 Dear learners, welcome to Krishnakata Hondiquist State Open University. Today we are going to discuss on an important topic of the mass communication discipline. All the learners should know on this issue, that is, how to be a good communicator. We are very happy to have with us today two eminent professors of the mass communication discipline of the country, Professor Ram Mohan Pathak and Professor Subha Surya. Professor Ram Mohan Pathak is the director of Modern Mohan Malabbo Institute of Journalism, Mahatma Gandhi Kase Bityapit Baranasi and Professor Subha Surya is a professor of School of Journalism and New Media Studies, Indra Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. I heartily welcome Professor Pathak Sir and Professor Surya Sir to this program of Krishnakata Hondiquist State Open University. Before discussing on the main issue of this discussion program, we now look on the concept of communication. As you know, communication has always been one of the foundations of the development of human civilization. Any change or any development in the human world is closely associated with communication. In the wake of massive advances in the various areas of science and technology in recent times, communication has taken center stage in contemporary political, economic, social and cultural life. Communication has become one of the controlling mechanism in almost every areas of human life. We can say that it has become the fourth basic human need of the people, next only to the food, shelter and clothes. This is why it has become the necessary to understand the communication concepts and relate them to the contemporary human life. So, dear learners, at the very outset of this discussion program, we want to make your concept clear on what communication is. I would like to request Professor Dhulia Sir to say something on the concept of communication. Well, you see, communication is a foundation of human civilization because the civilization begins with the communication. Now communication is in every sphere, right from the family organization to the top of it, we communicate, all the time we are communicating. But for the programs of journalism that all of you are offering learners, I think this is very, very vast and huge area when we talk about communication. So, I would relate it to the journalism because news media is one of the very, very significant component of communication. News media is in a way news media is only a small component of the overall media industry. It's hardly seven or eight percent of the share of the media industry. But because news media is dealing with the political, the major chunk of political combination takes place through news media. That's why it is very critical, very crucial. Because it can influence the public opinion. It can influence the government policies and programs. So news media in a way is mediating between general public and the government. So it's a development of communication, communicating with the state organs and communicating with the common people. Now that's I think the fundamental that when we talk about communication that as a basic concept we know it very well that communication means there is a sender, there is a coding, there is a message, then there is a receiver. And in between there may be various kind of obstructions in terms of the mechanical noise, your television set is not working, it's faulty, there's no electricity. But second component, the socio-cultural barriers at times. For example, the kind of language that I'm using, I'm an accent, I'm using certain words, I may not be communicating with you. So that's where it's come the question of the socio-cultural advice. For example, the kind of English that is spoken in this part of the country, I think you can communicate very easily. But maybe my accent is not communicating the way you communicate on yourselves. Professor Dhulia sir has pointed out on the importance of communication in the socio-cultural context. Now I would like to request Professor Pathak sir to explain your views on the concept of communication. I think communication is like breathing in our life. Communication starts from the first breathing of the person. When a child is born, communication starts. And when a person is dead, I don't think that the communication comes to an end because it is an unending cyclical process going throughout the life. And after life what is there, it is still to be studied. It is a subject of study. We in Indian mythology, in Indian concept, we believe that even the child in the womb of a mother, he has the capacity to catch the signals, catch the communication process as it is described in Mahabharata. Mahabharata, the last of Mahabharata, the end of Mahabharata could have been else. If the mother of a woman was not slept, if she was awake, then communication would have completed and he would have gone out of that seventh gate which he could not break. And he died and the story of Mahabharata took a turn on that point. So communication is the basic need of our life. Who says we say bread, butter, employment, and housing that is shelter? Those are the basic needs. But how do we know? How one knows that what is roti? How roti is being prepared? How bread is being prepared? How the shelter we can make? I think the fruit which Adam and Eve ate, there is a story that Adam and Eve, though both of them were in a jungle and they suddenly got a fruit. It came down and they ate and they cried. We are naked. The sense of civilization, sense of wearing something that came out of that fruit, we in the field of communication must think over it that so far as I think it was not the