 Good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindu News Analysis session of Shankara A.S. Academy for the date 6th of October. So first I must congratulate the 360 plus candidates who have aced the UPSC 2020 civil service examinations from our academy, hats off to all the aspirants who have cleared the exam last year. So let us with that positive note, let us start today's discussion. See these are the articles we are going to discuss today, there will be five article discussion, one mains question and three practice prelims question. So before going into today's discussion, I wish all the best for the aspirants who are appearing for the prelims exam that is going to be conducted this Sunday. Keep your calm, do not study anything new, revise what you have studied, sleep will have a good diet and keep positive people around you. These factors will help you, yes this exam, so again all the best, give your very best. So now let us take up the first article for our discussion. Look at this article, this article is about the Nobel prize for physics for the year 2021 which was announced yesterday. See the Nobel prize season is upon us, yesterday we saw about the Nobel prize for physiology or medicine awarded jointly to two US scientists, David Julius and Adam Patapoutian. So today we are going to see about the Nobel prize for physics. See this year's Nobel prize for physics is shared among three people. They are Klaus Hasselman of Germany, Saiyakaru although affiliated to Princeton University of USA and Giorgio Parisi of Italy. See Mr. Siokaru Manabe and Mr. Klaus Hasselman received the Nobel prize for their work in the physical modeling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. Their work helped us lay the foundation of our knowledge of the Earth's climate and their research also helped us identify how we as humans and our activities influence the Earth's climate around us. So moving on to Mr. Giorgio Parisi, he was awarded Nobel prize for his work on the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuation in physical system from atomic to planetary scales, that is from the small size to large size. He discovered the interworking of the disorderly state. His work has continuously aided the physicists around the world to understand and study completely random phenomenon in nature. This year's Nobel prize for physics is special since all the three are climate scientists. The Nobel selection committee by awarding the prize has signaled the world leaders ahead of the COP26 or the Conference of Parties 26 summit that is going to be held in Glasgow, Scotland that climate change is real and it is based on solid physical science. See here the names of the physicist can be asked in the preliminary exam. So please take note of that and climate change is a topic that is always relevant and it is one of the most favorite topic of the UPSC. So many questions have come up in the main exam relating to climate change. So for example here are three questions that appeared in the main examination. See in the main answer introduction is as important as the answer you write to address the exam. Let us use this question for example. Let me read out the question. It appeared on the GS1 paper in 2017. The question is climate change is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? This is the question. The question asked us two things. First is how India will be affected by climate change and the second is how the Himalayan and the coastal states of India specifically will be affected by climate change. See these two are very generic questions. Everyone will be able to write a decent and presentable answer for this. So the difference you can show here is through the introduction. See let us hypothetically assume that this question appears in the 2021 main exam. Here most aspirants will write their introduction using the IPCC 6th assessment report. The generic introduction would go like this. The IPCC released the 6th assessment report titled climate change 2021 physical science basis. This report sounded many alarm bell. The report stated in the coming years, heat waves and humid stress will increase, frequency of the heat extremes will increase while the frequency of cold extreme will decrease and for India the danger is very particular because the report mentions that the sea level rays around Asia would be higher than the global average. So we cannot ignore the climate change which is the global problem. See this is how the most aspirants will give the introduction if the question is asked in the 2021 main exam. See if 90% of the paper evaluated by the evaluator has interaction like this or similar to this in some form and now the evaluator takes up your answer paper and you give the introduction quoting the noble committee. So you write the introduction somewhat similar to this. That is the climate change has become such a global phenomenon that this year's noble prize for physics was awarded to three climate scientists for their contribution to climate modeling. The noble committee through this has signaled that climate change is based on strong physical sensors. So the world leaders