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With this information, let's begin the Hindu News Analysis for the date 13th August 2020. These are the list of the topics along with the page numbers displayed here for your reference. Let's begin with the analysis of first news article. This opiate article is with reference to Indian foreign policy. The author discusses how should India remain as an independent power in the present context. The author also discusses how India remain independent despite the changing world order since 1940s. So, we'll discuss these aspects in this analysis. And the syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is selected here for your reference. Now, if you look at the title of this news article, it is titled as a self-reliant foreign policy. What is meant by self-reliance? In terms of economy, we say self-reliance as not depending on others for our needs. And it refers to the reduction of import dependence on other countries by fulfilling our needs through improving quality domestic production. Then in terms of foreign policy, the meaning of self-reliance is a strategic autonomy that is having an independent foreign policy without the influence of others. Now, let's see about India's independent state show in foreign policy despite the changing world order. See, the world order was bipolar from the year 1947 to the year 1991. The two poles were United States of America and the Soviet Union. Then the disintegration of the Soviet Union was the turning point in the year 1991 and after which the world order was unipolar till the year 2008. And during this time, the only poor house was the United States of America. However, this world order underwent change in the year 2008 as the United States of America entered a long cycle of economic crisis. And at this time, China caught up with the United States of America in overall power space. So from the year 2008 till now, the world was not bipolar but multipolar. So at present, there are multiple poles in various regions of the world and some of the poles are United States of America, China, Russia, India, Brazil, Israel and Australia. And all these poles now have a say in the international order in one way or in the other way. Further, India remains as an independent developing country which does not take orders from the great powers. But India was to intensify cooperation with some other countries in various domains when geopolitical circumstances compelled India for its survival. This is because during the 1962 war with China, we had to appeal to the United States of America for emergency military aid to stop the Chinese aggression from taking over the whole of eastern India. Then in relation to the Bangladeshi Liberation War in the year 1971, we had to enter a treaty of peace, friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union in order to prevent both China and the United States from engaging in the combined war. And in the year 1999, that is in the Kargil conflict, India welcomed a direct intervention by the United States of America to force Pakistan to retreat. Hey, the author states that in all these examples, India did not become any less autonomous when geopolitical circumstances compelled India to enter into alliance-like cooperation with the major powers. And India secured its freedom, sovereignty and territorial integrity by maneuvering the great power equations and playing the real political game. So despite our cooperation with the major powers, we did what we had to and we did not succumb to pressure from such powers. And the best example could be the demonstration of India as a nuclear weapon state by conducting two nuclear tests in the year 1974 and again in the year 1998. And we know that since independence, India has never been subordinated to a foreign hegemon. But this year, India is facing a tough time, that is with China attempting to enter into Indian territory and with the United States of America waiting to make India as its ally in its emerging Cold War with China. So what India should do in this context? Hey, the answer is India should stay as an independent power center by means of intensified cooperation with the middle powers in Asia and also around the world. If the middle power refers to a state that is not a superpower but can have influence over other states and also in the important international affairs. So in this regard, India should follow diversification because diversification of cooperation is the essence of self-reliance. This is because diversification allows us to handle safely or manage our needs without being an ally in an alliance. So India should not join as an ally with the United States of America to counterbalance China. If India does so, it would be a great mistake as it will constrict India's interests such as ties with Iran and also with Russia and it will also impact India's efforts in the process of indigenous defense modernization. So India should intensify cooperation with a wide basket of strategic partners including the United States of America to constrain Chinese aggression. So here the author advices this is the only viable diplomatic pay forward in the current emerging multipolar world order. So India should neither isolate itself nor be the part of any alliance. So it should maximize its potential in multi-vector foreign policy with several like-minded partners. So to conclude this news article, these are some of the information from this news article which talks about self-reliance in Indian foreign policy. Now let's move on to the next news article analysis. Now we have this editorial which is authored by a retired professor of clinical virology. In this editorial, he talks on how India should plan on its COVID-19 vaccination or vaccine delivery system. In this context, we will first understand what is a vaccine and vaccination and then we will discuss in detail about this editorial. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now what is a vaccine? In simple terms, vaccine is a product that stimulates a person's immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease. A immunity means protecting the person from the disease. Now what constitutes or what are the main ingredients of the vaccine? The first and foremost is an antigen which is a kill or weaken form of a virus or a bacteria and it is easy to train our bodies to recognize and fight the disease if we encounter the disease in the future. Then the next ingredient is adjuvant which helps to boost our immune response. The third ingredient is preservatives which ensure a vaccine stay effective for a longer period and finally stabilizes which protect the vaccine during the storeys and the transportation. Now we should know that many of the components used in vaccine occur naturally in the body or in the environment or in the foods we eat. So we can say that a vaccine constitutes antigen, adjuvant, preservatives and then stabilizes. Now what is vaccination? Know that vaccination is a simple safe and effective way of introducing a vaccine into the human bodies. Generally it is done either orally or through the injections. Now we will see how vaccines work in our body. So when we get a vaccine our immune system responds and vaccine will produce antibodies in the injected human bodies. Know that antibodies are proteins produced naturally by the human system to fight against the disease. The vaccine will also help to remember the disease and how to fight the disease. That means if you are then exposed to the germ in the future our immune system can quickly destroy before we become unwell. So our immune systems are designed to remember the disease to fight against the disease in the future. So once we exposed to one or more doses of a vaccine we typically remain protected against a disease for years or for many decades or in some cases for a lifetime. These are certain details about the vaccine and the process of vaccination. With this information now let us discuss some of the important points mentioned in the editorial. The author tells that we should prepare or plan well before the new vaccine for COVID-19 is launched for the public use. And we know that many vaccine tales are progressing around the world and India two candidates are promising to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Hey the one candidate is developed by Hyderabad based Bharat biotech and other one is by Pune based serum institute of India. Remember that in our early analysis we have discussed about COVAX facility know that COVAX facility is co-led by GAVI then the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations that is CEPI and also World Health Organization. Remember that COVAX facility aims to accelerate the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines and to guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world. So the author tells that we have good news on supply side of a vaccine then what about the delivery side constraints. In this regard we should know that COVID-19 vaccine is for all age groups so there should be an innovative platform to deliver the vaccine effectively. In this context the author gives some important decisions first and foremost is that the vaccine should be delivered on a priority basis that means the government should make a list of high-risk category individuals and they should be vaccinated first. So the high-risk category include senior citizens, people with the medical comorbidities and also frontline health workers and children may be vaccinated before schools reopen. I know that those who already had COVID-19 infection does not require vaccination so their information should be made available in the public management system in order to remove their names from the vaccination procedures. Then the next decision is that we need a effective vaccine delivery platform. For this vaccination camps can be conducted on priority basis further the vaccination by appointments can be introduced as this will ensure that over crowding does not happen in the vaccination camps and then regular follow-ups should be done by vaccinated subjects to see if there are any side effects. In this regard all side effects must be documented for the first and the second doses and this is important when we go for priority based vaccination here high-risk individuals will be vaccinated first. So for this careful documentation of all side effects and such high-risk category people must be made. Further the government should ensure the safety of pregnant women were getting vaccinated. Further the author tells that a community's need for vaccination is twofold. First and foremost is that all those who must rebuild essential activities like health services, education, trade and economy must be protected. Then the second aspect is that our aim is to eradicate the disease altogether and we should know that INEA has a notable representation in nation making bodies of the World Health Organization and we are uniquely positioned to play a crucial role in advocating global eradication of COVID-19 pandemic. So to conclude this editorial we should focus or concentrate on the efficacy of our vaccine delivery system. Let's move on to the next news article analysis. This article is about appeal made by the United Planters Association of Southern India to the union government in order to retain import duty on tea at the current level of 100 percent. Know that as per India-ASEAN free trade agreement which came into effect in the year 2010 mandates the import duty on tea shall be reduced from the current level of 100 percent to the desired level of 45 percent. So in this context let us discuss in detail about tea cultivation, then brief history of tea cultivation, then regional distribution in India and also certain suitable geoclimatic factors. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now the credit for creating India's vast tea empire goes to the British Empire and we know that the growing demand for tea in Europe coupled with the suitable geoclimatic conditions in several parts of India led to the growth of the tea industry in our country and we know that the initial attempts to increase tea cultivation in our country were made by the then governor general Warren Hastings in the year 70-76. Know that the Charter Act of 1833 ended the monopoly enjoyed by the British Estonia Company in tea trade with China and this led to the introduction of tea cultivation in India. Further British officer known as Robert Bruce discovered tea plants growing wild in the Upper Brahmaputra Valley and in the year 1823 the first Indian tea from Assam was sent to England for public sale. So this is all about a brief history of tea cultivation in our country. With this information let us discuss the soil and climatic conditions favorable for the tea cultivation. Know that tea is a rain-fed crop that needs a specific soil and a temperature as well as a moisture condition for the desired growth of tea plants and tea cultivation requires well-drained soil with a high amount of organic matter and pH value in the range of 4.5 to 5.5. The performance of tea is excellent at elevations ranging from 1000 to 2500 meters and the favorable temperature for tea production is about 20 to 27 degrees Celsius. The tea plant can grow from tropical climates to subtropical climates but typically requires high humidity and heavy rainfall during the growing seasons. So these factors varies from different varieties of Indian teas such as Darjeeling tea, Assam tea, Nail Grease tea, Munnar tea etc. Also know that the gradual change in temperature and rainfall due to climate change has an adverse impact on tea production and these factors increased temperatures and variations in rainfall pattern along with the change in relative humidity and adversely affected quality and quantity of tea production in our country. Further the chances of pest infestations are going up with increase in temperature. Now we will see about the regional distribution of tea cultivation in our country. Know that important tea growing reasons in North India or North East Assam, the Surma Valley, the Dhuvar region and then Therai and Darjeeling regions. Then in the southern part of India tea is cultivated mainly in two geographical regions. They are the Nail Grease region and also western guards in the Karnataka and Kerala states. So with this information let's discuss in brief about the Tea Board of India which is a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and it was established in the year 1954 as per the Prozents of Tea Act of 1953. Know that the vision of the board is to make India the leading producer and supplier of quality tea in the global market. It's a mission is to develop effective management strategies in order to facilitate competence and innovation in tea plantations and also promotion of innovative processing technology for producing good quality tea, then augmentation of high value tea exports and capacity building for human resources at all levels in the tea industry. And this board that is Tea Board is represented from members of parliament, tea producers, also from tea traders and also from consumers and representatives of principal tea producing states. Also remember that Tea Board of India is located at Kolkata. Similarly remember that Cotton Board of India is located at Mumbai, Tobacco Board is at Guntur, Coffee Board at Bengaluru, Spices Board at Cochin and Rebber Board is located at Kottayam in the state of Kerala. So this is all about this news article. Let's move on to the next news article analysis. This news article is about the issues associated with Naga peace deal. So in this context we'll discuss about the Naga peace accord or Naga peace deal and also the timeline of Naga political problem. We know that Nagas were the inhabitants of the Naga hills along the northeast frontier on the Assam-Barma border. So in the year 1918 the Naga club was formed and it started the Naga movement which claimed a distinct ethnic identity for Nagas and demanded an independent homeland for the Nagas. So in the year 1929 Naga club submitted a memorandum to the Simon commission. They emphasized that Naga people and Indians are separate with no common history therefore Naga should be given independent status. Further in the year 1946 the Naga club was renamed as Naga National Council that is NNC. Then in the year 1947 a nine-point agreement was signed between NNC and the then governor of Assam. But some Naga leaders misinterpreted some clauses of the agreement and believed that Nagas had the right to opt out of the Indian Union after 10 years. So in the month of January 1950 Nagas declared independence after conducting their own plebiscite but this plebiscite was rejected by the Indian government. So on one hand the government of India suppressed the separatist movements in the northeast and the other hand the government of India negotiated with moderate Naga leaders. Therefore the state of Nagaland came into existence in the year 1963 and in the year 1964 the Nagaland peace mission appointed by the government of India signed a ceasefire agreement with the prominent Naga leader A. Z. Faisal. Further in the year 1975 the Shillang accord was signed in which NNC agreed to give up arms and ammunition and to accept the Indian constitution. But few Naga leaders opposed this Shillang accord and formed the National Socialist Council of Nagaland that is NNC in the year 1980. Then in the year 1988 the NNC further split into two groups that is NNCIM and NNCK. In the later days NNCIM emerged as the major insurgent group and they demanded greater Nagaland or Nagalim which means the integration of Naga people who are inhabiting in the areas in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh and then Manipur. So