simple fruit, simple apple. It was the information. It was the fruit of information which came to them, which they could understand. God knows the source. But authenticity of source we cannot prove. But I think that it was the input of information coming through communication from somewhere and they could understand that there is a need of kapala that is the clothing. Clothing of a man is there. So roti, kapala, makan means bread, clothing, and shelter. These are the basic needs. But moreover, the most significant and most important need is that of communication, better communication, better understanding, and better understanding makes a better civilized society. Professor Pataksha said that when a child born, the communication process starts. But when a person dead, the communication process does not end because it is a cyclic process. So dear learners, we have discussed on the concept of communication. Now we are going to discuss on the focus area of this discussion program, that is, how to be a good communicator. A good communication effort helps us immensely in influencing and winning over people, solving problems, building bridges among nations and societies. So let us discuss on the qualities of a good communicator to begin your journey in the field of mass communication. So I would like to ask Professor Dhulia first about the qualities to be a good communicator, sir. Well, we have briefly discussed that how to be a kind of effective communication, because how to make your message effective. So that means always you have your target audience in your mind. If you're a journalist or you are any kind of a communicator, you may be addressing mouse audiences, but you are dealing with a single person, because it is one single individual who is receiving your message. So first challenge is that when we are drafting a message for very, very huge audiences, thousands of the people, maybe lakhs of the people, then you are drafting a message for each individual, because they are not receiving it collectively. They are receiving individually. So I think the first quality of the communicator is that how you analyze your audience, how you have a very heterogeneous, very huge audience, how you analyze, work out a common message which will be effective for the entire audience, which is very, very huge. If you are working for a television news channel or a newspaper, you are fully aware that millions of the people are watching your message. Now, how to draft that message? That is, I think, the biggest challenge before a communicator. And that's where you need great amount of conceptual skills. You need great amount of the knowledge. You need great amount of the language skills. You need great amount of understanding of the content. If you are writing on some political subjects, then how you make that subject which can easily be understood? As a journalist, I think you are a journalist. You are a communicator, because you have ability to transform very complex kind of information into what we call the news format, that a common man can easily understand. Now, that's why you are a journalist. That's why you are a communicator. You are not a specialist, because a specialist will present very, very complex information, complex manner. Now, he's transferring the knowledge to a very, very small audience. You are journalist, because in a subject like very delicate and complex subject like economics, you are transforming that very complex and complicated information into a news format where you need great amount of the skills. And that news is being consumed by very common people, and they can understand it. That's where the biggest challenge of a communicator is journalism, that's where you have to develop professional skills. I have my firm belief, as Professor Dhulia has rightly said, that one must have command over two things. There are two major areas where we are to be absorbed when we come out of the education area as a student, as a professional. As a professional, one must have command over pen, as Professor Dhulia has very rightly said, that he must know how to write, what could be the framework, what could be the requirement of the audience. So pen, master of the pen, pen is mightier than sword. It's very old saying, but this pen might not be in the picture, because most of the works are being done by computers only. So pen and paperless newsroom concept has although come. But pen means the presentation, the command over language, command over written language. And another area is where anchors, most of the students come and ask, how can I become a successful anchor? So being a successful anchor, one must have command over language, spoken language, spoken words, command over spoken words. And weaving into the thread of that is called thinking, which are the opinion. So that is very well targeted within the framework of an incident or accident or some thing being organized there. So one has to weave it into the several things and to present is in an effective way. The second thing is we are in the age of news stories. From news to news stories, this journey of our news, the basic news, news is sacred, that's an old saying. But news now it is being put, it is being shown, it is being presented over radio and with so many effects, visual effects, visuals and sound effects, and visuals in print media also. But when we present it, we must keep it in mind what is required and the old thing is gone, that what is not to be shown, what is not to be made known to the public, to the audience. We are in the age when each and everything, most of the things within the framework of our ethics, we have to show, we have to show more and more because we are in the age of competition. So the news story must tell each and everything. 