 So, I will continue with some little bit of actual writing now with all that you grew as told in the morning. This is again one way to organize your writing, this is not the only way. So, this is based on one organized way of writing the putting the contents. What we will do today is I hope all of you have done some project or the other. So, many of your PhDs, masters project you have done, want you to take one of those projects and we are going to write a quick kind of summary of the project. So, that is what the goal of this exercise is and we will try to reinforce what we learn so far and put that in this framework. So, as we saw before these scientific method has got these steps, there is an observation based on the observation you come up with a question, which is the question that you are answering in your work. So, formulating a question itself with this difficult thing but let us say you have done that and then you go to the literature see read what has been done before in that area. If it is already been solved, if it has not been solved, what are the some related information? So, that is the literature and then you come up with a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a guess answer, it is an answer but it is a guess answer to the question. So far it is only a guess answer unless you prove it by some independent means. So, till now this is just a guess answer. Now let us say the exercise that we are doing now is not after you have completed your work. As Guru said you start you write you write every day and very importantly you write before actually you do the work, I repeat. You write what question, you write what is the hypothesis that you think could be you do not know whether it is true and if that is true what is the test that you should do not that this is the test I did. It is very very important to begin your research work or development work any work by writing out these things except that it is all tentative. At the end of say one year or six months of project all these things will get finalized but even before do the work you should start writing so that is what we will begin with. Now how do we begin as I said we need to write this in the form of a question and an answer. Just as when you read a paper that day you wrote it as a question and a question has got a topic, the question and its significance similarly the answer is the claim, reason and evidence. Now when you read it from somebody, somebody's paper that is they have already completed the work so that time all these things were clear but now you have not completed the work you have just started where are you you are here, you are just at the observation and you have to formulate a question you need to write all of these things. How do you write all of these things before you complete before even begin the work and it is important to do that because this is what is going to guide you what to do. I will take a simple example let us say I have got one door on that side I have got one door on that side there are two doors behind one door there is a treasure there is behind one of these doors there is a treasure that is the observation that I have been told that there is a treasure behind one of these doors. So my question is where is the treasure? Now based on some literature or some understanding I will take a guess that the treasure is behind that door is my hypothesis is my guess at the moment I have not proved it. Now if this guess is true how do I execute and reach there then you will say if my if the hypothesis is this I take step one I take step two then I do this then I do this then I reach there and you go and open the door it is there or it is not there. So then your hypothesis is failed or correct. So very similarly any project that you undertake even before you start working you need to have a sense of where you are going and the sense of what to do tomorrow what to do next week what to do next month will come only if you have a guess answer if you do not have a guess answer you do not know where to go. If I do not take a guess that it is one of it is behind that I may just go somewhere else I need to take a guess to establish a goal and that goal is this hypothesis of the claim and to establish that I say if it was there I will follow these steps that is I will do these set of experiments to get to that or I will do solve these equations to get to that and so on. So all this is to be done every day so today you do something you get maybe you get some test which already shows that it is not there you have to revisit and change your hypothesis already. So that is why it is important to write every day so get to write like this almost every day that you do your work. So now let us map these things to this question question is this that is straight forward the literature is something which gives you the reason for your claim. So your hypothesis is the actual claim that you think that it is there why do you think it is there because I know from my previous knowledge that that road is not accessible people can only come there something like that some logic that you use why it could be there so that comes from your previous knowledge this is literature that is the reason and then your claim now your claim is not yet a claim because you have not yet proved it once you have finished your work which is after one year the claim is a claim but now what is it? It is simply a guess it is as good as just a plain guess but it is not a random guess it is a calculated guess from your literature. So the reason comes why do you think it is there I think there because I know that these things are true therefore it could be there could be is very important it is very because we are doing the research now we are going to start our work now we do not know where it is going to be anytime our hypothesis can fail anytime while going through this we might discover more information that our hypothesis fails so every time we need to be aware that it is only a tentative claim a tentative guess it is not the final claim but it is important to write it down. So