 Good evening as friends, welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar A.S academy for the date 27th of July 2022. Displayed here are the list of news articles we will be going through today. Now let's start our discussion. Look at this news article. We all know where Rameshwaram is right. Rameshwaram is the island of the coast of Tamil Nadu. It is connected to the Tamil Nadu mainland by the famous Pamban bridge. And Gulf of Mandar Marine National Park is located near Rameshwaram. See this Gulf of Mandar Marine National Park is known for its unique marine ecosystem. But right now this marine national park has grabbed an attention. This is because this national park recently witnessed Asia's first sighting of light mantled albatross. This is a very rare event. This is the backdrop in which the news article is written. So in this context we will see about albatross for our plumes perspective. See we know albatross is a seabird. This seabird belongs to the family Diyo Media Day. This is a huge seabird. You can see the image here. This is one of the largest birds in the world. The wingspan can grow up to 11 feet and albatross has the longest wingspan of any bird in the world. So why do they have such a long wingspan? This is because using their long wings they can stay in air for a long time without flapping their wings. So sometimes even without flapping their wings they can stay in air for over hours and hours. Using this ability they can cover a vast distance. So this is something unique to these birds. They developed this ability because they spend most of their time flying over the ocean. See in some cases it has been noted that albatross have flown over the ocean for over a year before setting their foot on land. So this is why they have developed such huge wingspan and their ability to fly for long distance without flapping their wings. Another important feature about this bird is that like all seabirds, albatross can also drink seawater. See presently scientists have identified more than 22 different species of albatross. And the albatross in news that is the light mantled albatross is one among the 22 species. When we talk about the albatross lifespan it is one of the long-limbed bird in the world. There are some evidence that some albatross have lived over 50 years. So these are some basic points about albatross. Now let us see about its habitat. Look at the dark blue portion here. These are the habitat of albatross. We already saw there are 22 species of albatross. One of the common thing about the 22 species is that all the 22 species share this same habitat. If you look at this map you can see that the albatross are mainly found in southern Pacific Ocean, southern Atlantic Ocean, southern Indian Ocean in the southern hemisphere. In addition to this they are also found in the northern Pacific Ocean. Here what you have to note is that albatross are not found in the northern Atlantic Ocean. They are mainly found in this narrow bands that is highlighted here. Here you have to note that albatross are pelgic birds. That is they spend most of their lives on or above ocean. They only come to the land to mate and breed. An additional thing you have to note is that they are mainly found near areas of uppelling. See day before yesterday while talking about bioluminescence Dilip sir might have mentioned about uppelling. Uppelling happens in areas where there is offshore winds. When offshore wind happens water moves away from land and water from the depths of ocean come to the surface to fill the vacuum created. So this is uppelling. When uppelling happens lot of nutrients from the bottom of the ocean comes to the surface. So generally places where uppelling happens are very nutrition rich and they support a huge number of marine life. Since albatross feed on fish they are found mainly in areas where uppelling happens. This is about the habitat and the distribution of albatross. Now let us go to the breeding pattern. See I already mentioned that albatross is a pelgic bird. That is they spend most of their life flying over the ocean and they set foot on land only to breed. Here breeding happens in colonies. That is during the mating season large number of albatross visit a island and start the mating and breeding process. These colonies are mainly found in remote oceanic islands. Now let us come to the growth of the albatross. I already mentioned albatross live for a long period of time. That is their average lifespan is 50 years. The young albatross grow at a very slow rate. Sometimes it has been observed that albatross might take even 10 months to start the flight. After learning to fly they will fly for about 5 to 10 years before coming back to the island to start mating and start the breeding process. So these are the basic things you have to know about albatross. Here we saw about its distribution, its habitat, its breeding and some important facts. Now let us come back to the news article. See I mentioned that the sighting of the light mantled albatross in Gulf of Manor Marine National Park is a rare sight. And it is the first sight of albatross in Asia. And this is not a very welcome sign. Because scientists believe that changes in wind pattern due to global warming might have brought the albatross to such unfamiliar places. So even though this is