5W1H has been the concept, who, what, where, when, why and how. Now one more component has been added to whom, whom from both the sides, whom means these 5W1H and plus whom and to whom we are addressing, their need. We must assess the need. One must have the skill of assessing the need of the audience. What the audience needs? Suppose one TV channel shows one thing from another angle, another TV channel shows the same thing with another angle. So we have to visualize, we have to estimate, we have to assess the needs of the audience, target audience. So the target audience, one thing as Professor Dhulia has already said, the cognition level, we must understand the cognition level. Being a successful communicator, we must know what our audience can understand, what not. If we say something from the western culture and people are not aware, the bullfight might be that in the village areas they don't know, but the Spain people know what is bullfight. But our people may not know. So we have to be very much cautious while using the sentences, while making the language. Another thing, one very important thing that we must keep the general public's language in our mind. There cannot be an umbrella coverage language. A language covering the whole of the country like India cannot be possible. But nearest possible is the concept. We must use the nearest possible concept, nearest possible words which could be understood by so many people. Now we are very happy that not only Hindi, but English is accepting the regional language words. When there was a headline in the Times of India, what does it mean? A word from Punjabi has come to the English most respected newspaper's banner headline. So our words are also going there. That is because of the understanding of the communicator. Whosoever is writing there, whosoever is speaking there, one must understand that these words are becoming very much common, being used in so many languages in Hindi, English, Assamese and other things. Thank you sir. Dear learners, by this time we have discussed so many important issues, so many important topics of mass communication. Now we are going to discuss on an important, very important point in this program that is skill versus technology. Journalists should not be controlled by the technology. That is a very important topic of discussion. So I would like to request Professor Dhulia sir and Professor Pathok sir to say something on the issue of skill versus technology. There is a numerous expansion of media. Now there is market competition as you have pointed out. There are large number of new channels, new papers. And most importantly what Professor Pathok said is that the different kind of packages that are emerging. Different kind of effects that are being used. That technology is offering numerous options and then a journalist is packaging these in the different format depending on the nature of the subject. Now that is where I think technology on the one hand is becoming a bit important. And here I think a great amount of care has to be taken. That technology is being used by journalists. And a journalist is not being controlled by the technology because in some of the new channels I have observed that it's not very conceptual work but it has become very technical work. That means the entire technology you need only speed and that's it. That's why at times language is becoming casualty also. And another important point is that the language of your communication. There is a great amount of dynamism that is emerging in English language, in Hindi, in Assamese, in different languages. It's a very healthy tradition that we are picking up words from here and there developing a very, very communicable that means language. But again I think certain amount of precautions needs to be taken here. For example, there is a split and there is a nature of a language. So some words may fit in very, very effectively. For example, seminar is perfectly okay. It's far better than saying ghosty or some ghosty. So it can be adopted. But then again we have to take into consideration whether that world is really fitting in into that very nature. In Hindi, it's fitting into that. At times otherwise it's say obstruction in the communication because every language has a flow. When you write there is a flow. So don't choose the world which is obstructing that flow in the language because again that will be obstruction in the communication. But at the same time, this very healthy trend that we pick up words, we have picked up station, we have picked up schools, we have picked up meetings, seminars, a number of other words that we have picked up. So that is, it works both way I think. Yes sir. Thank you sir. I want to request Professor Pathok sir to say something about the skill and technology. Skills, as Professor Dhulia has already mentioned here, skills, the basic of this editorial or journalistic skill is that language. Command over language, it is that we are lacking. The new generation of the journalists, it is lacking. Yes. One thing, the other thing is in this competition, in this age of competition of knowing technology more than what we should know more and more, we are forgetting our basics of Indian journalism that is called the mission. What is this mission? Mission is to be true, to be truthful, fight for the cause. One concept was there, check, recheck and cross check. We are forgetting that. Whatever news source in our news portal, in our computer, in our mobile or where so ever, we are in a haste. Deadline is a very dangerous