if this is the claim how do I prove it what is the sequence of steps I should take what is the sequence of experiments that I should do what are the measurements I should make which population I should consider what kind of questions I should ask survey all of these things will form the possible evidence just as claim is a guess evidence is what is the possible evidence I should collect so now when now you are very clear I know that I might be I will be going that side so that is a possible hypothesis for my possible hypothesis these are the possible evidence that I should gather so that all these things have to be written down before you start. Now what we will do is to carry out this exercise for some project that you have already done just rewind yourself to beginning of that project work at that time there was a question and then you have to propose a working answer this is called a working answer or tentative hypothesis that it is possibly there so this tentative solutions you write it in detail so first of all you have to define for yourself what the observation was clearly write this is the observation and therefore this is the question so write that clearly then I will probably ask you to come here and tell what the observation was and what is the question now the question is defined what is the tentative solution and then as I said what evidence possible evidence you have to gather because you are not started yet what possible evidence you have to carry and basically that should be ready that it could be wrong so yes let us do that now for the moment now just take what I will tell you later let us just do the first two steps now so please take any project that you have worked on could be a search project it could be a six month short project anything so you take that and define that this is the observation and this is the research question that you want to address so please write that and then write a tentative answer so just write it in one quarter of the page very small please write that in one quarter of the page and then we will tell you what is the remaining things about so observation question and based on some previous knowledge you come up with a claim which is your tentative hypothesis if anybody has finished please raise your hands up we can so I just want you to stop but observation question and a possible sir it has been observed that public sector banks have lacked in providing service to clients and this has led to declining relationship with clients okay public sector banks okay I think your observation is the decline in relationship with clients is that the observation or they have already concluded that it is because of this have have lacked in providing service to clients okay this is my observation okay now what is the question question is has it led to a declining relationship or will this poor service lead to a loss of customer base okay now so the question is the observation is there is the loss of customer customer base no no there is a poor service poor service in terms of not responding to clients doubts or probably what I am not clear because you told both the things are the first sentence you said that there is poor service as well as decline I added that actually the okay so you need to be clear so because is it is the observation that with regard to service that banks are rendering it's poor now it can be two things both are possible that the relation this the customer base is declining okay customer base of a particular blank is declining is the observation okay now the question is why is it declining why is the question now your hypothesis can be it is because of poor customer support that could be hypothesis that need not be an observation okay reverse it the way I started off so if you reverse it you have already measured that there is poor service which is observation but you don't know whether there is a declining in customer base yeah okay which is also okay so then you need to and what is the tentative claim now so you are asking is does customer base depend on service quality okay so what is your hypothesis hypothesis service quality does not affect the consumer base so that is your claim tentative claim your tentative claim says that the service quality does not affect the consumer base correct yeah right so you have got a claim till now but this one should have been based on some previous knowledge okay so let's say you are taking look at only say canra bank or say state bank one bank maybe you have literature from foreign banks which have made a study and you want to replicate for Indian banks alright yeah okay so we'll stop that we'll take something else and come to the next step yes anybody else you can raise your hands and yeah my name is GP saw who my area is MIS management information system so the topic that I am thinking is related to MIS only and the observation is that only 15% of the e-governance projects are successfully implemented in developing country and this I'm of course referring one literature that's right so this is the observation yeah this is the observation that only 15% of the projects are successfully implemented 35% partially implemented and 50% of the projects are not implemented so what is the question the observation no my question is that I need to identify the factors which are no responsible for non not successful implementation of the projects okay so state the question as a question what are the factors responsible for non successful implementation of successful implementation of e-governance now this is the question what are the factors therefore the answer should be or the claim should be the guess should be the it should start with the factors are possibly blah blah blah okay I'll frame accordingly the no the regions or the answer is the possible factors for non implementation of e-governance project successfully maybe resistance to change management resistance to change maybe one providing appropriate training then trust on the system each of you let's take some so the question was what are the factors the answer should be the possible