the first sighting of albatross in India and even Asia this is not a welcome sign. So that is all regarding this news article. With this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this text and context article. This article mainly deals with the sorry state of affairs of the state-owned discombs that is electricity distribution companies in India. The article has three sections. First it deals with why the state distribution companies are loss making. Then it goes on to say why even though the state distribution companies are loss making they are not ready to raise their prices. And finally it deals with the issue of free electricity to agriculture sector. So this is about the general structure of the article. So we will see all the points mentioned in the article in a little bit detailed manner. Before getting into the discussion we must first know about the Uday scheme. Uday scheme is nothing but Ujwal Discum Assurance Yojram. See this is nothing but a depth restructuring plan for state-owned discombs. See we all know state-owned discombs are loss making. What this scheme proposes to do is that the losses made by the state-owned discombs are absorbed by the state governments itself. That is if the state discombs is making 100 rupees loss 75 rupees loss will be absorbed by the state government and it will be provided as a budgetary support. And the remaining 25 rupees loss will be issued as a low interest bond by the discombs itself. So this is how Uday plans to restructure the state-owned discombs. In addition to this this scheme aims to make the state-owned discombs function efficiently. See it is proposing to make the state-owned discombs function efficiently by reducing the gap or the difference between average unit cost of supply that is ACS and the average revenue realized. Here ACS that is average unit cost of supply is nothing but the cost incurred by the discombs in procuring electricity from the power generators. That is basically ACS the rate at which the power discombs purchase electricity from the power generator. And ARR that is average revenue realized is the cost received by the discombs after it sells the power to the final consumers. So Uday scheme aims to reduce the difference between ACS and ARR and it finally planned to reduce the difference between ACS and ARR to 0 by the year 2018-19. This is about the basic features of the Uday scheme. Now let us see the article. First this article mainly focuses on the TANGET GO that is Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation. TANGET GO is the state-owned discombs of Tamil Nadu. See recently TANGET GO proposed to raise the rate of electricity by 10% to 35%. This is because TANGET GO has been accumulating losses year on year. Why is TANGET GO accumulating losses? This is because for TANGET GO the difference between ACR and ARR is pretty high. So basically if TANGET GO purchases power from a power generator for 5 rupees per unit. This is just an example you guys. If TANGET GO purchases power from a power generator at 5 rupees per unit and it sells the power to domestic consumer at 3 rupees per unit. It is making a loss of 2 rupees per every unit. So the difference between ARR and ACS is adding as a loss to TANGET GO. What TANGET GO does is to adjust the losses it started borrowing money as loans. And this loan has also started accumulating. We have to pay interest for the loans right? So this interest burden has started to increase. So this is the sorry state of affair of TANGET GO. Accumulated cumulative financial loss of only TANGET GO alone is 1,13,000 crore in the year 2020-21. So this is why TANGET GO proposed to increase the electricity rate. See we already saw about the Uday scheme right? Uday scheme was launched in 2015 and Tamil Nadu joined the scheme only in 2017. And we already saw by 2018-19 the difference between ACS and ARR should be reduced to 0. But in case of Tamil Nadu while the difference between ACS and ARR was 0.6 rupees that is 60 pais in the year 2015-16 it increased to 1 rupee 75 paisa in the year 2019-18. So instead of reducing the difference between ACS and ARR Tamil Nadu or TANGET GO has managed to increase the difference between ACS and ARR. So not only they are not reducing the losses they are actually increasing the losses. See till now we saw about the condition of Tamil Nadu generation and distribution corporation. This condition is not just unique to Tamil Nadu. Almost all state owned power discomps in India are facing such losses. See consider this in Tamil Nadu there is only one power distribution company that is TANGET GO. So virtually TANGET GO holds a monopoly over power supply in Tamil Nadu. Normally what happens is when there is monopoly an organization can easily raise the prices and make lots of profit. Consider this example there is only one shop in your area there are so many consumers and you have to purchase food from only that shop. What the shop owner will do he will increase the rate and gain lots of profit. So basically monopoly means lots of profit. But only in case of state power distribution companies even though they are monopoly they are making losses. This is mainly because they are not raising the prices. Now let us see why they are not raising the prices. See price of power is highly politicized in our country. So every year