thing. One must be, it is said that no journalist sleeps, journalist never sleeps. So it is all right. But this dagger of deadline sometimes makes us apologize. Afterwards we see that there was nothing and we have no option than to apologize with the audience that it was a wrong thing. So one must be in haste. Journalism is really a literature in haste, but it is literature. Literature means sahit, sahit means in the interest of the society. So, so far as technology, time constraint and other things are there, we must keep it in mind that we have still to follow the rules of the earlier editors, great editors who were the mentors of our large, very respected democracy all over the world, that check, recheck and cross check. We must do it. Otherwise we will put our editor in trouble, ourselves in trouble, the reporter will be himself in trouble and his organization, his or her organization will also be in trouble. So this should be done. Technology, one is expected to know technology. There is no life without technology. But the basic things, the basic science, the pure science behind that, a little bit of that input must be known, how the camera works, what are the basic things there. Just one puts a camera on his or her shoulder and comes out and tries to become a very successful anchor. There are so many. But to study the effectiveness of technology, why people say that I am not a propagator of Discovery Channel, I am not getting anything from Discovery Channel, but the photography, the words, the language, the language component, presentation style, why it is supposed to be one of the best. So they have to work it. One has to work it because as our prime minister, the late prime minister said, there is no way out than to hard work. So being successful communicator means hard work. It is the success in the field of communication, in the field of journalism, is supposed to be hard work and risk. As in Hindi we say, it is talwaar kidhaar pe dhaavanoh hai. Means one has to run on the edges of the sword. So that is a very dangerous work, very risky work. It is not that we are known each and everywhere. So many people fold their hands before us. They pay respect. The respected editors have been. This is the 125th year of Pulitzer. Why Pulitzer is being remembered? Although he was the propagator of yellow journalism. Even then his contribution in so many other fields was also there. So he worked, he dedicated his life. So communication or journalism or journalist has another name that is dedication. One who has no sense of dedication, I think that he or she should not come to this profession to become a successful communicator. Personally, yes, sir. But the original point was skills in technology. That means who controls whom. Whether men control the technology or technology control the men. I think that has become very, very crucial the kind of proposition that we are practicing today. And I think we have to be very clear that what kind of skills are required for what. And totally we can say we need two kinds of skills. One is conceptual skills that we develop through the knowledge that we acquire. And knowledge, I think, that means that's what we are stressing upon is that is the foundation of whatever you do. Knowledge means when you acquire more knowledge, you develop your language as well. Because after all, you express your knowledge through the language, your knowledge. Now that's where when we say who controls whom, then if you are trained only in the second category of the skills, which we can say, technological skills. You know how to operate a computer. But you don't have knowledge. You don't have conceptual skills. That what kind of content that you are creating. Now, first is content. Content means your new story. And second is how you deliver it. For delivery, technical skills are required. But yes, both ways. But to create content, conceptual skills are required. Knowledge is required. So you have to combine these two things, conceptual skills and operational skills or technological skills. If you are conceptually strong, then you will control the technology. If you are conceptually poor and technologically very strong, then technology controls you. So now, if you have obtained a program in the field of journalism and mass communication, then what are the requirements in fact? We have been stressing upon the command over the language. Now, again, elaborating further, I think that three major component to become a good journalist and to become a good communicator as a journalist. But you have, first is that you have a content. Then you have to package that content. And then you have to deliver it. Now, what you need it, I would say, it's combination of knowledge, language, and the craft. Now, when I say craft, then I'm talking about these technological skills, these operational skills. When we say communication, then we are dealing with communication as science. When we say journalism, then we are dealing with the craft. Journalism as a craft. Now, that is very, very important that how you combine knowledge, language, and the craft. If it's only craft, then that's not enough. So if we take communication, that means when we say journalism and mass communication, and it plays the professor of journalism in the overall concept world of the mass communication, then that's where we must have adequate knowledge that what really is the world of mass communication. And when we place the journalism, mass communication means acquiring knowledge. Now, education and training. Most of the journalism programs are combination of education and training. Now, there is a stream for very, very critical