 Okay, so last we did bromide ion, right? Test of bromide ion, okay. Asha, one more note I forgot to give you in that chromite chloride test. Just write down one note over there in chromite chloride test. This test is not given by, this test is not given by. Chloride's off is not given by. The chlorides of mercury, tin, mercury, tin, silver, lead, and antimony. Not given by mercury, tin, silver, lead, and antimony. These metal chlorides does not give chromite chloride test. This question they asked directly in the exam. And which of this does not give chromite chloride test? So can you repeat the state for it? This test is not given by, the chlorides off is not given by the chlorides of mercury, tin, acid, then silver, lead, and antimony. So can you repeat one? Should I write? It's fine, so you can just, can you say the names I want? Chlorides off, mercury, tin, silver, lead, and antimony. Mercury, tin, silver, lead, and antimony. Done all of you written? Yes, yes. Okay, yes. Next write down iodides. Iodides. So the test here we have the experiment and observation. The first one is with the drop off H2SO4, violet color, pungent fumes are evolved. Now in this solution, if you add MnO2, if you add MnO2, this fumes becomes denser. All these properties are very similar to the previous one. Okay, fumes becomes denser. Next one, in this mixture, we add sodium extract SE with dilute HNO3. We can also add here dilute acetic acid with silver nitrate solution, AGNO3 solution. This gives yellow precipitate, yellow PPT, insoluble in NH4OH, NH4OH. In this also, we can have layer test, layer test. And we mix here sodium extract with CCL4. Apart from CCL4, we can also use CHCL3 and calcium disulfide, sorry, carbon disulfide solution, CS2. Okay, if you want, you can write down CCL4 you can use. You can use chloroform, CHCL3, you can use CS2 also here. Plus, chlorine water we also add and we mix it properly, shakes it properly, okay? So that organic solvent, the layer turns violet color. But if you add excess of chlorine here, right? This is with this, that's just a second. I'll write down this way so that there's no confusion. With chlorine water, it gives violet color, CL2 water, okay? But in this only, if you add excess of CL2 water, chlorine water, so the solution becomes colorless. This confirms the presence of iodine. This is the experiment here. Here, done, copied? Okay, if you look at the chemical reaction here, KI with H2SO4, KHSO4 and H8 forms, same reaction. With H2SO4, it reacts, iodine evolves, gives violet color, iodine evolves, forms H2O and SO2. In this mixture, in this mixture here, if you add MNO2, excuse me, MNO2 with HI, if you heat it, it gives I2, H2O and MNO2. AGNO3, if you add, so NAI with AGNO3, sodium iodide. So it forms AGI, that is a yellow precipitate of it and NANO3, layer test is very much similar that we did already in the last one. Copy this down. This is. Okay. Okay. Okay. Copy this down. Yeah. So iodine we have done, no? Okay. One, just one thing you hear, you just write down in the previous thing that, you know, the layer test that we have seen for this one, for detection of iodine, layer test that we have, this solution becomes colorless here solution becomes colorless here because of the formation of iodic acid due to the formation of iodic acid. The formula is HIO3. Only this point you give me right. Okay. Now next is test of nitrate test of with the addition of H2SO4 reddish brown fumes of NO2. Reddish brown fumes of NO2 forms with pungent odor with pungent odor. Okay again in this one if you add copper in this mixture and heat it this fumes becomes denser. Next we have here ring test ring test in this in this what we do sodium extract plus dilute HCA plus FeSO4 freshly prepared and H2SO4 few drops gradually we add H2SO4 here okay H2SO4 we add a few drops gradually okay. So in this what happens once you add all these things a brown ring forms forms at the junction of the two ring two at the junction of the solvent another test in this the reaction we'll see for this that is a diet test. In diet test what happens sodium extract is mixed with CS3 COOH acetic acid right and a few drops of sulfanilic acid sulfanilic acid is added also alpha napthyl all these are complex you know test in terms of compound that we use alpha napthyl amines alpha napthyl amine we use plus we also use zinc dust and all these things you use you will get the red color over here this is diet test this is ring test there is one more test we have and in this one you see in this one we have sodium extract and in this sodium extract we add zinc metal a piece of zinc metal we add in this dilute H2SO4 we add dilute H2SO4 we add and we boil this for five minutes okay so I'll write down simply here we heat this for five minutes okay however time and all it's not important here but we heat this so when we heat this what happens so when we keep on heating it okay in some time drop wise we add ki with starch this solution we are adding drop wise in this mixture while heating this right after some time we are adding this so in this entire process the result that we get the color changes to violet which confirms the presence of iodine here okay so these are the tests we have over here two only two in only in fact only one is important in this summit which is this ring test copper is down so here you see the reaction is the first one is we have NaNO3 nitrate iron and we add H2SO4 we heat it the reaction is NaHSO4 NaHSO4 plus HNO3 further you heat this nitrogen dioxide evolves plus we get O2 plus H2O this only forms the reddish brown fumes reddish brown fumes okay now if you heat this with copper okay HNO3 if you heat this with copper it forms copper nitrate that is