before elections the political parties will announce power subsidies and free power just to gain traction in the election process. Even though this process is unsustainable. Here take Andhra Pradesh for example. Andhra Pradesh recently revised the rate of power for domestic consumers. This is the revision that happened after 20 long years. In case of Punjab for domestic consumer power revision has not taken place at all. And after this election after coming to power this year the new Punjab government has announced 300 units of free power. In case of Gujarat in the forthcoming election Amadmi party has promised to provide free power for all domestic power consumers. See here you can easily see that there is a relation between the price of power and the political process. So basically the political parties just to gain traction in the election process they are providing unsustainable subsidies which will hurt the power sector of the state in the long run. So this is the unsustainable process right. So the central government and the RBI has taken some measures to address this issue. In case of the central government we already saw the Uday scheme. The central government mainly launched the Uday scheme just to make the last making state-owned power discum function better. In addition to this the central government also launched the scheme called liquidity infusion scheme. Through this scheme 1,35,000 crores of loans would be offered by the central government directly to the state-owned power discums. Of the 1,35,000 crore, 1,3,000 crore loan has already been distributed. So these are the two steps taken by the central government. In case of RBI what RBI said is it has issued a directive to the commercial banks that the banks should not lend loan to the state-owned power banks comes when they have not revised the rate every year. So basically what RBI said is this commercial bank can only issue to the power discums only when they have revised the rate of power every year. So these are the steps taken by central government and the RBI to address the inefficiencies in state-owned power discums. Finally let us come to agriculture. See already the price of power is highly politicized in India. When we take agriculture this sector is always politicized. So in most states free power is provided to agriculture. The Tamil Nadu government started providing free power to agriculture in the 1980s itself. Until now no free power that is provided to agriculture sector is metered. See only if it is metered we can identify whether the subsidy provided to the agriculture sector is reaching the actual beneficiaries or not. When the power is unmetered there could be leakages in subsidy. So two states are given here as an example which addressed this issue. First is Gujarat. What Gujarat did is instead of providing metered connection to the agriculturist they have created a separate feeder that provides only to the farmers. So through this the entire power that is given in a subsidized price to the farmers is noted. So through this mechanism they can calculate the amount of free power provided to the agriculture sector. The next state that has addressed this issue is Madhya Pradesh. In case of Madhya Pradesh the Madhya Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission has issued a statement claiming that it will provide 5% of energy charges as incentives. When the farmers start using energy saving devices such as efficient pump sets and LED lights. So by making demand side adjustment and making the power consumption efficient the amount of power provided to the agriculture sector is managed here. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion first we saw about Uday scheme. Then we saw a specific example that is Thanget Co. Here we saw why it is loss making and after that we saw why even though it is a monopoly it is not raising power for the domestic consumers. In that we saw how power for the domestic consumers is highly politicized in our country. After that we saw two steps taken by the central government and the step taken by RBI to make the functioning of power discounts in India efficient. Finally we saw the issue of providing free power to farmers and agricultureists in India. So that's all regarding this discussion. With this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. See this news article is related to the stuff we discussed in the previous discussion. That is issues with the state owned power discounts. Here the news article says that the power engineers and employees are opposing the electricity amendment bill 2022. Their contention is that the power engineers and employees were not consulted while framing the amendment bill. See this electricity amendment bill 2022 makes amendment to the electricity act 2003. See this electricity act 2003 generally deals with generation, distribution, transmission and trading of power in India. So this is about the news article. Now we will see about the electricity amendment bill 2022 what are its advantages and why it is opposed by few people. See one of the important features of the electricity amendment bill 2022 is it aims to bring in private sector participation in the electricity distribution companies. See in the last article we saw that only state owned discounts exist in most states and they are loss