of training. In fact, Popsi Raspar, who is a renowned educationist, once he told me that he's against training. He said he's against training. Because his training means you are closing the minds. You are training a person so that he can fit in the huge machine of new industry. That you train a dog. So training has to be combined with the education. Education is knowledge. And training is to become fit for a particular job. And it's extremely important that this knowledge, language, and craft has to be combined in a very, very rational manner. Otherwise, things go either this extreme or that extreme. Training is not enough. Education is very, very important. Imparting knowledge is important. Now, for example, if you are reporting press contents of the Prime Minister, he will be talking about all kinds of pursuits from mental security relations with the Pakistan nuclear deal. And if it's one hour press contents, then you can think of it that he will be touching upon every aspects of our natural life, our foreign policy. Now, how you, if you are TV journalist, then just after press contents, you are before the camera. You are talking to your audiences. How you pick up that what is the most important? Immediately after that, what Prime Minister said, in one hour, you are reporting in, say, 30 seconds your opening sentence. Now, you evaluate that newsworthiness when you have knowledge of all those subjects. In print media, at least you get a chance to think over. You get so many hours to think about over it. A TV journalist is strange journalism. Now, that is where sequencing is. That's where knowledge matters. So, a journalist is not a neutral carrier of information. A journalist is not a postman who doesn't know contents of the letter. A journalist must be aware of the content that he is delivering. A journalist is a communicator, that's why, because he is gathering information. He's adding meanings to it. He's placing that information a perspective and that he can do only because he is a knowledgeable person. And last part is how you deliver it. That's where the technology comes in. Yes, sir. Thank you, sir. And Professor Julia, sir, mentioned that content is very much important, then packaging. Packaging is also very much important. Yes, of course, we have a content. Then you package that using different technological options. There are various formats of nature of the medium. Exactly. And again, you have delivery. You have numerous options how to deliver it. You have internet, you have newspapers, you have radio, you have television. You have the convergence of the technology now. So, delivery options are numerous now, but content is the most challenging now. Because at times, we discover that in new channels, the content is very important. People are getting huge amount of information, but content is nothing. Nothing. So far as content is concerned, there is one question being raised by students all over wherever I go. Yes, sir. They say that traditionally, there were three formats, three things. So far as the media content was concerned, news, views, and advertising. Yes. There is amalgamation, convergence at this level also. Yes. Convergence at the level of technology, convergence at the level of skills, convergence at the level of ownership, cross media ownership is what? That is a kind of convergence. Convergence. So, now the news, views, and advertising both are being converged into. Students ask, how can we be with the truth? How can we file very interesting human interest stories? Those are related with the panics, the grief of the common man and common people, because we don't have enough space, then enough time for that. I say that you try to file every day one or two, this kind of stories and keep it in your storage. Don't get it vanished. Whenever times comes, people will be accepting those stories that will suffice, that will be giving you consolation that you have done your job, the requirement of the job, of a journalist, a missionary journalist. But don't try to fight the proprietor or the owner of the media. Because of this amalgamation of news, views, and advertising, there is a furore. There is a illusion. Our journalist or communicator comes sometimes in illusion, what to do, how to do. But he must try to understand that he is the carrier of the news. As Professor Dhulia has said, that he must know what is there in the content. He is not just a postman. Not knowing the letter, he is delivering, throwing the letter or getting it signed and handing over it to the people who signs that. But it is, we must know what impact it should have on the society. That precaution he or she must have to take. But so far as the pressure is concerned, now I think earlier it was the pressure on the proprietors. Now it is on the journalist, general journalist, general person working on that. So there is one thing we were just discussing with Professor Dhulia, that giving money or giving some kind of things to a journalist and getting it published or getting his broadcast, it is a kind of bribe. But when it is paid officially through check and one gets published disinformation, what we call it disinformation during those days of cold war, there was a bar of misinformation, disinformation and the real information. So one has to take out what is real, what is right thing. But during that last elections, there was paid news, concept of paid news emerged very predominantly throughout the country. There is a discussion, there is a debate on this. But now I think the whole journalism has become paid. Earlier it was not paid. Nothing in journalism was paid. That was all missionary. So these days we