cannot ignore the climate change anymore and they must take efforts to address climate change and its global impacts. See now if the evaluator sees a introduction like this he will be instantly impressed by it because you have differentiated yourself from all the other aspirants. So he may probably award you more marks. See in the main exam every marks count two or three marks will decide whether you get the service or not and main exam is also about resourcefulness. This introduction can be used elsewhere even when the topic is not related to climate change. See if there is a question relating to the race of pseudoscience and the irrationality among the society you can also quote the noble prize for physics 2021 here. But here you have to modify it a little bit. You can write an introduction like this. The irrationality and pseudoscience has penetrated the society so much so that the noble committee decided to award the noble prize for physics for the year 2021 to three climate scientists. Just to make the world leaders understand that the climate modeling and the projected climate change is based on hard physical sciences. See here we have used the same information but modified it to a little bit to answer the question. So while preparing try to prepare attractive introduction which can be used in a variety of answers. This will help you save time and this will also help you fetch more marks. This will come only through practice like Ajanta ma'am keeps on saying you have to write answer daily that is you have to practice writing answers daily so that while appearing for the exam the writing part comes naturally to you. So just practice writing every day ok. Now coming back since we are discussing about the noble prize I just wanted to revise about various Indians who have been awarded noble prize in the past. This is just to revise ok. First is poet and writer Rabindranath Tagore who was the first non-European and Indian to get noble prize in 1930. He got the noble prize for his contribution to literature. Next India received its first noble prize in physics in 1930 when scientist Sir Chandrasegara Venkata Raman was awarded for his work on scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him. This phenomenon is known as Raman effect. Then in 1979 Mother Teresa won noble peace prize. She was born in Albania. She founded the institution missionaries of charity in Kolkata and worked all her life for the poor. She became an Indian citizen as well. She received the noble prize for her work in bringing help to sufferings of humanity. Next is Indian physicist Subramanya Chandrasegar. He was awarded noble prize in 1983 for physics. He was awarded for the theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of stars. Then in 1998 Amartya Sen was awarded the noble prize for economics for his contribution to welfare economics. Again recently in 2014 Kailash Sathya 3 along with Malala received noble peace prize. He received the honour for his campaign aimed at ending child labour. Apart from the above mentioned people some important Indian Americans to win noble prize include Hargobind Khurana in 1968 for medicine, Venkat Ramana Ramakrishnan in 2009 for chemistry and very recently Mr. Abjit Banerjee in 2019 for economics for his contribution to experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. So in this segment we discussed about noble prize for physics 2021 and we discussed about how to be resourceful while writing main sanser and we also revised about Indians who have received noble prize in the past. So with this we shall conclude this segment and take up the next article for our discussion. Now let's take these two news articles and the articles here deal with the Aishman Bharat Pradhan Mandiri Jan Aroge Yojana. So with the prelims nearing let us revise the important points related to the Pradhan Mandiri Jan Aroge Yojana and then we will move on to the information given in the news articles. See the Aishman Bharat is a flagship scheme of the Indian government. It is in fact the world's largest health insurance or assurance scheme fully financed by the government. It was launched as per the recommendation of National Health Policy 2017. Its main purpose is to achieve the vision of universal health coverage and it is anchored to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Remember Aishman Bharat has two major components. First is health and wellness center and the second one is national health protection scheme. See then health and wellness centers mainly focus on the primary services while the national health protection scheme which is an insurance scheme focuses on the secondary and tertiary services. See this Pradhan Mandiri Jan Aroge Yojana comes under the National Health Protection Scheme of the Aishman Bharat. This is what is discussed in today's articles. Now for our discussion let's take only the Jan Aroge Yojana part. See under the Pradhan Mandiri Jan Aroge Yojana a defined amount of cover of rupees 5 lakhs is provided per family per year for secondary care and tertiary care. Though the amount here is not very important but note that this 5 lakh is for the family that is this 