making also. This bill proposes to introduce private players. When private players also comes into play the consumers will have option to choose either from the state owned discounts or privately owned discounts. This is the basic of the electricity amendment bill 2022. In addition to this the bill also proposes to establish a body called electricity contract enforcement authority. This electricity contract enforcement authority mainly deals with contract related disputes in the electricity sector. See in the electricity sector the discounts do not purchase power directly from the generators. They sign a contract with the power generators and they stick to the contracts. So this body that is electricity contract enforcement authority deals with issues when the power discounts or the power generators fail to abide by the contract they have signed. This is the important function of this body. The next function is it enforces the renewable energy quota. See right now the power discounts have renewable energy obligations. That is of the total power they purchase from the market a certain portion of it must be strictly from the renewable power producers. This body that is the electricity contract enforcement body make sure that the power discounts abide by the renewable energy obligations. So these are the two functions of the electricity contract enforcement authority. In addition to this this bill aims to introduce a separate selection commission. This selection commission will select the chairman and members of the following bodies. The bodies are state regulatory commission, central regulatory commission, appellate tribunal and the body that we saw just now that is electricity contract enforcement authority. All these four bodies the selection of chairman and the members will be done by this separate selection committee. So these are the important features of the electricity amendment bill 2020. Now let us see the advantages of the bill. See in our last discussion we saw that state-toned power discounts are loss making even though they are monopoly in the states. In that we saw that the major issue is they are not able to raise the price because electricity price in our country is highly politicized. So this is where this bill comes in. By introducing private sectors in the power distribution sector competition will be ensured. By increased competition efficiency will also be ensured. You must have heard about the term price discovery right? See right now we are living in a capitalist economy. In a capitalist economy the price is not dependent on the cost of production. Instead price is dependent on the demand and supply. You must have seen this graph right? In the x-axis there is quantity and in the y-axis there is price. When the price is high the demand is low. When the price is low the demand is high. This is the demand curve. In case of supply curve when the price is high the supply is high. When the price is low the supply is low. In this part both the demand and supply curve will meet. This is the equilibrium spot. This is how price discovery will normally occur in a capitalist environment. But in case of power discomps this is not happening due to political intervention. When private players are introduced in the sector competition will develop and price discovery that naturally occurs in a market based ecosystem will start to occur. So this is the main advantage of the electricity amendment bill 2022. So this will on one hand increase efficiency in the sector. On the other hand it will reduce the loss of the government owned power discomps. Due to better price discovery consumers will also get power at a cheaper cost and 100% power supply will also be ensured. These are the advantages and in the news article it stated that certain section of citizens are opposing the bill. Now let us see why the bill is opposed. The first major contention is that by allowing private players the power sector will turn into a business. See some people are commenting that when private players start coming into the power distribution sector they will only supply power to the high paying consumers that is industrial players and the commercial sector. They won't supply power to the domestic consumers and agriculture sector. This is the major issue that is cited by the people against this bill. The second issue with the bill is the aspect of federalism. See currently electricity is placed under the concurrent list under schedule 7 of the constitution. So in case of concurrent subjects both center and the state have equal say. But after this bill that is the electricity amendment bill 2022 the power will shift towards the center so state will lose its freedom. So since this bill opposes the federal structure which is the basic structure of our constitution some section of people are opposing the bill. The final thing is the penalty that is given to the power discum that is not meeting the renewable energy obligation. See earlier itself I told that every power discum has to buy certain proportion of the power directly from the renewable power producers. When the power discum fail to meet this obligation they are issued with the penalty. And the penalty that is provided under the electricity amendment bill 2022 is very high. This is the issue cited by the power discum. So these are