factors are okay because now it is tentative he is just beginning his project so it's tentative that's fine so we will come to that so I presume that these answers are coming from some previous knowledge that you have some in something that says some literature that says that these both are related and therefore you're bringing that knowledge in some other domain to this domain something of that sort correct hypothesis yeah no so this is your hypothesis your hypothesis is your answer your tentative claim is your hypothesis you have not yet proved you're just starting your research yes hello sir I'm Kidhan Amin from UV Patel College of Engineering Gujarat my area is like data mining in computer science the observation is to find a sequential data using a clustering technique in data mining in retail industry no this is not observation actually the observation is like the data patterns are various available where we are observing on the sequential sequence of the data so that we are observing on that particular data no the observation is not quite clear unless you have an observation then you need to formulate a question based on that observation okay so let's have one more from electrical or computer science sir my colleague is there okay yeah you have got one your background is from electrical engineering okay yes my observation is in mp there is an heavy like huge hydro resources and that reflects in hydropower installed capacity of this state also but is still the power generation through thermal power plant is more okay so this is my although there is a lot of hydropower possible the thermal is more generation through thermal is more my question then my question is what kind of operation policy that we should evolve so that the maximum water resources of the river can be utilized yeah what are the policies that has to be adapted for improving the percentage of water based things and my hypothesis there may be an possible reason one is improper management of the hydro resources no your answer hypothesis not answering your question possible reasons i am telling you didn't say possible reasons okay your question was how do you improve okay if the question was what are the reasons then possible reasons are one thing what are the so that's what i'm saying your question is need not be fixed you need to match your question and answer always okay okay you don't start with one question and answer something else if you answer something else formulate a question which will be a question for that okay so if your if your hypothesis is the possible reasons are this this this the question should be what are the reasons for low utilization of hydro resources okay so that should be the question okay the possible reasons are in proper management of the hydro resources other requirements from the hydro power plant as they are multi-purpose projects so maybe irrigation requirements and others are the more priority less efficient use of less efficient machineries so let's let's some points like this okay so we'll stop at that point English okay yes please I'm Yashankar Akmar from PSG College of Technology Koyampathur the observation is the engineering students perform very poorly in reading comprehension tests so the possible question is that what are the different factors affecting the reading comprehension skills and the hypothesis developed okay the different strategies such as a lack of reading skills or family background or the learning habit and your question was the guess guess is what are the what are the factors affecting the reading comprehension skills okay so you are saying family background but why does that reflect to engineering students family background especially the people who have joined from a rural background and their reading habits are very poor okay so no no when you propose a possible claim that claim should be based on some reason right now this reason does it really say the question was engineering students lack reading comprehension skills engineering students lack reading skills so the answer to that should be engineering students lack reading skills because blah blah blah that blah blah blah should be related to something of engineering okay not just but you are saying why do people if this age lack engineering skills then you can bring family background but family background is not exactly related to this right so you modify and okay match question and answer yes each so I'll check probably one more from mechanical sciences or basic sciences sir I am from production engineering department production engineering yes please sir I am Nagesh from production engineering department so the observation made is different levels of energy efficiency is absorbed in micro small and medium enterprises in foundry industry okay so this is the observation the question question is why does energy efficiency varies within MSME cluster okay so the proposed hypothesis is a set of technical and non-technological factors influence I have that list okay fair enough that's fine so it's clearly there is a question and the answer is directly answers this so anybody from basic sciences sir I'm talking about the question you just asked yeah so there are section of students who are coming late to college so the thing is that what could the reason be for they are coming too late right so the thing is the claim part where maybe there is a water logging problem in that area so those are the students who come late that way I mean that may be one possible reason like okay no I just want something from basic sciences in the sense that some research question people have done yes please hello sir I am working on nano crystalline material yeah so my observation is that material which are found to be diametric magnetic in their bulk form they found to be ferromagnetic in their nano crystalline form okay so this is what this is what is the observation and then out the question why there is change in this magnetic behavior when bulk from nano crystalline perfect and until now large large number of literature work is going on on this topic that's right so what