 Namaste and welcome to the video course on watershed management. In the last 3 lectures, in module 1, we have seen the basic concepts of watershed management. In today's lecture, we will start the module 2. Module 2 is on sustainable watershed approach and watershed management practices. So, in today's lecture, topic is sustainable watershed management. So, in today's lecture, the topics covered include introduction to the concept of sustainable watershed management, principles of sustainable watershed management, natural resource management and finally, we will discuss a case study. So, some of the important keywords in today's lecture would sustainable watershed management, natural resource resource management. So, we have seen the basics of watershed management and the concepts of watershed management. So, as we have discussed earlier in all the watershed management practices, we are looking for the looking for sustainable developments and then environmental friendly development. So, always the question of sustainable development and issue in all kinds of developmental activities. So, now, let us see what is so called a sustainable development. So, sustainable development, we can define it as meeting the needs and aspirations of present generation without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their needs. So, within the context of watershed management, so sustainable development means, so we are developing the resources like a land, water and all other resources within the watershed. So, that way, so we want to meet the present needs, but of course, we should not overuse or we should not disturb the ecological or environmental balance such that the future generation will suffer. So, that way we have to see that whenever we are going for watershed management, the watershed management plan should be sustainable and we should go for sustainable development. So, the aim of any sustainable developments will be to integrate the economics, the science of developments and ecology such a way that we have environmental friendly developments. So, that the science of environment is also will be incorporated within the developmental plans. So, sustainable developments must deal with the threat of poverty, population growth and environmental degradation. So, as you can see that in a country like India, we have got a big problem of the population growth. So, we have to see that when we take the watershed management as holistic plan, so we have to see that the how we can look into the aspects of population growth, then how we can deal with the threat of poverty. So, in many of the rural watershed, especially arid and semi arid regions, you can see that poverty or economical issues are a major problem. And then another issue is the environmental degradation. So, the sustainable growth is not possible or sustainable development is not possible without considering the environmental issues, then the poverty and then all over the socio-economical improvements. So, then in the sustainable developments, it preserve and enlarge the physical, human and environmental capital. So, if you consider the resources as a capital, then we are going for a development plans for the watershed to consider. So, in such a way that the capital is the total capital, the total resources are made in such a way that we preserve and enlarge the various aspects of the resources available within the watershed. So, finally, the sustainable development, we are always looking in such a way that the growth what is happening within the watershed scale or within the country or within the state. So, the growth should be in such a way that it is woven around the people. So, it is not the people are around the growth. So, always we should look into this aspect. So, the sustainable development should be in such a way that we have to go for development or growth for the people. And it should be woven around the people not just like we construct some structures or we do something and then people should be around that growth. So, that is the fundamental principle of the sustainable development. So, now you can see here in any of the sustainable development issue. So, here this is the sustainable development and then various factors we had to deal with the various factors and the various issues. So, there can be like social issues or social factors, then environmental issues, then political related issue and then of course, the economical issues. So, all those things will be interacting when we discuss about the sustainable development. So, everything will be coming together and then we have to look into the sustainable development in a with a holistic view. So, in the sustainable development we wish to achieve the sustainability for a which is socially acceptable, economically and technically viable. Then of course, as we discussed it is always multidisciplinary approach will be coming and then we have to develop the various social institution and then we have to look for the stakeholders involvement. So, that we can achieve a holistic development and then of course, as far as watershed management is concerned capacity building all those issues will be coming as far as sustainable watershed development plans or sustainable watershed management is concerned. So, to achieve all those things we should have plans in such a way that good science is there and smart planning are there as far as the watershed management plans are concerned. So, these are some of the important issues which we have to consider as far as sustainable development is concerned. And now before going to the sustainable watershed management. So, let us see some of the issues related to sustainable development and water resources management. Development and management of water say water lands biomass and energy. So, this thing should happen within a time frame for the considered area to meet with minimum needs of the ultimate size of population without irreversibly affecting the resource base and while containing adverse effect on people flora and fauna. So, as we discussed in the last slide. So, sustainable developments within the perspective of water resource management is concerned we have to see that water is a resource. So, we have to develop and manage the water. So, of course, water means we have to consider the land issues also biomass issues also such that we have to meet the minimum needs and say the fruits of this development should reach all the section of the society and then not only for the presence, but for the future generations also. So, then economic development decisions like when we consider watershed development plans this decision by the present generation should not compromise the developmental activities of the future generations. So, that is the case of whatever we consider here water resource development and management also. So, such that we will take decisions according to their perceptions for themselves and for their future generations. So, in all these sustainable development and management the theme is we should go for there should be flexibility the plan should be flexible then resilience should be there. So, these are some of the important hallmarks as far as the sustainable development say as far as either water resource development or land development and management is concerned within the