Brianna. And that's an excellent question I think there are also some other participant who has asked the single question. So I think we can address this collectively. The last and the foremost is we don't want a loss and damage the situation to reach to that extent. I think I think that should be our main objective. We, we don't want to get prepared for the loss and damage that means don't take it otherwise that means we don't want a situation to get to that level, which means the global temperature rise has to be limited. There is agreement to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Even in 1.5 degrees Celsius, we will be facing a residue losses. So if the temperature keeps on rising, the situation, the adverse impact of climate change that we're facing in our countries will be worse. So in that case, I think it's a high time that countries with the highest emission as well as the other as well as the, the, the, the other countries who can so the leadership must take these action so that, so that the other can follow the leadership. I think that's that's the first and the foremost. The second would be the countries to focus more on on on planning the countries to focus more in terms of strengthening the system in the country itself to respond and and and so that this any any any extreme events happen any and it's not only about the extreme events but also the respond to the slow onset events. And I think that the third point would be about the, the support mechanism and as I said earlier there were some of the remarks in the question itself about whether the current established financial mechanism are fine to address that system or not. How can the Santiago network that that and the other finance related as the sub institution that are found under the we can help with this. So I think these are some of the work that are walking progress. But the first and the foremost, let's have a situation where we don't have to face loss and damage. Thank you. Excellent, excellent points. Thanks for your comprehensive answer. And it's lovely to see your audience there on the screen as well so welcome to them to share your thoughts. Thank you so much for the question. For me, in my perspective, I think the most important action is to invite the youth in the climate sector, and to allow to allow them to acknowledge the past mystic that does lead us to the situation that we are currently experiencing. Together, try to, they can listen to us and understand our plan of making the solution in our own innovative and innovative and impactful way that we understand. And they can, they can they can try to increase the capacity of the youth deliver solution. So that would be meaning like the youth will be present and get information and learn how to actually use the information. And at the same time, they can be, they can be empowered to make actual solution in the community, where the, the, the, the partners and the national will actually be risking to strut to trust the youth ability to deliver concrete results in time of adapting on the loss and damage in the, in the country perspective on the national and international level. That is my most important thing that's because I think in that, in that way we can ensure that we are moving on a, on a clear forward path where we will not be able to come back again to check other mystic that we encountered because we'll be working together by acknowledging the mistake we are living currently and trying to work together in developing some stable solution that is tackling the both generation. Excellent. Great answer. Love the youth focus and does make a lot of sense on this particular issue. Shara, over to you. Thank you for the question. I mean, yeah, it's a very important one from the international perspective. And my suggestion or answer will be extremely brief. I strongly believe that we are done with our technical negotiation on the matter of loss and damage. So now, right now we are stuck in, in a kind of position we cannot move further by pushing it from the technical perspective. We need to go strongly with the political negotiation. We really need to make our political leaders. I mean, from the indices perspective in this political leaders need to really bring this issue further to the all people or all the countries who are actually creating this rigor. As a manjit says rightly that we cannot let the loss and damage happen. We don't have the luxury even at the negotiation table to just to wait and to push it and to wait for another pop and another. No, we don't have that time. So, right now, we really need to push the issues through political negotiation, we need to push it very hard so that all the blockage can be removed and we can really achieve something constructive, something substantive in 26. So that's my suggestion to focus more on political negotiation so that we can achieve something really substantive in this regard. Yep, great answer. And yes, the frustration with the kind of technical side and not being able to move unless there's political will has certainly been felt for a long time in the negotiations so I think you're absolutely right there. Excellent thank you very much. We're, we have so many questions coming in we're going to move to our participants questions and I'm going to take the top three questions. So, number one was, we heard from Salim that insurance isn't enough. When it comes to finance for loss and damage. What other forms of financing have been most useful to individuals and communities that are impacted by irrevocable climate change is the question. So this is open for any of our panelists to answer. And also, if representatives from ICCAT are still with us, Istiak, I think, I don't think Salim's still on the line but just in case the question is open to anyone who would like to answer from our panel. So I might just check with Menjit if you would like to go first. But otherwise, you're welcome to come in. Breanna, I'm still here. Salim, can I take that? I've been, I've been listening one in each year to