is the possible what is your what is your take on what is it guess why does it happen the hypothesis behind this is that there this there may be due to presence presence of capping agent on the material may affect the behavior this is this is the hypothesis just well let's stop there so I think we have got a reasonable breadth of questions so the essential point is that you need to match the question to the answer and the answer which is in your domain you know why because of some reason that is the answer okay now now let's go to the next step next step is evidence so now it is what is a possible evidence that you need to gather okay what are the possible evidence that you need to gather to show that your claim is true which is this okay if this claim is explains if this hypothesis explains observation it also should explain something else okay from the scientific method if hypothesis explains observation hypothesis should explain something else also what is that so what is the evidence that you need to gather okay so spend next five minutes take any one particular claim you might have a list of claims okay you have a list of claim we'll come to handling a list of claims now just take one claim okay if you have multiple factors just take one factor for this factor to be true what are the possible evidence that you need to gather okay so please write that down in next five minutes what are the possible evidence that you need to gather either by experiment or by conducting a survey or by solving a equation whatever so quickly tell your observation question claim and possible evidence okay sir my observation is rural students perform poorly in English rural students perform poorly in English so my question is what are the reasons behind this poor performance in English so my hypothesis is it is due to the less exposure of English and fear of English my evidence is I can possible evidence so make possible evidence I can give you by checking the score of students in the examination especially related to the no what was the claim what was it poor because of because of less exposure of English and fear of English okay so less exposure and fear how will you measure it by exam marks yes exam marks is basically saying they're poor in English that is your that just reinforces your observation that they have poor exam marks is basically reinforcing your observation that's not a new evidence that is the evidence somebody else had gathered and you're using but now for your claim to be true you should show what did you say exposure and fear so you should show evidence which can measure exposure and relate it to the mark or no no no let's say you have said exposure and fear are the two things let's say that are the possible we don't know there are other things but if exposure is true then you have to measure exposure some way and relate it to marks similarly you have to measure fear some way and relate it to marks so that will be your possible set of experiments that you need to do okay higher education system is to serve the purpose of imparting knowledge skills and hands-on experience to the graduate students but in doing so it has been found the conventional teacher-centric methods have failed in giving training in in interpersonal skills to the graduate students so why this has been observed this is my observation and in such situations the collaborative methods like group discussion will help in training engineering students in interpersonal skills so your claim is that your group discussions okay or collaborative things like group discussions will improve interpersonal skills they're interpersonal so what is the possible evidence that you should take maybe we can conduct the gd by giving a topic and make them involved in that you're talking about a generic phenomena that is happening over many things not for your college alone so you should need to gather lot of experiments where in colleges where they have gd their students their teachers coming out of that college are better in colleges where they don't have gd the students coming out are poor something of that sort it should be a generic okay then i need to narrow down my you know that approach and focus on skill-based subjects like communication skills okay fine now we'll just continue what i'm going to tell you is one way to organize work so one thing that has come out from here which reiterates what guru said in the morning two things one is write every day and then writing makes your thoughts even clearer right now for example just by even before doing your work you're writing okay the first thing why because it makes your thoughts clearer now when you write this and then let's say you present it to your colleagues like the way you presented to this audience people can question you no this is not related so then your thoughts become even more clear you say that okay i should refine my question or i should refine my claim or i should say that okay this experiments will not work i have to find some other evidence okay so that is the exact thing that happens by clearing your thoughts when you are doing writing even before you start doing the work okay so you're writing a mini paper now right this is like a mini paper something which you should have done after the work is over but you're not doing that you should start doing it before you actually do that because that is going to guide your thoughts to be more precise and more clear in where to go in your day to day like what do i do tomorrow right how do you answer that question some of these things you make clear okay i know that these things doesn't work so these are the things i should go and try so that is why writing is so important in clarifying thoughts to yourself it also helps if you present to somebody else and get it clarified but first to yourself okay now what i'm going to tell you is one method to organize all these thoughts like for example so Ganesh had a question what are the different factors okay so he had three or four factors now she also had some four or five factors for idle power so what you do is what we call