5 lakh is used to cover the entire family for one year. See these are the points which we tend to ignore which UPSC will usually pick up for the Prelims Examination questions. Now moving on. See the beneficiary covered under the scheme will be allowed to take cashless benefits. Note the point cashless benefits from any public or private enrolled hospitals across India. Note the cashless benefits here and the public and private hospital parts also. The benefits of the scheme are portable across the country and it includes both pre and post hospitalization expenses. Note here the pre-existing condition will also be covered from day one of the policy. See this scheme even has a defined transport allowance for hospitalization which will also be covered and paid to the beneficiary. Another point to note here is that there is no upper limit or no cap on the family size and the gauge for availing the benefits under the scheme. Let's recap one more time. It provides cashless benefit. Benefit can be availed both from private or public enrolled hospitals. It is portable across India, covers both pre and post hospitalization expense. It also covers pre-existing condition and transportation expense. Now moving on. Now let's see how the beneficiaries are selected. See the beneficiaries of Pradhan Mandiri Jan Arogyo Yodana is selected using the socio-economic and caste census database. Although the socio-economic caste census database is not made public, the beneficiaries for Pradhan Mandiri Jan Arogyo Yodana is made using this census database. Now coming to the implementation part. At the national level, a national health authority has been set up for the implementation of this scheme. This national health authority is an autonomous body under the Societies Registration Act 1860. This is for the national level. At the state and union territory level, the scheme is implemented through a dedicated entity called state health agency. Now coming to the funding part. See this is a centrally sponsored scheme. So the expenditure incurred in premium payment will be shared between the central and the state government. The existing sharing pattern is in the ratio of 60 is to 40 for states and union territories with legislature. For the north-eastern states and the three Himalayan states that is Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, the ratio is 90 is to 10. That is 90% will be provided by the center and 10% by the respective state governments. And finally for the union territories without legislatures, the central government will provide 100% of the funding. Now coming back to the news. As the title hints, the scheme's health benefit package has been revised. That is the national health authority, which is the apex body for implementing the Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana at the national level, is revising the health benefit package. And the revised version of the health benefit package is coined as health benefit package 2.2. And this new version is expected to be rolled out from November this year. See in this health benefit package 2.2, the rates of some packages have been increased by about 22-400% under the Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana. The rate here means the premium for the insurance. And also the rates of around 400 procedures have been revised. And even a new additional medical management package related to black fungus has also been added. So this is the news here. And when you take the next news article, it talks about the study and the efficacy of the Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana. This study was carried out on the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. And as per the study, a sizable amount of the population covered under the program were found to bear the hospital expenses for the COVID treatment from personal funds or borrowing. That is, the hospital did not take into account the insurance coverage provided by the Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana. See all the points that we have discussed till now is important for the prelims examination. And mainly take note of the inclusion of black fungus treatment under coverage. This is a new change made, so they may ask a question from it. For the main though, we must focus on the advantages and challenges of the scheme. Now let us discuss some advantages. One of the main advantages of the scheme is the key design feature of Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana, that is portability. This portability, which helps to ensure that a Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana eligible migrant worker can access the scheme services at any enlisted hospital across the country, irrespective of their state of residence. You can mention this in your answer that how during the COVID-19, when migrant workers were going back to their state of origin, Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana helped them in covering their hospital expenses. This will add more relevance to your answers. Other generic advantages are it will help in the achievement of universal health coverage and thereby help in the achievement