Cu NaO3 O2 plus NaO and H2O balanced reaction if I write down this three here and then eight and three this is the reaction we have now this copper nitrate is because of this production of copper nitrate formation of copper nitrate the solution turns blue yes same H1 same we have here we have this only in this make sure if you add Cu you will get this the fumes becomes denser and we'll get this color also dischanging NO further reacts with O2 here NO further reacts with O2 and converts into NO2 so yes is that blue color that inky blue color uh in in different different books it is written you can say it is the shade of blue only so if you write blue that's fine no because we didn't nap so that's trying to think yeah that's same only but in some book it is written in some book is simply it isn't blue so it's fine whatever NO plus O2 results this you know to guess ring test the reaction we did already same thing brown ring uh three unpaired electron paramagnetic so that I am not giving you here right the last one we have is a dye test we haven't done no okay dye test will write down okay so in this one what happens if you add that zinc dust in this right zinc dust you are adding nitrate iron first this zinc dust convert this nitrate iron into NO2 minus and ZnO forms that goes out this NO2 minus is now again it goes and it reacts with it reacts with sulfanilic acid okay solution is acidic we have sulfanilic acid which is this benzene we have SO3H here and here we have NH2 we have acid so H plus NO2 minus from the above reaction and acidic acid we have so it converts into an intermediate compound which is this SO3H will be as it is NH2 so with this H2 and O will go out so we'll get OH here so I'll write down this with NO2 the nitrogen gets attached over here and CS3 COOH H2O goes out which gives here OOC CS3 plus H2O okay now in this one we are adding alpha naphthalamine so naphthalamine is this and we have one more benzene here this is alpha naphthalamine all these are alpha naphthalamine and when this reacts so this converts into CS3 COOH and this attached with the benzene ring over here so if I go down and write down the product here obviously this product you don't have to memorize here color change is important that becomes red so this dye that forms here in this reaction it gives red color and that is what you need to memorize here we have NH2 and everything will be as it is plus CS3 COOH this compound that forms this only gives red color so it is red dye that forms clear okay now last one in this we have oxalate ion test of oxalate ion with H2SO4 it gives colorless orderless gas okay colorless orderless gas next is we add dilute H2SO4 dilute H2SO4 and along with this we are heating this also we are heating this till the effervescence stops okay and when the effervescence stops or seizes we'll add a small you know amount of MNO2 technically it is a small pinch of MNO2 we'll do once the effervescence stops okay then what we observe here we observe here brisk effervescence of CO2 of CO2 which confirms the presence of oxalate ion next is we have CSCl2 test calcium chloride in CSCl2 test what happens we have sodium extract add CS3 COOH acetic acid we keep on adding CS3 COOH till the solution becomes acetic and then we add CSCl2 solution we get a white precipitate which is soluble in soluble in H2 dilute H2SO4 in this we have one more you know part if you add in this solution if you add dilute H2SO4 plus few drops of KMNO4 few drops of KMNO4 the color of KMNO4 of KMNO4 discharged this is what we observed okay now look at the reaction here the first one is we have sodium salt of this oxalate Na2C2O4 and when you add H2SO4 in this it converts into Na2SO4 plus H2O with this carbon monoxide evolves and carbon dioxide also so this carbon monoxide burns with a blue flame near the mouth of the test tube you can see that burns with a blue flame later on it gets oxidized into carbon dioxide so if you have this Na2C2O4 and we mix this with H2SO4 with MNO2 manganese dioxide right so it converts into Na2SO4 plus MNSO4 plus H2O plus CO2 in CSCl2 test what happens Talshimko right test oxalate reacts with CSCl2 to form a white precipitate and Na2C2O4 plus CaCl2 forms CaC2O4 and NaCl this is the white precipitate we have further if you add H2SO4 dilute in this then we have CaC2O4 plus H2SO4 dilute gives CaSO4 plus H2C2O4 which is a soluble compound oxalic acid in this solution if you add KMNO4 also dilute H2SO4 and KMNO4 then I'll write down the ionic reaction because this reaction will use in redox also just to find out n factor and all so this reaction you must know balanced reaction is C2O42 minus plus MNO4 minus plus 16 H plus converts into CO2 plus MN plus 2 H2O this is what we get so this reaction you must remember it's not like in for this chapter it is important for to calculate n factor and all also this plot is important okay now this is for all these acid radicals we are done okay now few basic radicals we'll see right on the heading basic radicals similarly like we did acidic radicals acid radicals where we have different ions present okay so here we have one second okay so different types of anions for that so here we have different cations correct basic radicals they're like we have some preliminary test okay preliminary examination basic radicals also we have some preliminary examination okay so what are they so write down the preliminary test we have or preliminary examination for basic radicals the first thing we have here is again color change in color okay so I'll write down here okay this only will if you have cupric salt cupric salt we can conclude that the color is blue here for cupric salt if you have green let's say no if you talk about hydrated