different events. Incidentally, the GCA has just been launched by the Prime Minister, so that's Congratulations. events over. So the question regarding what beyond insurance is in a number of ideas have been floated, particularly from civil society. And one of the stronger ones, which I believe the time has come for all of us to now move towards is to levy attacks on the polluters. And it is not a very difficult thing to do because there's only about 60 to 70 big fossil fuel companies around the world, who account for well over 80% of global emissions from coal, oil and natural gas. And they make billions of dollars in profits every year from selling this product. So we can put a tax on them, and we can make them pay even a small percentage of the profit that they make would raise a huge amount of money for loss and damage. And it doesn't mean governments and taxpayers have to put the money in, we make the polluters pay. And the principle is very simple. Morally, I think it's absolutely justified. Politically, it's extremely difficult. And so that's really what we have to fight in the negotiations is to get civil society and citizens on our side to force governments to agree to do that. Governments can easily agree to do it. If they agree, it happens overnight. And I'll end by just citing an example that isn't from class and damage, but it is from the travel airline travel industry. The French government imposes and has been doing for a number of years, attacks on airline passengers, I think it's about five euros or 10 euros per ticket. In France who buys a ticket to travel by air, they don't even know they're paying for it, but they are paying a tax. And that tax goes not to climate change. It goes to the Gabby fund, the health fund to help on HIV and other health issues, which when this was a big issue at that time, the French government decided to make airline passengers help them pay the French contribution for dealing with this global. At that time, that was the major pandemic. And so, levying on the airlines is another very good way of raising some money on polluters, even though nowadays airline traffic has been hindered by COVID. But nevertheless, airline passengers are another polluting sector who could be easily taxed to put in an airline passenger levy for loss and damage. So there are a number of ideas floating around there that we can look at, but we need to start looking at innovative ways of financing loss and damage. Excellent. Thanks, Salim. And yeah, while you were talking, there has number of airlines have all implemented something like that where you pay a donation, but essentially a tax when you book a ticket as well. So these, these aren't completely radical unheard of ideas have existed for a long time. And the concept that polluters pay is something we all learn when we go through environmental studies courses, this is not radical. So thanks for bringing that up and making it so clear. Any other other panelists would like to talk about other financing options other than insurance that would be most useful to individuals or communities impacted by irrevocable climate change. Yeah, just as a spirit, I think we can we can look at this to aspect one for when we when we talk about the country like countries like ours, the support for the country to help assessing the loss and damage itself and then for that, some of the existing opportunities that the fund that are available can be assessed, but those funds are not enough when we have to implement action. And I think in that context, it's extremely important to look at these avenues. The oversight should also be there for the public finance, the very important and innovative thoughts that Salim had shared earlier. So I think, and, and, and in the UNFCC discourse, some of this discussion has initiated as well through the, the arm that has been formed under the, under the XCOM and under the WIM, but, but, but for the vulnerable community, a community in Bangladesh or Nepal or as Sara also said earlier, I think we don't have that luxury of time that people are negotiating, and they will find an option of appropriate mechanism and then the situation will be addressed. So I think this this context has to be always kept in mind when, when we are, when the world is negotiating, trying to negotiate on this on the situation that these countries and the communities are facing. Thank you. Thanks, Manjeet. Yes, Sara. I just like to add like, as Manjeet, a report for multi donor funds, I would rather like to refer it as a multi trust fund, where we can actually afforded fund from various donors, like public and private sector, but the most important thing is we actually need to fund for loss in damage. We should be under the WIM mechanism. I mean, right now we are under the San Diego network, we have a technical and implementation arm. We really need to make it more functional. We really, really need a dedicated fund for loss in damage. And I think from my perspective, a multi donor trust fund might be helpful, which can collect resources from various sources, like I said, like from your thing, maybe or it can be from other donors or public or other private sectors. Thanks. Thanks, Sara, for adding another option to consider. And then, I think you want to come in as well. Yes, thank you. For me, I just have a small idea based on what Dr. Salim and how I've been talking. I was thinking like, maybe we can make an advocacy in the negotiation framework of the UNFCC so that we can have a kind of a fund that is specific for the loss in damage in the sense that we have one for adaptation, we're not having one for the loss in damage. And we can look on the global mechanism where, like they said an example in France, how people are paying tickets and paying for some carbon taxes. Maybe we can globally make something that everyone who is living on earth can actually contribute in the fund of the loss in damage under the convention and the convention can actually work with the on-ground policymaker, actor, civil society who are working