finally in the year 2015 government of India and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland signed an agreement known as the Naga peace accord or Naga peace deal. This accord was signed by the government's mediator for Naga peace talks Sri R. N. Ravi who is the present governor of Nagaland. But the agreement did not come into force due to unrealistic demands of NNCIM which demands for a separate constitution, separate flag, then the integration of all Naga people. So if these demands were agreed, this would result in territorial changes in the states like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland and also in the state of Manipur. So that is why the article says that the all Arunachal Pradesh students union that is AAPSU rejects any territorial changes. This is all about Naga peace deal or Naga peace accord. In the similar context, if you want to know about Assam accord, we have discussed in detail about Assam accord in our 12th august Indian news analysis. You can refer this video for better understanding of Assam accord. With this information, let's move on to the next news article analysis. This news article talks about a study on seed germination which was conducted by a team of researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research that is IISC of Bhopal. Here the study was to determine the optimum timing of seed germination so that the plant yields can be improved. In the context of this news article, we are going to discuss the process of seed germination, then about plant growth regulators that is PGOs and then important highlights of the news article. Now, we know that the first step in the process of plant growth is seed germination and the seed germination technically defined as the emergence and development from the seed embryo of those essential structures which are indicative of the ability to produce a normal plant under favorable conditions. So to define in the simple terms, it is the growth of a seed into a anger plant or a seedling. The seed germinates when favorable conditions for growth exist in the environment. If the favorable conditions include substratum or soil, then nutrients, then favorable temperature, favorable moisture and also a required solar light. And in absence of such favorable conditions, the seeds do not germinate. So in such condition, it goes into a period of suspended growth or suspended rest and we call it as a dormant period. Therefore, once favorable conditions return, the seeds resume metabolic activities and growth takes place. Now, if you look at the news article, the research is focused on the meters which promote and inhibit the sprouting process of seeds. In this regard, we should know about plant growth regulators that is PGOs. See, they are small and simple molecules of diverse chemical composition and they can be divided into two groups based on their functions in a living plant body. One group of PGOs that is plant growth regulators involved in growth promoting activities. These include cell division, cell enlargement, plant formation, etc. And they also include tropic growth, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. And the examples for seed promoting hormones include arxins, zebrilins and cytokinins. Then the other group of plant growth regulators involve in various growth inhibiting activities such as dormancy and abscessin. And this is in order to cope with stressful conditions like unfavorable conditions, unfavorable environment. And the example of growth inhibiting hormone include abscessic acid that is ABA. And know that abscessic acid signals the seed not to germinate until there are favorable conditions for the growth of plant. And if there is a stress after the germination of a seed, abscessic acid suppresses further growth of the seedling. In this context, try to remember there is one more plant growth regulator that is ethylene. And it could be fit either of the groups, but it is largely an inhibitor of growth activities. In this news article, the researchers focused on abscessic acid mechanism for arresting the post germination growth of plants in response to environmental conditions. And they proved that the inhibition of seedling growth by abscessic acid is much stronger in darkness as compared to light conditions. Further, the researchers said that the factors that modulate abscessic acid are vital to develop economically important plant varieties. It also important for developing plants that have better tolerance to stressful conditions. This is all about you should focus from this news article. Let us start our practice question session. Let us take up this question that is arranged the following places from North to South, the places given are Daulat by Goldy, Srinagar, Jammu and then Kargil. So for this question, they are asking that the places has to be arranged from North to South. If you look at this map, you can clearly notice that Daulat by Goldy is located in the Union territory of Ladakh, then south of DBO is Kargil, then Srinagar and then Jammu. So the correct answer for this question is option D, 1, 4, 2, 3. In the context of this question, try to remember the location of other important places in the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir such as the location of Saxigam Valley, then location of Karakoram Pass, Debsang Pass, then also the location of Pangangso, Galwan Valley. Now also try to locate the important road that is DS-DBO road which connects Leh, then Darbukh, Syukh with Daulat by Goldy. Also locate the places like Chushul, Chumat, Demchok and we know that these places were in the news again and again and the location of these places are important for your claims exam. Let us take up this question. Consider the following statements with reference to vaccines. A vaccine works by stimulating a person's immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease. Vaccines contain antibodies as an