all the three issues. First is it's affects federalism. Second entry of private players will only benefit the commercial and industrial sector. And finally the penalty provided for not meeting the renewable energy obligation is very high. So that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw some major features of the electricity amendment bill 2022. Then we saw the advantages associated with the bill and finally we saw the issues cited in the bill. With this let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. The news article states that India has added five more sites as Ramsar sites are wetlands of international importance. So after adding the five sites the total number of Ramsar sites in India is risen to 54. So this is about the news article. So in this discussion we will focus on Ramsar convention, the criteria to avoid a site the Ramsar tag and we will also see about the newly added sites. Now let's begin with Ramsar convention. See Ramsar convention is an inter-governmental treaty and it provides a framework for international cooperation for the conservation of wetland habitats. See we all know wetlands are important right? Wetlands are very important for ecological processes and wetlands are a home for a number of flora and fauna. So this is why Ramsar convention is important because through Ramsar convention wetlands are conserved. See the signing of the Ramsar convention took place in 1971 in a small Iranian town called Ramsar. See this convention was originally titled as convention on wetlands. But since the signing of the convention took place in a place called Ramsar, it is generally referred to as Ramsar convention. Now let's see the aims of the convention or what the convention aims to achieve. The first important aim is it tries to halt the worldwide loss of wetlands. The second thing is it tries to conserve the wetlands through voice use and management of the remaining wetlands. These are the two aims of the Ramsar convention. Now let's see how the Ramsar convention plans to achieve these aims. It plans to achieve the aims through international cooperation, policy making, capacity building and transfer of technology. See here take international cooperation. Why for the conservation of wetlands international cooperation is required? Here take the Aral Sea for example. See Aral Sea is located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. And you must have seen the images of Aral Sea disappearing in the coming days. So to conserve the wetland international cooperation not just from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan but also the cooperation of all the neighboring countries including Russia, Georgia, everything is required to conserve the sea. So this is why for conserving the wetlands international cooperation is required. Now coming back. In addition to international cooperation, policy making and capacity building to achieve the goals the Ramsar convention imposes responsibility on the contracting bodies to conserve the wetlands throughout their territories. In addition to this if a particular wetland is designated as a Ramsar site or it is added to the list of wetlands of international importance additional obligations are imposed on the contracting bodies. See here what they mean is that see India is a signatory of the Ramsar convention. So just by signing the convention India has the responsibility to protect all the wetlands within its territory by specifically designating 54 wetlands as Ramsar site additional responsibility are put up on India to conserve these 54 sites specifically. So this is what they mean here. Now coming back. Three important organizations play an important role in Ramsar convention. They are UNESCO International Union for Conservation of Nature that is IUCN and the International Waterfall and Wetland Research Bureau that is IWRB. Here UNESCO acts as a depository for the convention and the IUCN that is International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the International Waterfall and Wetland Research Bureau both act as an administrative body of secretaryate of the convention. So this is the general organizational structure of the Ramsar convention. In addition to this I have displayed here the criteria that is used to designate a wetland as Ramsar site. You can go through it. Finally the news article said five wetlands from India are added to the Ramsar site. The wetlands are Karikili Bird Century Pallikarnai Marsh Reserv Forest and Pichawaram mangroves in Tamil Nadu Shakya Sagar in Madhya Pradesh and Pala Wetlands in Mizoram. After going through the discussion what you have to do is take your atlas and try to locate these wetlands. You can expect a map based question in the prelims examination. See in Tamil Nadu itself three wetlands are designated as Ramsar site very recently. So in a map based question in your prelims examination they might give these three wetlands and they might ask you arrange these wetlands from north to south or south to north. So likewise only question will be framed. So take up your atlas and try to locate the wetlands that have been recently conferred Ramsar tag. So with this let us conclude this discussion and take up the last news article for our discussion. This is the last discussion for today but before getting into the news article