can't expect from a journalist, from a person coming to this course that he will be doing it for charity or on the missionary basis. Bhukhe vajan hoi gopala. One cannot do without having his bread and butter. But having bread and butter and earning, making journalism for earning money with not so prescribed manners in the society, that is the challenge. So one must have to understand that he is the career of truth, career of news. News is truth and not gyan. As one thing I would like to say here that gyan is one thing. Gyan one must weave into it that this is this festival is being celebrated and the background, the legendary stories, the story behind this any festival or anything occurring on this. So that we have to weave into. But we must differentiate between the news and the gyan. News is not a gyan. Media is not expected to provide gyan every time. We must have to put the truth before the audience, whatever is in whatever form it is. For gyan another time space, another space in the print media is required. Now lots of space and time is being provided for gyan also. But a reporter, an anchor is not supposed to deliver gyan. If he delivers gyan only then he may not be a successful person. Yes. I think Professor Dulyasar wants to add something. Yes, sir. But I think as we have been discussing that means that the issue of the paid news. Because we know that in last, I think 15 years, the great amount of commercialism has occurred in the media sector. It's perfectly okay having a business model. It's perfectly okay that the newspaper and the journalism is sustaining itself. You cannot run an organization if it's running in the losses. Survival is. Survival is vital. So a business model to tell the extent is perfectly okay. But in last 15 years, what really has occurred is that it is kind of a Britain to commercialization. When you are tampering with the basic nature of the news story. That means what I would say is that when we say news then there are certain attributes attached with it. Of course, yes. Now what really happens is tampering with this format. That means at times fiction and facts are mixed up in a very post irrational manner. Now I will just cite an example that if I tell a child a story of the ghost, then I am making it clear that this is a fiction. This is a story. But if you tell a child that I have seen a ghost outside of my house, then you are talking a fact. And that is misleading if you are saying that. Here is the distinction that at times because of this commercialization, even the fictional stories. Poor Arjanmen, some kind of superstitious and there was one incident with the most very example of this kind of commercialization that in Madhya Pradesh, one Panditji, he announced that he is going to die at five o'clock or four o'clock in that evening. Yes, yes. And by his Jalampatri, he made that prediction. Yes, sir. And shockingly, two television channels were telecasting live from that spot where that person was going to die. Yes. Fortunately, he did not die. Yes, sir. If he could have died at that particular point of moment, I think we should have taken this country back to at least 50 years in terms of the rest of the thinking. Yes, sir. And there is all chance because one point in a million, there is a chance that he can die because he is focusing on his death. Yes, sir. If I say he is focusing on his death, he can very die because of heart attack also. Yes. Now, that's one example, a grilling example that when fiction is being presented as a fact. And that's, I think, very, very dangerous trend. Mr. Dhulia, should I intervene one instance? Yes, sir. One instance, I am remembering. When one experiment, Big Bang was going on. Yes. When one of the dates was announced that on that same day, the whole universe will go into airs. Yes. One frightened girl died on the same day hanging herself because in Haryana, I think, because she knew that when nobody will be there. She must have lost some intelligence. Yes. So, how, what is the reality? What is the purpose of my being alive? Yes, so I vanished. Yes, exactly. I can also remember the headline of a particular news channel for this, Panditji's case. He said, ask Madhavn Gami or like this was a headline. He had gone through his Dharan Patari. Yes. He predicted that that's why he was trying to communicate that we, everything just in that, when you are going to die, when you are going to bond. Now, that was one phase of the commercialization. That means now, when you say journalism, then as journalists, we do and we have been presenting a news story in an interesting manner. It was always important to present the news in the very, very interesting manner. Throughout the profession, that means it's very, very important that we present the information in a drastic manner so that our readers can read it, our listeners will find it interesting and we generate an interest. Now, in that process at times, we have also been doing dramatization. A certain amount of dramatization is also element when we make something interesting. And then comes after dramatization, comes the issue of the sensationalism. Now, these three phases, we must be very clear that where we are drawing the line of demarcation. Now, this is a territory to make a story interesting. We can take this much element from dramatization. Now, here we are entering into total dramatization. That means we are playing the whole values of the profession. And then comes the sensationalism, the illogicalism, that quoting something totally out of context. Now, one great example that I would like to cite here is that once, Paryanka Gandhi was in Amethi. And during that period, this