of sustainable development goal 3 that is good health and well-being. The scheme will also help in improved access and affordability of quality secondary and tertiary care services. This will also reduce out-of-pocket expenditure for hospitalization. And finally, this scheme will align the growth of private sector with public health goals. Now moving on to some challenges. Like we discussed in the article today, many enlisted private hospitals are not taking the insurance cover provided by the Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana seriously and are charging the patient's money. Government must try to make the private hospitals address this issue firstly. The next important challenge is funding. Since health is a state subject and the states are expected to contribute 40% of the funding for the scheme, it will be critical to streamline and harmonize the existing state health insurance schemes to Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana. Even now, many states are refusing to implement the scheme. So in this segment, we discussed about the important salient features related to the Pradhan Mandirijan Aroge Yojana. Here we discussed about some benefits and challenges associated with that scheme. With this, let us wind up this discussion and move on to the next article. Now let's take this news article for discussion. This news article mentions that the state government of Tamil Nadu has announced the birth anniversary of Ramalinga Adigalar as Boundless Benevolence Day. So today we are going to discuss about Ramalinga Adigalar and his philosophy. See Ramalinga Adigalar was born in 1823 in the Marudur village near Chidambaram district of Tamil Nadu. He was a great Tamil saint and poet. He is one of the towering figures of the Tamil Renaissance movement. He questioned the Hindu religious orthodoxy. His voluminous songs were compiled and published under the title Thiruvarupa, that is songs of grace. His radical views deeply disturbed the Saiva orthodoxy, who condemned his writings as Marupa, that is songs of ignorance. See that is he continuously questioned the Hindu religious orthodoxy. So moving on, he established the philosophy of Jeeva Karunya. Through this philosophy, he expressed the view that those who lack compassion for suffering beings are hard-hearted and their wisdom is clouded. He showed his compassion and mercy on all living beings, including plants. Ramalinga Adigalar believed that all religions lead to the same God. He called this God as Lord Arat Perum Jyoti. Arat Perum Jyoti means graceful universal light that caused creation of all and governs all of the universe. Three things you have to remember regarding Ramalinga Adigalar. These are the important points which they might ask in the prelims examination. First is the Samarasa Veda Sanmarga Sangam. Actually he established the Samarasa Veda Sanmarga Sangam in 1865 and later it was renamed as Samarasa Sudda Sanmarga Satya Sangam, which literally translates to Society for Pure Truth in Universal Self-hood. Through this institution, he propagated the philosophy of Jeeva Karunya. The next is Satya Nyanasaba. On 25th January 1972, Ramalinga Adigalar opened the Satya Nyanasaba, that is Hall of True Knowledge at Vadalur. One of the primary teachings of Vallalar is service to living beings is the path of liberation, that is Moksha. He declared that death is not natural and our life's first priority should be to fight death and he declared religion in itself is a darkness. He laid a very great emphasis on being vegetarian. He said God is Aral Perum Jyoti who is the personification of grace or mercy and knowledge. He said God could be reached only through the path of compassion and mercy to fellow beings. So now we saw about Samarasa Sudda Sanmarga Satya Sanga and Satya Nyanasaba and the third important is Satya Dharma Sali. Actually Ramalinga Adigalar insisted in feeding all people. This was stated as the main focus of life. He insisted to feed everyone without any discrimination on the basis of religion. In 1867, he established a facility serving free food named Satya Dharma Sali in Vadalur where all people were served food free of cost without any cost distinction. This facility that is the Satya Dharma Sali continues its service even till now. Another Ramalinga Adigal proclaimed that non-violence in words and deeds is the way of life. He claimed or he believed that everyone has equal right to live on the earth and enjoy their life and no one has the right to kill anyone for any cause. He also believed wisdom alone can bring peace to a man and was opposed to superstition and rituals. Due to these principles, he was called as Arut Prakasa Vallalar. Actually in Tamil, Vallal means philanthropist. Since he exemplified the quality of benevolence, Ramalinga Adigalar was called Vallalar. Again for the exam perspective, you should know that he authored three books. They are first one we already saw that is Thiruvarutpa. It means the holy book of grace. This book contains more than 6000 verses and they inculcate wisdom to men. The second important book is Manumurai Kanda Vasagam. This book describes the life of Manunidhi