let me give an introduction about AIDS. See we all know the basic points about AIDS. I am just revising the points. AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by a virus. The virus is human immunodeficiency virus that is HIV. When HIV infects a person it attacks the T cells in our body. T cells are a type of white bed sets. When the virus that is HIV when it infects the T cells the immune system in our body is compromised. When immune system in our body is compromised our body gets opportunistic disease like TB. So this is why there is a famous statement that is it is not AIDS that kills a person but the opportunistic infection does. So basically when we get infected by HIV it is not the HIV that kills us since HIV affects our immune system other opportunistic diseases like TB or cancer will kill us. So how is it prevented? See there is no vaccine for the virus and only way a person affected by AIDS treated is through antiretroviral drugs or antiretroviral treatment. See in the antiretroviral treatment a concoction of drugs is given to prevent the HIV from reproducing in our body. That is the virus will not be completely eliminated but the rate of reproduction of the virus is managed by a mixture of drugs. See 85% of people affected with HIV are treated with the following drugs. The drugs are tenophovir, lamevudin and duletigravir. So a combination of these three drugs 300 mg of tenophovir, 300 mg of lamevudin and 50 mg of duletigravir are given as antiretroviral drug to the person with HIV to prevent the reproduction of virus. So this is the basic about HIV and AIDS. Now let's get to the news article. The article says that some patients have been complaining about the lack of availability of these antiretroviral drugs but the officials have ensured that there is enough stock of these antiretroviral drugs and more production is also in process. So this is about the news article and the basic introduction about AIDS and HIV. See in this discussion I am going to compare HIV, COVID and monkeypox. Now let me tell why I am comparing all these three things. See after the advent of so many coaching institutions including us there is so much of information available for you to study. But what is missing is that there is no compilation. See we will study HIV separately. We will study COVID and its related issues separately. We will study about monkeypox separately. But we will not compare everything and study. Only if we compare everything and study we will create long term memory. So in this discussion I will be comparing all the three things that is HIV, COVID-19 and monkeypox. So look at this table. First take the causative agent. So AIDS is caused by human immunodeficiency virus which we suggest now. And COVID is caused by coronavirus and monkeypox is caused by monkeypox virus. So all these three diseases are caused by viruses. Now let us look at the genetic material in the virus. HIV has a single standard RNA. And coronavirus has a single standard RNA as its genetic material. In case of monkeypox virus it has double standard DNA. This is the important point you must note. HIV has single standard RNA. Coronavirus has single standard RNA. And monkeypox virus has double standard DNA. I have displayed the images of these three viruses here. You can just look at the structure and have a basic understanding. Now moving on to transmission. In case of AIDS the transmission happens due to sexual root mostly analol vaginal sex and it also transfers due to infected needles, syringe and drug injection equipments. In case of COVID-19 it is transmitted due to close contact with people with infection. In case of monkeypox since it is of zoonotic origin animal to human transmission can occur directly through blood or bodily fluids and human to human transmission can result from close contact. So this is about the transmission. HIV can transmit due to reproductive root or sharing of needles or syringe. COVID-19 can transfer due to close contact with people with infection. And monkeypox can transmit through close contact in case of human to human transmission and through blood or bodily fluid or animal to human transmission. Now let us come to symptoms. See almost these three diseases have similar symptoms. You can just go through it. The common symptoms are fever, cough, rash, chills, headache, everything. But there are specific symptoms for COVID-19. See in case of COVID-19, loss of taste or smell, difficulty in breathing this is just specific to COVID-19. The other two things that is HIV and monkeypox does not have these symptoms. You can go through the symptoms to get a better understanding. Now let us see how the diseases are detected. See in case of HIV, the first thing you have to do is do the ELSA test. ELSA here stands for Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Once a person tests positive in case of ELSA test, the next thing that they do is do the western bolt test to confirm the diagnosis. So ELSA test is positive and after that western bolt test is also positive only then confirmation of virus is made. Now let us go to COVID-19. Here the most common test used is the RT-PCR test that is reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test. In this test, the genetic material of the virus is detected in blood. The next is the antigen test and