on how to adapt and cope with the changing of climate but most importantly working with the vulnerable communities. Thanks. Yeah, many options to think about, lots of finance that's needed, lots of channels to think through and who pays also very important consideration. I'm going to move us on to our next question as we've got some good ones coming through. This one is more about these mechanisms in the negotiation, so looking at that. So the question is, many parts, the technical arm of the Santiago network was mentioned earlier. What kind of actions does it provide? Does it, for example, address data collection gaps that Manjeet mentioned and what are the sources of finance to provide for these capacity building needs? So, several questions. I know we've touched on some of this, but maybe Shara, if you can have a first crack at answering some of those and then we can move on, particularly to the question aimed at Manjeet. Thanks, Priyani. Actually, I mean the Santiago network, as part of the decision on COVID-19, it should be an implementation or technical arm to support the Washington international mechanism. But what should be the structure, what would be the specific role and functioning of it? It's not very much settled down yet. This is what it should be articulated by this year, but due to the COVID-19, we didn't progress much on this regard. But definitely it will work more like the technical and implementation arms of WIM and various technical support might come out throughout this network, which will eventually feed the developing countries to prepare their report to the excom. So this is the basic idea, but how it's going, exactly going to work it out is yet to be decided. And also the finance part, I mean, so for my understanding, it doesn't have any finance shell support yet. It will just work as a technical and implementation arm of WIM. But I mean, during COVID-19 negotiation, though, countries push for a financial arm as well, but which we fail to achieve there. Thanks. Thanks very much. And I know the finance portion of that discussion will definitely continue as you mentioned. So then Menji, I don't know if you want to address, if you foresee the Santiago Network helping to address some of the capacity building gaps in terms of information collecting or what your vision for that might be. I think that's, that's still evolving. And there is much to do to build a system in the country itself. I think this is the way the COP decision has been made. This, the organization who has been now listed in the network would help countries to build on and countries to stay forward to build their capacity, but I think at the end, the in-house capacity of the country has to be strengthened so that the capacity to remain in the country itself and will address along from the gap that the countries are facing. So I think there is much to do, but I think this is a good start. Thanks. Thanks very much. Do any of our other panelists want to come in on the Santiago Network or kind of the vision for what it could be doing? If not, I'll move on to the next question. All right. Next question. Top voted. What are the biggest gaps in data at the moment? What methods are used at the moment to monitor the events induced by climate change worldwide? And last is social media used to understand on the ground views of local people as to how they experience climate change. So big question. But mostly about how data is collected and methods used to monitor a climate change events. So who would like to kick things off? I wonder if Anesa, you might want to start talking about social media and how you use that in the Green Fighter, but of course open to all our panelists. For me, I really think that the media plays a big role in even making possible to collect data because they are the ones who are present within the community on a daily basis. But what we need to know is that our media cover system need to understand how to be empowered on how to collect the social data, which are informative either on the policy side, even on the civil society. So what we are trying to do right now in the Green Fighter is we are trying to come up with the platform where we can share our story in terms of blog. We can train a couple views from different perspectives, different locations in Rwanda. Even in Africa, they can try to write a story on how the loss and damage are being felt in their own context and try to come up with the actual recommendation. And from the recommendation, we are thinking that we can deliver something that will be meant to empower the media, the social media on the local perspective, but also trying to influence the proper data collection on the side of who we want to data and who's currently in data and also trying to make sure that the community know exactly that we are trying to understand their pain and we are eager to make something to make a solution toward making it not more harsh as they are feeling right now. Yeah, excellent effort and some multifaceted one, but glad that the Green Fighter has already started work to address these and collect this information. Manjeet, over to you. Thank you. So I think that's that's what we'll address in terms of the social media. But I'm growing old, I think to now understand that context. So thanks, and it's very helpful. Now, coming to the data gap. I think there has been some some good initiatives have taken in in many of the DC itself. But if I reflect on the gaps, the, the first obviously would be the data generation and which relates to like among other, the hydrometallurgical station, the enhancement of the hydrometallurgical station, because of and make it user friendly or make it more technology friendly. There are real time data stations that can be still because it relates with the data collection itself because it's extremely difficult in terms of the data collection. When it goes to the extreme events. When I myself was analyzing the data that I presented earlier, there's a huge data gap for the specific month. And when the events