copper salts hydrated copper salts it can be green or blue also green or blue also anhydrous if you take anhydrous copper salt then it is deep blue ferrous salt is light green light green ferric salt is yellow or brown salt is yellow or brown so you've written anhydrous copper salt is deep blue but isn't white is it white yes sir anhydrous cus of all is white white crystals then let me cross check because I have written here deep blue okay you copy this down I'll just cross check this one's anhydrous right yes yes anhydrous copper salt anhydrous copper salt when it it's hydrated no yeah it's wrong written over here correct hydrated one is blue and hydrous this blue color is because of the water molecule so this one is colorless or white you can write okay it's wrong written over here yeah right so ferric salt is yellow or brown one more we have in this some elements their salt is colorless right so these are light down here colorless salt so if you have salt of potassium salt of lead calcium strontium we have a lot in this I'm just giving you some important one here potassium lead calcium strontium barium and NH4 plus for all these salts it is colorless see basic radicals we can also differentiate or you know detect on the basis of their density like if it is heavy then it heavy then it is salt of lead or barium light or fluffy powder then it is carbonate of zinc magnesium and aluminum I'll write down first you go with this down all of you done on the basis of density how do we uh and obviously all we cannot do so if you have the salt is heavy then it is most probably the salt of lead or barium if it is light or fluffy powder then it is carbonates of zinc magnesium and aluminum if it is moderate means it is neither light not heavy in between these two so I don't neither light not heavy then it could be the salt of it could be the salt of lead barium aluminum magnesium calcium okay there's a change here here only just keep this in mind lead barium aluminum magnesium calcium salt may be absent so it's not confirmed but it is possible that these salts are not there mostly not an important one but keep that in mind if it is heavy then these salts are there light or fluffy these salts but if it is in between these two then maybe we can ignore the possibility of these salts obviously it is not confirmed but yes we have a point over here some of them are overlapping yeah that's why it is because you know it's it's not fixed for all these things right here you see magnesium also we have here that's why I've written here may be absent right because it could be you know because the definite range is not defined no like to what extent after what point it will be considered as heavy you know salt or light salt it is not defined that's why I said it is not that important but when you have the moderate range density we have then it may or may not be these salts it can go towards the light side of this magnesium aluminum maybe here also but we cannot you know say anything over here sometimes what happens they will ask questions on this like obviously we are not sure like for some metal it is possible or some metal it is not possible but maybe sometimes they ask this question that based on the density what all metal salts we cannot you know detect right or we cannot find out so for that kind of question just to keep this in mind obviously magnesium here also aluminum here also because the range is not defined over here okay so it's not you know a great method to examine the mixture which is given like what salt is present into this but yes for few metals it is fine it is true so that's why we have this okay now there are a few tests we have in this okay you must have heard the name that is flame test right borax bait test we have so these two we'll see right on the first one flame test since it is you know basic radicals right we are using here HCL in this process what happens we'll put some HCL and we have a platinum wire that will dip into the concentrated HCL and will heat this in non-luminous flame okay so we'll have the arrangement over here but I will tell you what we do in this particular test procedure is not that important but what metal gives what color in flame test that is important here right so we have few ions I'll write down here so we have metal ion draw this column we have metal ion and we have color through blue glass if you see the solution with the blue glass then you will have a different color and with naked eye you will have a different color so both I'll write down okay if this blue glass is not mentioned we'll go for this right this session so if you have Cu2 plus then true blue glass it looks blue screen with naked eye it looks dark green k plus is pink here it is pink violet Ca2 plus is light green here light green this is here brick red this one is important brick red once they've asked this if you have Ba2 plus then it is blueish green blueish green and here it is grassy green grassy green strontium is purple and this one is crimson red crimson red we also call it as deep red these are the colors we have so basically we have a we have a you know platinum wire we use in this concentrated scl right and we take this concentrated scl in a china dish in which we put the mixture which we need to examine right we would we put the mixture into that and then we moisten the mixture with the help of scl right with the help of scl concentrated scl we moisten the mixture right and then we'll heat this we get the metal chloride that metal chloride we used to observe in or we heat in bunsen flame okay we heat this in bunsen flame and then through the blue glass or naked eye we observe the color which we get this so procedure is not important they