the antibody test. First you must know the difference between antigen and antibody here. Here antigen is the foreign material that invades our body and the antibody is the substance produced by our body to counter the foreign bodies. So antigen is the foreign body and antibody is the reaction of our immune system to the foreign body. So in the antigen test, the genetic material of the virus is detected and in case of antibody test rather than detecting the foreign particles, the antibody produced by our immune system in response to the foreign body is detected. This is regarding to COVID-19. In case of monkeypox, there is no commercially available test. But we can easily detect monkeypox, right? If somebody has hugepox or pimple like structure in their skin, monkeypox is confirmed. Now moving on to the vaccine. See HIV has no official vaccine yet. This is because the virus that causes AIDS that is the HIV virus keeps on mutating. So there is no official vaccine for HIV yet. In case of COVID-19, there are so much vaccine. The examples include Pfizer vaccine, Covishield, Covaxin, Moderna vaccine, Sputnik all these are vaccine for COVID-19. In case of monkeypox, see earlier we used to vaccinate for smallpox. If you see our parents hand, you can find a big scar because our parents took smallpox vaccine. But since smallpox was completely eradicated our generation, we stopped taking smallpox vaccine. So no research say that the smallpox vaccine acts as a counter to monkeypox. There is no separate vaccine for monkeypox. Why monkeypox started resurfacing? No is that we stopped taking smallpox vaccine. So this is why monkeypox is regenerating. So basically there is no specific vaccine for monkeypox but smallpox vaccine which we used to take earlier acted as a counter for monkeypox. So this is a comparison between HIV or AIDS and COVID-19 and monkeypox. In this discussion we saw about the causative agent, the genetic material in the causative agent, then we saw the mode of transmission, we saw the symptoms, we saw the test available and the vaccine available against these three diseases. See why I gave this compilation is that to create long term memory you have to make compilation like this. See every month we will be discussing so many things. We will be discussing different types of festival, different types of tribals. But if we see everything separately means we cannot connect these things. You must create a table like this and write down about all the tribals discussed in the particular month. Only by creating notes like this you can retain the information for long time. So this is how you must create a table and make notes to create long term memory. So with this we have come to the end of the discussion. Now we can conclude the news analysis section and take up the practice problems question. We have three practice problems questions. I will solve two questions and one question is a quiz question for you. Let us take up the first question. Two statements about HIV is given. We have to find the correct statement. Let us take up the first statement. The symptoms of HIV and AIDS are not the same. See this statement is correct because HIV for one is a virus which is a small infectious agent that multiplies itself by taking control of the cell inside a host. AIDS on the other hand is a syndrome a group of connected symptoms that are usually caused by a single disease or a virus. So symptoms of HIV and AIDS are not the same. Let us take up the second statement. The HIV replication cycle is not only quick that is less than 24 hours but also prone to mistakes. See this statement is also correct because in addition to being quick the HIV replication cycle is also prone to mistakes. We are capable of producing altered copies of itself that combine to form new strains as the virus is spread from person to person. This is the exact reason why vaccine is not developed for HIV. So here both the statements are correct. So the correct answer here is option C both 1 and 2. Let us take up the second question. See two statements about light mantel albatross are given. We have to find the correct statement. Light mantled albatross is the only albatross pieces found in India. See this statement is incorrect because as we saw in the discussion albatross is generally limited to the narrow band in the northern and southern hemisphere. And this is the first time the light mantled albatross is recorded in entire of Asia. So statement one is wrong. Let us take up the second statement. Light mantled albatross is listed as a near threatened species in the IUCN Red List. This statement is correct. It is listed as a near threatened species in IUCN Red List. So the correct answer here is option B 2 only. Look at this question. See this is a previous year question which appeared in the 2032 problems. It is a pair based question. In the first column, wetlands or lakes are given and in the second column, their locations are given. You have to find how many pairs are correctly matched. So aspirants just go through the question and post your answers in the comment section. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. If you like today's discussion, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPSC preparation, subscribe to Shankara IS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.