happen when the when the when the station, for example, the hydrometallurgical station has been washed away because of the flood or because of the glacier, like outburst, it's not possible to continue with that. And if you just looked at the very practical perspective is difficult even for someone to go and reach up to the data station. If the data station are not enhanced and are not technology friendly that the real time data station, which are possible nowadays if they are not upgraded. The next would be the data processing itself, the capacity to process and then help those data, because only having the data doesn't mean anything unless we provide information, knowledge from the data to help a policy process. The final point, obviously, and the most important is the data sharing and it relates to the regional context in many of our countries. If you just take an example of South Asia itself, this obviously is a big issue. In terms of a country is not sharing data among among each other, which obviously is harmful for ease of the country. And because of that, we cannot have a comprehensive plan that that can that can address the issue because, as I said at the beginning of my presentation, these extreme events or the slow on onset events are not content by the political border. So there is an strong need of the regional government, the international community to address this. Thank you. Yeah, exactly. Much to consider there and regional cooperation in monitoring events that affects the entire region is of course key. And excellence to point out that if you have extreme events often the monitoring that enables you to track those as wiped out with everything else. So the frustration behind that is very clear. I don't know, Shah, do you want to come in on data collection or caps in that. Another point like it's an issue of capacity as well. I mean, recently I'm doing one of my research on migration and I really wanted to have some data on cycle. And it's quite difficult to get data, I mean, authentic data related with that. So I, I like to see the issues more from the capacity perspective as well. I mean, whether the country have the capacity to collect all those data to restore it to sharing the others. So, which is also we need to really take into consideration from the international perspective as well. I mean to sharing the data even to collect it is sometimes extremely difficult for countries like Bangladesh or India. So, yeah, I mean this is something related with capacity. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much for your answers. We have time for maybe two more questions. So we'll go with the next two top ones. This one is aimed at Manjeet but I think others can come in as well. What will be the right and quick way to address loss and damage in remote countryside of LDCs and how do we distinguish loss and damage from normal weather phenomenon due to climate change so two part question aimed at Manjeet but I think all our panelists are in LDCs so would all have responses to that. So maybe I'll start with you Manjeet though. Thank you Brianna. As I said earlier I think we obviously don't want to see that situation but the situation is taking us on a different side. The way the global temperature rising the situation that we have seen because of COVID obviously is temporary and that's the reason the whole discussion about the green recovery and the long term perspectives are coming up for any countryside or any communities in LDC. So I think it would be difficult if we see the loss and damage is something separate than the interventions that the agency that the government institutions or any other agencies are doing in that community. So unless this is embedded to the system itself. I think that would be key in a very practical perspective without going through the the technical or the negotiation discourse for the for the community. So the community doesn't care whether this is a community based adaptation or the system based adaptation it is a loss and damage or it is adaptation of the situation has to be addressed and then I think for them. As I said earlier we we who are walking at the global level who are helping the national policy perspective. I think the, the, the most important the foremost role is not to get that community to that situation. And that relates to the to the bigger responsibility that we have is the communities are already directing towards that side. A lot of things that we have discussed earlier that the capacity strengthening the role in terms of the institution helping to address the slow onset and the extreme events. The finance of support to be provided those communities and then the list was on. Thank you. Maybe Shara over to you next. The question is, what's the right and quick way to address loss and damage in remote countryside of any LDCs and how do we distinguish loss and damage from normal weather phenomena and due to climate change. From legal perspective, if I like to give the answer it will be difficult actually I mean there is a very strong scientific evidence, but as a Salim already referred that we are currently in a time when scientists were explicitly saying and thinking of the things. I mean, but from legal perspective, I don't know whether it is a scientific statement with a student, but I think there is still scope left to further research to make a clear distinction between the phenomena and the extreme weather event to address it as a loss and damage and apparently it will be easy because I mean if I say the wildfire in California, which is happening due to the extreme level of high temperature can definitely go through scientific evidence we can establish it as a result of loss and damage. So, yeah, this is the one part and another thing is how to access at their new place of LDCs. I mean, in that case, I would again emphasize the capacity building of the government at the national level at the community level, which will eventually strengthen the capacity of the local level so that they don't need to wait for