ask only color for this like in flame taste bottle ions gives what color kind of yes you can say coupling what's the point of seeing the blue glass see the thing is when the test was going on right so usually what happens naked eye we don't you know you know like the preference is we always use some glass in the left in general right so there is not any defined way why we are using blue blue glass over here but the glass that we use there in the lab for this maybe why we're using blue glass maybe the reason is based on the study the kind of wavelength that reflects here you know it may affect the you know the eyes and other things so for that thing we are using generally blue glass in the lab not always we can use some other things also but when we use different color glass obviously the color of the you know if you simply if you use some goggles also right the film that we have on the glass because of that the color of the surroundings changes right so there is no any defined purpose for blue glass okay usually what happens in the lab when we have this test we'll be using blue glass only so because of that the color observed is this that's why in the exam I have never seen this question that they asked in the exam what happens what will will be the color when we see through the blue glass there's no point of this actually okay they simply ask this question that the color of one particular ion in the flame test is always the answer with this that take it right so there's a defined purpose for blue glass okay color change obviously will be there whenever you have a glass they're using some goggles or anything it will change us around the reflection and all right so that's how the thing is okay so one thing you must take care here when we put concentrated HCl right and the platinum wire in concentrated HCl that you dip like and we heat it in non-luminous flame right if it imparts any color to the flame we repeat the same process again and again right so basically we take HCl in china dish we put some you know HCl into it we immerse platinum wire into this and the mixture that we take we heat that mixture in china dish that this will be properly dried otherwise there will be some reaction so when we heat this in non-luminous flame it imparts the mixture that you are taking it imparts certain color to the flame we repeat this process again and again until the color is no longer visible right until the color is no longer visible then what happens we will be like we'll wash the the apparatus that we are using that china dish that we have and we place a fresh mixture of the same compound that we have and HCl into that and we again heat this to the bunch in flame okay the mixture should be moistened with HCl right and then we'll observe this with naked eye and with the blue glass right so blue glass like I said there is no any defined purpose for this and we observe these discolored so like I said the processor is not important you need to know the ions and their colors in this test understood this so there is you know two more tests we have that I think you need to do I will tell you what all things and all these tests you need to know the color of the complex that you are getting correct so the test is I'll write down here you can go through on your but we have we have done enough in this particular chapter one test you must do that is borax bead test okay three four tests I wanted to do but we do not have time now borax bead you can do the color you need to memorize here one more we have that is cobalt nitrate test cobalt nitrate test okay till now the important one are flame test and borax bead okay all this you they have asked questions sometimes people okay cobalt nitrate and the last one is microcosmic salt bead test right so these three tests you finished on your own right any book if you have you can refer that or if you want notes I can provide on this okay these three tests and this the chapter is almost done okay we have many things in this but yes for you know men's level and we have done enough of it a few things are there that you can I think go through on your own if you want I can provide you the notes on this fine guys understood okay yeah what's on the group sorry so can you just send the notes on the group yeah this one I'll send for sure yes and you want notes for this also no sir like I mean the extra chapter like this chapter as such full chapter yeah yeah I will share that I have I will definitely have some pdfs for this okay I will share that because I didn't find it in like the book I have the books I have the book you can go through but in the book there are so many things written okay so you won't understand the important point if you have some notes or some coaching institutes material if you have and they have given especially for these have there you know precise notes yeah whatever you need that is written over there okay I will I will definitely have few notes on this I have to check okay so we'll provide you that notes okay just go through them okay so next class guys we'll be having crash course on mole concept mole concept and atomic structure okay we'll have two sessions for this correct if you look at the planet mole concept we will do everything it's not like only molarity molarity tail we'll do n factor normality everything will cover here only we'll finish everything correct so we have two sessions both chapter will finish fine so come prepare for this theory you can revise and you can come for this yeah everything is as per plan whatever planner we have shared no we'll go according to that only so you can stick to that plan for every class okay yeah thank you so much guys take care bye thank you sir thank you sir