Cholan. The third important book is Jeeva Karuniya Ulukam. So due to his established benevolence only, now the Tamil Nadu government has decided to celebrate his birth anniversary as the Day of Thaniparun Garunai. That is the Day of Boundless Benevolence. So in the prelims static part, UPAC might ask questions about social and religious reformers. And since they have asked the question from almost all major reformers, they might ask questions about social reformers who are not in the limelight very often. So let me give you some important figures of the Tamil Renaissance movement, gather few points that is just one or two important points about them, note it down and revise it before the prelims examination. They might ask questions from it. So some prominent personalities of the Tamil Renaissance movement are Maraimali Adigal, Bharathimar Kalinger, F.W. Ellis, Robert Gladwell, Manonmani M. Sundaram Pillai, Abraham Pandithar, M. Singaravelar and Ayodhidasar Pandithar. They are some important personalities in Tamil Renaissance movement. So in this segment we discussed about Ramalinga Adigal from prelims perspective and now let us conclude this segment and take up the next article for discussion. Now look at this news article. It reports about the Baba Budan Giri shrine issue. See earlier the Karnataka government passed an order in which it interested the religious ceremonies of the Baba Budan Giri cave shrine to a Muslim Mujawar. But the issue here is that the shrine is shared by both Hindus and Muslims. So on that line recently the Karnataka High Court quashed this order and had directed the state government to reconsider its decision. So as a response to this, the Karnataka cabinet has decided to form a committee to study the pros and cons of the court ruling and also to find out ways to proceed further on the issue. So this is the crux of the news here. Now based on this context let's see some important points about the Baba Budan Giri shrine which is mentioned in the article today. See the Baba Budan Giri Darga also known as the Guru Duttariya Pitha is a cave shrine which is located in the Chikmangulu district. Chikmangulu district is located in Karnataka. And this shrine is situated on the Chandradrona range of western gods. As I said earlier there is a religious tussle going on between the Hindus and Muslims for this shrine and they both have their own legends connected to this shrine. To understand better the Muslims believe this shrine to be a abode of the Sufi saint Sheikh Abdul Aziz Mekhi also called Dada Hayat Mir Kualandar and he is believed to be the companion of Prophet Muhammad whereas when you take the Hindus they believe the shrine to be the abode of Duttariya and this Duttariya is believed to be the incarnation of Lord Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwari. And apart from these two people that is the Sufi saint Sheikh Abdul Aziz Mekhi and the Hindu god Dutta Tariya there is also another person whose name is associated with the hill and the Darga and this person is also a Sufi saint who is referred by the name Saeed Shah Jamaluddin Makribi he is also known as Baba Budan. And this Baba Budan lived in the cave and became a disciple of Dada and thereby established his spiritual lineage. As we know the plantations in South India are considered to be the cradle for Indian coffee and one important point to note here is that the place of this shrine is known as the birthplace of coffee plantation in India and the main reason behind this is because Baba Budan is reputed to have brought the first coffee seeds to India from the Yamani port city of Moka and in fact this story is also part of the official history of coffee in India. So with this as a backdrop let us revise a little bit about western gods. Western gods is one of the eight hot spots of biological diversity in the world and it is spread across six states they are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is a UNESCO world heritage site and it is one of the eight hottest hot spots of the biological diversity in the world. This Himalayas extends from Tapti valley to Kanyakumari. It is divided into four sections that is northern western gods, middle Sahyadri and Neelgri and southern western gods. Now let us take up the northern western gods. The northern western gods extends from Tapti valley to 16 degree north latitude and it has mainly basaltic lava cover. The highest point in the northern western gods is Kalsubai which is also a highest point in Maharashtra. Middle god and bore god are the important passes in the northern western gods. Now moving on to the middle Sahyadri. See the middle Sahyadri extends from 16 degree north latitude to Neelgri hills in the south. Earlier we saw that northern western gods is mainly made of basaltic lava cover. Here the middle Sahyadri is made up of granites and mesas. This area receives very high rainfall so this area is covered by dense forest. The average height here is above 1200 meters. The major peaks in the middle Sahyadri are Vawulmala, Kudremuk and Pushpagiri and the highest point of middle Sahyadri is Vawulmala. After middle Sahyadri comes the Neelgri hills. See the