Abhishek Bachchan's marriage was being debated. And you all know that there is some conflict between Amitabh Bachchan's family and Gandhi's family. That means he has been Rajiv Gandhi and Amitabh Bachchan. One television correspondent, he just inside car, he pushed his camera and he asked her that are you going to attend this Abhishek's marriage? Yes. Now, there was no issue, no agenda, no context, nothing, nowhere from it. That you will go to his wedding. And in this, he answered that you are talking about Fajul. See, sir, you are talking nonsense, not nonsense, but meaningless things. Now, in that TV channel, the slug was Abhishek's Sadhi Fajul, Paryanka Gandhi. Now, that's the blatant, that means sensationalism. In fact, when we use thought journalism, we use sight, hypothetical examples. Now, we have numerous real examples to say that there is sensationalism. Now, today, journalism is indulging in the grabbing attention. It has gone beyond sensationalism. They have indulged in sensationalism at great amount. Now, they want to grab the attention. That a consumer or a listener is just a viewer, is just surfing the channels. They want him just to stop there and watch them. They are showing something which is unusual, which is extraordinary, which is total nonsense, not bothering about the core values of journalism. They want to grab the attention. And then, we start watching it. I do it. It's something very unusual is being shown. To be ahead and to be fastest is there. Yes, because it's interesting, it's entertaining. So, grabbing attention, and then when you grab the attention, then you are TRP. That means how many people are watching this television goes up. Now, this is that age of commercialization that we have entered into. And now, these questions are being raised, whether news media works for public good or news media is purely a business venture. And that debate is going on. And I think these issues are very, very important today. That what is the role and place of news media in our society? As an instrument of imparting knowledge, educating people, informing them, or whether this is a pure, blatant, naked, commercial venture. At times, we do feel that it is becoming a very, very, that means, commercial venture. And the new entrants must keep it in mind. But then, we have a significant section of the media, which is still a series of journalism. And we do think that someday, now, people are also becoming aware. I will set an example that in a train, and one person told me, that initially, when there used to be, say, that Pradha Fast is going to happen. So he said, we used to stop, that something is going to come. He said, now, when we see Ghotar Pradha Fast, we don't watch it. We do because something is coming out. Now, gradually, people will develop that kind of attitude. Ultimately, I think it's the consumer or whether it's citizens or listeners, viewers, that they will become mature and news media will have to take shape, accordingly, because entire news media cannot sell the same product. You have numerous news channels. You may have one, like in America, there is a Fox News channel, which is very sensational. But we have an ABC, NBC, your public broadcasting. So the media escape is very, with almost variety. It's diverse. So people will need different kind of products. And in a real market situation, there will be news or rations who will be offering different kind of products. Yes, sir. So thank you, sir. I will just one more sentence. Now, I will conclude by saying that when you are entering into this profession, please get rid of some of your myths. But don't simply get governed by thinking that this is a word of money and clever. If you really want to be a journalist, just get rid of these myths. Never think that you are becoming an anchor. Intelligent news channel, 90% of the manpower, some of the very senior journalists, they never appear on the screen. It's only 10% of people, and even less than that, who are reported anchor, who appear on the screen. So first is, don't go by this glamour. Glamour means this kind of publicity that everybody will be watching us on TV screen. Get rid of that myth, if you have that myth. Some of you can, but this is not a great deal in journalism. There are so many streams in the journalism which are very, very significant. And second is that, don't think that there is huge amount of money in journalism. Journalism is a kind of dedication, as you said. It's commitment, it's public service. It's addressing your creativity, your writing skills. You enjoy the profession. That's very, very important. And then in journalism, as far as money is concerned, there are some exceptions when people will go to the high bracket of the income in a very quick point of time. But for 90% of the journalists, the progress in simple is that they start from, say, 15 to 20,000 in national newspapers. In small towns, it may be even 5,000, 3,000. And normal progress is that, after five, six years of their career, they are drawing a salary of around 50, 60,000, which is not a very big money, big money. And that is true for the 90% of the journalists. So please, if you have those myths, that this is the climber and this is money, then be rational in your approach. Dear learners, today we have discussed on the various issues of mass communication, particularly on how to be a good communicator. On behalf of Krishna Katta-Hondikoi State Open University, and on my own behalf, I am really thankful to Professor Subhaj Julia Sir and Professor Ram Mohan Pathak Sir for being with us today and for giving their valuable inputs for our learners. Thank you so much, sir. Thank you.