as building a storyboard okay this again one way to do it it's not the only way so a storyboard anybody heard of what storyboard is people from storyboarding how do you write stories storyboarding in they typically where do you use storyboarding animation basically in in movie making people use storyboard so this concept of storyboard has been this is again from that book yesterday i mentioned is a craft of research by the chicago group so they bring this to you say that we could also use some of this concept and that's what i'm going to tell you so you create a storyboard like this a storyboard is basically a collection of cards okay like a movie has got a story as he said rama came they went to forest ravana all that kill over that's a very small story right but there is something called a screenplay what's the screenplay the exact sequence in which you present these facts anybody has seen the movie uh pulp fiction you will not understand the movie if you watch it once okay because the movie is not played linearly the story is linear okay not one scene one set of scenes is placed in a linear way the way it has been placed is completely random but you seem as though you where you started off with that's where it ends okay suppose in a normal film rama was born he became big and went to king then little abkhusha is born also linear sequence but this movie starts at one point of time ends at the same point of time okay so the story is actually very simple okay again the story is where the screenplay is what makes things little more attractive about this so similarly when you are writing a creative work you can present in a linear way you can present in some creative way so storyboarding is typically used in creative arts where they write that these are the different parts of the story if I put this in this sequence it sounds interesting okay so what I am going to tell you is not how a particular thing will be interesting that is up to you one thing that we could learn is what are the techniques used by these artists to make things interesting so they use this method called as storyboarding in storyboarding you place independent facts as one card each is one card okay and then finally when you are ready to write the I mean when you write the paper of course you have been writing bits and portions of the paper but when you are when you see that okay if I present this facts in a particular sequence it sounds more interesting you might have done a particular experiment one and then experiment two three four five does not mean that if you present historically the way it was done in your lab not necessarily you could present something which is most interesting first okay or present the most boring thing first and keep the end very exciting whatever it is so that is a creative part I cannot tell anything about that but this is a method you can use to mix and match as artists or artists do so what do we do so for each topic okay remember TQS topic question significance claim reason evidence for each topic you have one card which writes the question on the top so it is a collection of the A4 size papers or half of A4 so write the question on the top and write what are the possible answers okay so let suppose somebody says what are the factors list the factors one two three now for each of this claim why do you think it is the reason for claim one you have a reason and if this claim is true what are the possible evidence that you should gather that is card one similarly for card two card three for each of this claims now at the end for this beginning of your research right end you will find some of them are true some of them are false but still they have a value even if a failed hypothesis is of value why is the failed hypothesis of value you do an experiment it failed why is it of value no that is true but it is of a value that you need to tell others yeah that is one way to not do it yeah so basically if you think of a possible answer okay at the beginning of your research that this could be a possible answer in your domain there will be thousand other people who would have thought the same thing so you are helping others to eliminate it okay so every failed hypothesis is also as good thing to be communicated so you have to list down all the possible things that you thought could be a thing okay even if ten of them fail and only one succeed it is very important to communicate all ten of them all right so that is why this thing that okay I thought this could be a possible claim this could be a possible answer and I did the following experiments and it failed therefore this is not true and therefore and therefore and all those things so now you have a sequence of each thing is a unit right each thing is a unit and then later you mix and match that is up to you how do you want to present either you present logically or you present chronologically or make most interesting first most interesting legs either way that is up to you okay and then a final thing which is not ready now okay the final thing will be ready after you have finished the work now this is things which are at the beginning a beginning a tentative answer a possible answer a guess later at the end of the year becomes your claim the final claim that you have as a claim to this question that becomes the only claim that remain or one or two things that are remaining and you are you are taking guess why is it so I think it is so because of this possible reason but you might discover that that may not be the reason but ultimately the one which survives you will find a reason so guess becomes a reason and a possible evidence becomes the actual evidence because you have completed the exercise by now and then you write one final conclusion so each paper is consisting of these individual cards individual packets of information how you put them it is your creative work but these are the things that has to go okay so this is one way to organize your work before you start the work you're doing the work and after you complete the work okay so when you start to write a paper you already have