the external support and they can respond by themselves at certain stage. So, I mean, from my perspective, I would rather emphasize more on the capacity building side so that community and country can respond by theirs. Thanks. Thanks, Sarah. And Anesa, I don't know if you want to come in on this question as well. I just wanted to share how I think we can address the loss and damage in the remote area. I mean, in the LDC, for me I think the most sustainable way is to strengthen the reporting system from the community in the remote area. Just imagine having a stronger administrative system or services where the community are aware of what the change are happening and where we are having a communication system on the national level, where we are incorporating all the voices from different communities by, we can have like, if I can say like a watch guard or safeguard or guardians on each post of the remote community where they are located, who are giving us data on a daily basis and we can, on the national level, there is a way to capture the image of how things are happening and how much our community is suffering. On the other side, the difference between the weather effect and the loss and damage due to climate change, I think on that point of view, I can refer to the example from colleagues from Bangladesh. They said that they experienced the cyclone that was predicted to be happening every 20 years but in this period they kind of experienced it. So it's kind of a quick thing that they were not able to cope with. I think the weather effect is just so friendly, it kind of gives you the head the light, be like, I'll be coming in the next five years, three years, you can be actually ready to cope with. But for the weather change due to climate change, you just sleep, everything is okay and then you wake up, it's a disaster. So there's no prediction or any warning system that you are having. Thank you. Thanks, and thanks for bringing up that example again too. The frequency of 50 year storms being every 10 years or 20 year floods being now every other year is certainly not normal weather patterns and definitely climate induced, climate change induced. Good distinction to keep in mind. Okay, I see we have several questions remaining but we're running out of time. I'm going to ask the final question that was top voted to the whole panel but I also invite our panelists to kind of look through the questions that remain on our Google Doc. And some of them are addressed to particular panelists. I don't know Salim is here with us still but there's a question addressed to him as well. If we make the private sector pay does that allow states to ignore the responsibility, which is a good question. So I'm going to read our final question to all the panelists but then also invite panelists to answer others if they would like. So what I'm going to read to everyone is debt relief has been raised as a solution to finance in the context of the pandemic associated with stream of weather events in India Bangladesh and Kenya. Is this also a good solution perhaps for loss and damage finance, this debt relief question and that kind of tags on to the private sector question as well. So maybe Salim I'll give you the floor first to answer some of these. Very much Brianna. So my short answer is all of the above we should be looking at all the different options that are available and then move forward with the ones that have the greatest potential and support going forward. Now, I earlier mentioned the fact that one of the principles that we should be trying to apply is a polluter pay principle. So the polluters are quite easily identifiable as I named a set of companies that are making money out of fossil fuels their polluters. Let us see if we can charge them a levy. Airline passengers are polluters. Let's see if we can charge them a levy. National governments would obviously also have to play a role. But when we speak about national governments and public sector, we are talking about the citizens of those countries. So, you know, the money doesn't come from the Prime Minister of the country, the money comes from his citizens, which the Prime Minister then allocates on behalf of his citizens. So it's really where we are making the source of the payment. And in my view, it's morally correct to try and identify the biggest polluters and see if we can make them pay the role of government is to ensure that we make them pay. And as I said earlier, governments can agree to do that. There are a maritime pollution laws. For example, right now we have a major maritime wreck going out outside Sri Lanka. We had one of you days ago outside Mauritius. There is maritime law that applies to this kind of pollution damage that can be applied and they have to pay. So why can't we have something similar for loss and damage from climate change. We need to think out of the box. Yeah. Great, great response. Thanks very much Salim. Who should I take next, maybe we'll go to Manjeet. If you would like to answer the debt relief solution or any of the questions that were addressed specifically to you or you would like to throw an answer to your very welcome. Over to you Manjeet. Thank you. I think in terms of the debt recovery, Salim has already alluded and I think that's very important. The situation that we have now that the way the discourse is started relating with the pandemic. It's very obvious because the impact is high in the country with the lower tax revenue and the high public spending and the current financial system may not be educated in terms of helping those countries the way it is now. So, but I think that this is a big discourse and has to be looked from the climate perspective as well, how this helps in terms of long term sustainability and how it helps the country so that they don't come back and continue some of those traditional interventions to continue with the fossil fuel because if the country continues that in a specific country then we will be the one who will be facing the blunt of loss and damage. And at