Neelgri hills joins the Sahyadri near the tri-junction of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This point is also a junction of western gods and eastern gods. The highest peak of Neelgri hills is Dottabeta and another important peak of this area is Makruti. This mainly has granitic structures. The Neelgri hills that extends into Karnataka has another highest point called Mulangiri which is located near Baba Budhan Hills. This Mulangiri is the highest point in Karnataka and earlier we saw Dottapeta, right? Dottapeta is the highest point in Tamil Nadu. See Neelgri has two distinctive features that is Malanad and Maidan. Malanad are highlands and Maidan are plateau surfaces and coming to the last section that is the southern section of western gods. This extends from Palgaard gap to Kanyakumari. This Palgaard gap is actually a rift valley. Through this gap, number of roads and railway lines connect the plains of Tamil Nadu and the coastal plains of Kerala. See only because of the presence of this gap, the southwest monsoon can enter into the plains of Tamil Nadu and the plateau regions of Karnataka and cause rain during the monsoon season. If there had been no Palgaard gap, all of Tamil Nadu and the plateau regions of Karnataka would have been in the leeward side and thus facing very deficient rainfall. This is the importance of Palgaard gap. Now the important peak in the southern section of western gods is Anaymuri. Actually Anaymuri is the highest peak in the whole of southern India. This Anaymuri is located in Kerala. So here we saw about four important peaks. First is Kulsubhai which is the highest peak of Maharashtra. Then we saw about Mulangiri which is the highest peak of Karnataka. Then we saw about Dottabeta which is the highest peak in Tamil Nadu. And finally we saw Anaymuri which is the highest peak in Kerala and also whole of the southern India. We also saw three important gaps. They are Thalgaard gap, Borgaard gap and Palgaard gap. Map based questions can be asked using these features. So find which is located in the north which is located in the south that is the general direction of these geological features. So in this discussion we discussed about the issue related to the Baba Budhangiri shrine and we revised a little bit about western gods. With this let us wind up this segment and move on to the next article. Now our next news discussion is going to be based on these two news articles. And both of them deal with the deaths related to suicide. When you take this article it reports about a judgement made by the Supreme Court related to the suicide of a 14 year old at Rajasthan in 2018. And in this case a teacher was accused of insulting the boy. So in this judgement the court held that the disciplinary measures which are adopted by the authorities of the school for reprimanding a student for his or her discipline will not be considered equal and to provoking a student to commit suicide. And the court also added that a mere disciplinary action cannot be considered equal to that of a crime of abatement or instigating of suicide unless there are evidence of repeated and specific allegation of harassment or insult deliberately without any justifiable cause or reason. So this is the main take away information from the news article. Now with this background let us discuss about the legal provisions related to suicide in India. See whenever you talk about suicide two major conflicting laws come into limelight. And they are Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code and the other one is Section 115 of the Mental Health Care Act 2017. When you take Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code it criminalizes the attempt to suicide. As you can see here anyone who survives from having attempted suicide can be booked under Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code and they shall be punished with simple imprisonment for up to one year either with or without a fine. And this provision is often criticized for being misused whereas on the contrary if you take the Mental Health Care Act of 2017 it bars the prosecution of a person trying to take their own life under severe mental stress. And you can see here in Section 115 class 1 this act has significantly reduced the scope of the use of Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code. And it has made the attempt to commit suicide punishable only as an exception. Likewise through its class 2 of the Section 115 it has vested the responsibility on the appropriate state government to provide the necessary care treatment and rehabilitation to the persons who commit suicide in order to reduce the risk of reoccurrence of attempt to commit suicide. Now coming to the Constitution according to the judgment pronounced by the Supreme Court in the Guyan Kaur case of 1996 the article 21 only provides the right to live with dignity and not the right to die. To conclude see even till date these two provisions continue to remain conflicting that is Section 309 of IPC and Section 115 of Mental Health Care Act 2017 and despite many attempts and popular perception that Section 309 of IPC is repelled still the