all these facts right all these cards facts are always there now when you want to write a paper you put everything together a few things few suggestions are as follows you start with an introduction introduction is one portion of the paper which you write twice not one first time you write it is for yourself okay it is for you to guide your writing of how you're going to present these facts you have gathered the storyboard you say okay I'm going to present it this order you have some order in mind that order you put it in introduction okay so that will actually the first time you write introduction that is for you you write an introduction which will guide you to write the other portions of the paper okay then after you finished everything reasonably one or two drafts it has gone through corrections and all then you come back now that would have taken a nice structure now which may not be what you started off within your introduction now you write an introduction for the readers remember when you read the paper you read the abstract introduction and conclusions the first pass now you would expect that anybody else also would do the same thing so therefore you need to bring out the story or the suspense or whatever it is that you want to convey in the introduction for the readers first time you write for yourself second time for the reader how do you start to write an introduction with a current situation what is the background in a sense and but your question you say that something is wrong everything is known but something is not working it's like a disruptive question you ask okay so we know all these things but this is not known and then you explain the question significant and if possible you also give a hint to the answer if not the actual answer you give a hint to the answer so people who are reading your work just by reading abstract and introduction get a complete picture of they don't they may not know the details just like you didn't want to know the details the three papers I gave you yesterday you didn't want to know the details in the first 10 minutes but you wanted to get a gist of what's happening similarly you want to give a gist give them the question also give an answer or at least a gist of the answer okay and then you need to write use keywords okay typically keywords are the ones that unites the paper and you use the same set of keywords throughout from the introduction abstract and conclusion even if they are synonyms don't use synonyms okay for example don't use variations of a word you know one particular thing I don't know what I am not getting a quick example that everybody can understand so okay maybe procedure and method are synonyms right so in one place you tell a procedure to drop this and some other place you say method to drop this although it's technically the same but try to use the same word consistently throughout okay because procedure method is a very trivial thing but when it comes to technical thing there are several things which look similar but people who are reading it for the first time may not think so so don't use words which are synonyms differently at different places if you want use in bracket and reiterate in couple of places but never use it independently in at least in abstract introduction and conclusion inside it's okay but people who are reading it for the first time should not get confused that okay you're doing two three or four different things while you're actually probably doing only one you've just stated different technical words for it okay so once you have done with one or two of this when you are going through a final coming to a final draft you have to rewrite the introduction and now you have to rewrite for a audience not for yourself so I will just quickly write and your claim should be restated in a simple language in the conclusion again so ensure keywords are included and the title of your paper although you might write a preliminary title at the beginning the title of the paper is the last thing you have to write okay it's a because now you know the full structure even that might go usually what happens we decide on one title you send the paper for public publication reviewers come with some comment then you start working on something else then you have included you modified the character of the paper you must consider rewriting the title okay because title is the first thing to be read and title is one thing which you should summarize in a very beautiful and crisp way that not only captures attention but also brings out the chief contributions of this paper it's not a general thing right what are the key contribution of this paper that should come out in the title so that is usually written last okay so again the books I have used are both from this Chicago group both of them Indian editions are available you can consult them okay so the reason I'm what I'm going to motivate here in the next five minutes is why we need to use little sophisticated documentation systems rather than the simple word based systems okay a brief history of what many of you will not have this as a problem most of us would have seen typesetting in our previous ages right but current students probably have not even heard of what typesetting is okay for them typesetting is only on a computer now the history is as follows so the computerized typesetting came sometime in late 70s when a mathematician called Noot had actually spent a lot at least many number of PhDs who are working with him to work on the algorithms of typesetting okay so these are all detailed PhD thesis which came out as of what we know as latex now okay so something like how to break lines and pages this is a mathematical problem okay it's not so this was all an art so far so till 70s it was an art people used to insert the spaces and then create for that everything comes neatly right all that was an art till 70s when he worked on all this algorithms in fact he came out with typeface designs and so on okay so it's one that started off like this now you have several languages known as markup languages sgml is the one