ingredient to fight a given disease. Which are the following given statements? Is or correct? So in the context of this question, try to remember that a vaccine in simple terms is a product that stimulates a person's immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease. And vaccine consists of four main ingredients. These are antigen, adjuvant, then preservative and then stabilizers. Know that antigen is a killed or weakened form of a viral or bacterial stain and it is used to train our bodies to recognize and fight against the given disease. Then the next ingredient is adjuvant which helps to boost our immune response. Then the third ingredient is preservative which ensure a vaccine stays effective for a longer period. Then the stabilizer protects the vaccine during the storage and the transportation process. So the given first statement is correct whereas the second statement is incorrect because vaccine contains antigen but not the antibodies. So if vaccine is introduced into the human body, human body produces antibodies against the antigens. So the correct answer for this question is option A1 only. Consider the following statements. The initial attempts to increase decultivation in India were made by the Governor General Warren Hastings. Tea board India is a statutory body under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare. Darjeeling tea and Kangra tea are registered geographical indications. So for this question you need to choose correct statement or statements. The first statement is correct because the initial attempts to increase decultivation in India were made by the then Governor General Warren Hastings. And we know that the Charter Act of 1833 ended the monopoly enjoyed by the British East India Company in tea trade with China. And this led to the introduction of tea cultivation in India. And in the year 1823 the first Indian tea from the state of Assam was sent to England for public sale. The second statement is incorrect because tea board is a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, but not under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare. This board was established in the year 1954 as per the provisions of the Tea Act of 1953. Know that the vision of the board is to make India the leading producer and leading supplier of quality tea in the global market. The third statement says Darjeeling tea and Kangra tea are registered geographical indications. This statement is also correct because Darjeeling tea from the state of West Bengal was the first agriculture commodity to get geographical indications tagged in the year 2004-5. Also know that Kangra tea from the state of Himachal Pradesh got GA tag in the year 2005-6. So out of the given statements, second statement is incorrect. So the correct answer for this question is option C 1 and 3 only. Consider following statements regarding Nagas. Here three statements are given. You need to choose correct statement or statements. Naga people belong to the Indo-Mongolite group of people. Some major Naga tribes such as Angami, Awu and Kuki are recognized as particularly vulnerable tribal groups. Then the third statement says Naga languages come under the Tibituburma family. The first statement is correct because Naga people belong to the Indo-Mongolite group of people living in the contiguous areas of northeastern hills of India and the upper portion of western Myanmar. Know that the Naga languages differ from tribe to tribe and sometimes even from village to another village. However, the Naga languages come under the Tibituburma family. The second statement says some major Naga tribes such as Angami, Awu and Kuki are recognized as particularly vulnerable tribal groups. This statement is incorrect because from northeast only two tribes such as Maram Nagas of Manipur and Riyangs of Tripura recognized as particularly vulnerable tribal groups. So the correct answer for this question is option D 1 and 3 only. Consider following statements with reference to factors responsible for plant growth and development. Here three statements are given. You need to choose correct statement or statements. Important factors affecting plant growth include substater, temperature, moisture and light, arxins, cytokines or growth inhibiting hormones in plants. Upsicic acid that is ABA is a growth promoting hormone which promotes shoot growth in the plants. The first statement is correct whereas second and third statements are incorrect because the favorable conditions for plant growth and development include favorable or suitable soil or substater, then required nutrients, then favorable temperature, suitable moisture and also adequate solar light. So in the absence of such favorable conditions the seeds do not germinate. In the context of this question try to remember about plant growth regulators that is PGS. They are simple small molecules of diverse chemical composition and they can be divided into two groups based on their functions in a living plant body. One group of PGS involved in growth promoting activities. These include cell division, cell enlargement, pattern formation. They also include a tropic growth, flowering, fruiting and also seed formation. The examples for growth promoting hormones include arxins, zebrillins and cytokines. Then the next group of plant growth regulators is involved in various growth inhibiting activities such as dormancy and obsession. The example for growth inhibiting hormone is absiccic acid that is ABA. Try to remember that there is one more important PGS that is ethylene and it could be fit either of the groups but it is largely an inhibitor of growth activities. So the correct answer for this question is option A one only. With this we have come to the end of analysis of today's Indian newspaper. If you like the video please do like, share, comment and subscribe Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel for more updates. Thank you.