that moment, any, any, any scale of finance may not be adequate to address our needs. So this is another question that was specific to me about the, the quantification of loss and damage. I'm also trying to type the answer but but I think it's, it's, it's important. There's a whole discourse about the methodology that is also the other part of the story, which is about non economic loss and damage which cannot is difficult to quantify and just if you take an example of the human death. It's something I think it's not preferred to be to be quantified and the discourse is to remain. Yeah, thank you. Thanks for also trying to answer that one as well and certainly non economic losses and damages are very real and very difficult to. Put how do you place numbers on human life or the value of sustainable watersheds or crops or any of some of the things that are loss of cultural identity loss of heritage grave sites loss of things that can't be replaced. Yeah, certainly something that is a troubling thing to think about. Thank you for making us out but that's question, maybe over to Sarah and then a NASA for either debt relief question or any of the ones that were addressed to you or you would like to answer. I'm not going to go with the discussion of it really because what Monty then selling services I totally agree with that, but I would like to address the question that says that do you think loss and damage need to be an independent adaptation in UN climate negotiation. The answer is yeah it should be independent and I mean, when we actually refer loss and damage, we actually refer that when the adaptation is failed. This is the time that loss and damage actually offer. What I personally believe being in this process that it shouldn't be considered on the adaptation, it should be take as an independent agent and should be negotiated separately. Beyond adaptation or mitigation perspective, and I would also like to address that there should be I mean, even if it was a demand from LBC and he said, in China in 25 to have a loss and damage agent item every year in the pop mandatory or an independent agent item. So I mean yeah this is what I will definitely support that we shouldn't take loss and damage as a part of adaptation but we should treat it independently, and we should also negotiate it separately as a part of an agent. Thank you very much. Thanks for important points. And as a last, last round to you. Thank you so much. I would like to address two question that was that was into the key question and answer. First I would like to start with the Pacific question where she they I don't know if she over here but I was asked a question where if the youth participation in the negotiation is important. Yes, it is important, especially for the youth from the LDC, because we need we need to capture all the voiceless voice on the table where decision and being made. This is this is a tipping point where the youth need to be on the front line. So the youth need to participate in the cop, not for picture. I don't know why there's this stereotype that the youth participation in the cop is just for picture and but we can actually participate in order to contribute and be decision makers and also to advocate for our community. So I think it's very important that the youth should be present in the negotiation. And also taking one from Gabo and Aldo, they asked what is the plan of having an inclusive youth activity, not only in Rwanda but across across the globe. I can say that we are currently working with the Global North Youth and the Global South Youth in in developing what we are calling right now the Lawson Damage Youth Coalition. So it's a group of youth with the with the vision to showcase that we can we can actually actively contribute in the negotiation as negotiators but also as actors in our community. We can share stories about about with working with partners such as IED and ICAD. We can develop our skills in understanding what needs to be done and we can write project and have like research in our community being being we can also implement them and also report on them trying to see if we're moving from point A to point B what what can what what are different measures we need to adopt for the next phase. So I can say right now we are having a pilot one which will be ending at COP the next COP that's where we will be the first one will be ending. And I think from there we'll be having enough information enough data on what actually need to be done in the perspective of the youth, but the Global Youth in January. Thank you. Thanks. That's great answer and thank you for the question I'm just reading it now. The question ended with, I'm excited to imagine the outcome of an event that was hosted entirely by the youth and having a COP posted entirely by the youth would be an excellent thing in my opinion. Great. Well we're at our time. Apologies to everyone whose questions weren't able to be answered in this discussion, but we will be sharing this webinar along with some publications about loss and damage that we've put together, including a small pocket guide on loss and damage and other resources. And as blog as well so hopefully you can help provide some information that will be there. And we've also shared in the chat we'd love if participants could fill out a short survey on the webinar and how you found it. And we're hoping that it'll be used to help inform future webinars so they can be most useful to you. So that remains is for me to thank my panelists and my co-hosts for such excellent presentations and for being so generous with your time to our partner Iqat, Salim and Isatek. Thank you very much for co-hosting this webinar to Manjeet, Sarah and Anesa. Thank you for your insight and your brilliance and your dedication to this topic. And thank you all and my colleagues at IID for helping bring this together and all the participants who shared your time joining us here today. So that's it from me. Thanks and enjoy the rest of your evenings, afternoons and mornings. Thanks very much.