section continues to exist in the Statute Book. Now moving on actually a report titled Suicide Worldwide in 2019 was published by the World Health Organization. According to this report India has the highest suicide rate in the Southeast Asian region ok. This is a story state of affair. While the rate of suicide was 9.9 in 2017 it increased to 10.2 in 2018. Actually suicide rate here means number of deaths by suicide per 1 lakh population. So suicide is also an important area where the government must take positive steps ok. So having discussed about suicide here we will see what are the steps taken by the government to prevent suicide ok. First is the Kiran Mental Health Rehabilitation Helpline. It was launched by Ministry of Social Justice and Emporment. Actually this is a 24 by 7 toll free helpline to provide support to the people facing anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal thoughts and other mental health concerns. Second is Mano Darpan Mental Health Initiative. It was launched by the Ministry of Education. This initiative is aimed at providing psychological support to students, family members and teachers for their mental health and well-being during the times of COVID-19. So Kiran is launched by Ministry of Social Justice and Emporment. Mano Darpan is launched by Ministry of Education. You can use these government initiatives in your main censor to make them more legitimate ok. So in this segment we discussed about the legal provision in India relating to suicide and we also saw two government initiatives relating to suicide prevention. So with this we shall wind up the news discussion session and take up the practice prelims question discussion session. We have three practice prelims questions today. Let's take up the first question. Let me read it first. Coffee cultivation is found to be predominant in which of the following states. The states given are Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. We must choose the correct code given below. See India is the only country in the world where entire coffee cultivation is grown under shade. It is hand-picked and sun-dried. India produces some of the best coffee in the world and it is grown by tribal farmers in the western and eastern Ghats. In fact Indian coffee is highly valued in the world market and it is also sold as a premium coffee in Europe. Know that in India coffee is cultivated in about 4.54 lakh hectares by around 3.66 lakh coffee farmers and among them 98% are small farmers. Coffee cultivation is mainly done in the southern states of India namely Karnataka which provides 54% of the coffee produced in India followed by Kerala which provides 19% then Tamil Nadu which provides 8%. Apart from this coffee is also grown in non-traditional areas like that of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha and in some northeastern states. So from that we know that coffee cultivation is not done in Telangana. So the correct answer is option D, 2, 3 and 4 only. Now let's move on to the next question. This question is based on the Pradhan Mandiri Jan Aroge Yojana. Okay let me read out the question. Who among the following are eligible for the benefits under the Pradhan Mandiri Jan Aroge Yojana? The statements are Families having only one room with kucha walls and kucha roofs. Scheduled cast and scheduled tribe households. Female headed households with no adult male member between age 16 to 59. Disabled member and no able bodied adult member in the family. Now look at this. These are the criteria for availing the benefits of Pradhan Mandiri Jan Aroge Yojana. So any person who satisfied any of these categories which are listed below will be eligible for availing the benefits provided by Pradhan Mandiri Jan Aroge Yojana. And from this we can infer that all the options given here come under the eligibility criteria under this scheme. So therefore all the statements given here are right and since all the statements given here are right the correct answer will be option D that is 1, 2, 3 and 4. Now moving on to the last question. This question is based on the Tamil saint and poet Ramalinga Adigalar. Three statements are given we must find the correct statements. First statement, he preached that feeding the poor is the highest form of worship. Second statement, he established Samarastha Suddha Sanmarga Sathya Sangam. Third statement, he authored Thirukural. Actually this is a very easy question we all know that Thirukural is authored by Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar. Actually Ramalinga Adigalar authored Thiruvarutpa that would be the correct statement. So of the three given statements the first and second statement are correct. So the correct answer is option C 1 and 2 only. The mains question from today's discussion is displayed here. Like I said start writing the answers because once the problems gets over only three months will be there for the mains exam. So start writing answers daily. With this we have come to the end of the discussion session. If you like this video do like, share it with your friends and subscribe to Shankara IS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you.