which is used in industry level okay in publication industry they use sgml and at the at the layman level you have this microsoft office open office and so on okay now latex documentation system is in between these both okay while it allows professional quality that comes out of this okay it also gives you some convenience of other software because these things are industrial standards cannot be used by layman like us right so basically there are two ways of formatting any content one is known as markup other is called as busy week markup is something like this that you tell what it should be you say that type this scientific documentation is a title introduction is a section or in html markup you say that and today should come as h1 this is a paragraph and so on this is called as marking up so you tell what should appear as that you tell what is the nature of that object you don't tell that it should be 16 point bold okay you don't tell title is 16 point bold you don't tell that here that's the difference between markup and sgml whereas in busy week you know what busy week what you see is what you get basically whatever you type and see on the screen that's directly printed out that's how it will be but here it's not like that text is annotated you give annotations to text like this so there are advantages and disadvantages of this in markup what happens is you are we are all content providers okay when I write a paper I tell what should be the title what should be the chapter title what should be the section heading what should be the abstract and so on I am not a professional typesetter okay like in the previous years what happened you wrote it in paper and gave it to your printing press they will compose it and give it to you okay but now with the convenience of word we think we are all great typesetter designers and we put all sorts of fonts colors any bold faces arbitrarily okay that that has made the quality of publications very poor okay which is one reason that at least in IIT we insist many of our many of the departments insist that they should use one of this professional quality markups rather than just word so with word there is so much convenience of so much flexibility people just forget the aesthetics of a document okay so what markup does is basically you outsource the typesetting to somebody else the designer takes care of it whereas in word you have to do all those things yourself although it is possible but it is so convenient that people simply say bold 15 point and just leave it there okay there is a lot of convenience which people do not know why something has to be done that way but whereas in markup you just do not have the flexibility design is done by somebody else you just use that design and say that okay this has to come like this I will as a content provider I only tell which should be the title which should be section heading the designer will tell whether it should be 16 point bold or some other designer will say it will be 14 point italic okay that is not my job my job is to provide a good scientific document how it should appear is a professional job done by somebody else and latex provides you that professionalism any document that you see that's made in latex has got this professionalism in it okay so this is something like the time it takes to make a document so this is a simplest document this is most complex document simplest document like a one page letter then letter article or technical report thesis report book and multi part book means there are several volumes in a book and here I have just put the rough number of hours it takes to do these things using latex and some visibic software so as you see this dark line is visibic and one page essay you can do less than an hour provide the content is there but in latex it may take 4 to 5 years if you are doing for the first time once you are used to it it is okay but otherwise it takes you might make some mistakes and so on but once it comes to somewhere an article the amount of effort that goes into correcting a word document where you have figures flying off table going to something else page numbers not coming reference not coming there is so much unnecessary time which is not your duty to bother about okay so which is why we insist that beyond certain point beyond this letter kind of point you remember this is in the logarithmic scale something which will take an article which will take let us say the article is completely ready okay it is not that you are changing the article let us say article is ready you are just putting it in electronic form now putting in electronic form in word and getting it right for an article will easily take few days whereas in latex it is hardly a day or two you just need to type it and say what has to come where and if you have little exposure to the because it is basically programming language and people who are not familiar with programming languages find it difficult which is one sad thing because usually we see this used only in people who have exposed to some level of programming they made some small mistake but it is not very difficult to learn so what I will do is I will take a quick survey if this thing will be useful you think will be useful then we will have we will not have a detailed workshop module it is difficult but I will certainly have a small module in the online part where people can do some small exercises and come so do you think this is of use no the problem with including in the face to face session is they need to bring computer where something is installed while I will give instructions to do that we will give instruction in fact the reason I had asked you to bring laptops is for this session but unfortunately we we did not have time to do that okay I will give you instructions once you go back I will put up the instruction what what is the for each of windows and linux there are small things that are available which you can download and quickly do it I will provide all that but you can decide whether you want to do it for face to face or not okay so it is 330 we will stop here now