perspective of watershed management. So, now say if you consider the development and management of water resource is concerned we have to look to look to the developmental issues and management issues as far as three sectors are concerned. First one is we should look to the food production. So, mainly as within the perspective of water and we are looking for the availability of water for irrigation since compared to the rainforest agriculture irrigation improves the production say in many cases more than 50 percent or even 100 percent extra production is possible. So, one important sector is food production. So, that as far as water is concerned we will be looking for the irrigation and then second sector is people. So, there the we will be looking for water for drinking purpose sanitation purpose and then also for any industrial activities then creation purpose etcetera and then another sector is so called nature. So, nature is means the ecological needs for the considered area. So, we have to we should have sufficient water for that purpose. So, whenever we are looking for the water resource development and management is concerned we are mainly looking to three sectors one is food then the people needs and then ecological or natural needs. Then as we discussed water is a basic natural resource which nurtures life. So, without water we cannot sustain, but even though so much of water is available only less than 3 percent is fresh water what is available on the globe and then out of this even only less than 0.03 percent is accessible to mangane. So, these are some of the major issue as far as water resource management is concerned. So, due to this variability variability of water available in time and space. So, that means, say water is not available at any location wherever we need or water is not available all the time whenever we need say for example, India is concerned we have got this rainfall during the monsoon season which starts from June to September or October. So, remaining say 8 months or 7 months we do not have the rainfall. So, that way time say whenever it is available according to that we have to deal and then a spatial variation. So, like as we discussed in the last lecture say in Dajasthan we have got a hardly western Dajasthan is about 100 mm rainfall, but in some locations there is 10000 mm of rainfall. So, that way by especially also a lot of variation is taking place. So, hence as far as water is concerned this due to all these issues it needs developments that means, storage for surface water and then ground water and then pumpage from the ground water. So, that means, say we have to deal the say for example, water as a resource we have to deal in a holistic way and then we have to develop the resources like either surface water or ground water and then of course, when we develop these resources then we need its management. So, the developments and management go hand in hand. So, whatever the resources we develop we have to manage it properly. So, that is the basic concepts behind the integrated water resource development and management. So, that we have sustainability as far as water is concerned and then of course, within the perspective of water management also and we have to achieve the various sustainable goals which we set for the particular area. So, this IWRDM or integrated water resource development and management is one of the important aspects which is there in many of the public discussion like United Nations or UNESCO discussions and now this has come to the forefront of the many of the governments. So, that there is integrated development and management as far as water resource is concerned. So, this issue regarding integrated water resource development and management we will be discussing later. So, then as far as the now we are discussing the sustainability issues. So, as far as integrated water resource development and management is concerned we will have a brief look into the variable sustainability issues. So, say the issues concerned to people water and land we will be discussing here. So, as far as IWRDM is concerned the various sustainability issues as far as people are concerned say the water requirement for stable population. So, the population is increasing then water needs increases like that then survival and fulfillment of minimum needs then deprivation, poverty, hunger, thirst, malnutrition, unemployment, lack of hygienic hygiene, sanitation, health, migration, rehabilitation and resettlement. So, these are some of the issues which we have to consider when we discuss the integrated water resource development and management and then of course, sustainable water management issues are also considered. So, even though some of these issues are not directly connected to the water resource development and management, but some of the issues are indirectly connected with respect to IWRDM. Say for example, unemployment, employment we can generate employment if sufficient agriculture practice are there. So, that sufficient water is available. So, some of the issues even though not directly connected with the IWRDM, but we can indirectly connect. Then as far as water is concerned the main issue is the quantity of water and the quality of water. So, some of the sustainability issues are listed here like loss of storage due to siltation, then fall of ground water table, then recession of glaciers, then incidence of drought and floods, then quality degradation as far as surface water ground water is concerned, then salinity ingress especially in coastal regions, then recycling and reuse of the wastewater, then drying of rivers. So, these are some of the sustainability issues as far as water is concerned. Then some of the sustainability issues as far as land are concerned are listed here. So, like water logging and salinity. So, this is also somewhat related to water and land. Then wetlands, marshes, mangroves, drainage and reclamation, desilting of water bodies, then and canals, then protection for watersheds, erosion problems, inundation and sea level rise, advancement of deserts, submergence, soil fertility, then productivity of land reclamation etcetera. So, these are some of the sustainability issues as far as land is concerned. So, when we look into the holistic issue of integrated water resource development and management or say watershed management, we have to see that what is happening to various resources like the sustainability issues as we discussed for land or water or people or flora and fauna within the watershed. So, these are some of the important issues which we have to consider in this type of studies. So, then finally, the sustainability issues as far as the products and facilities and biomass are concerned some of the issues are listed here. So, the product coming out of a watershed or an area like level of food production, then balanced composition, then quantity and quality, time limits of supply as far as various agriculture products are concerned, then energy generated, then healthy environment. So, these are some of the sustainability issues as far as the products coming from a watershed or particular area is concerned. Then some of the facilities within an area like dams, canals, pumps, turbines, embankments, then repairs, then modernizations, replacements, enlargements, safety, longevity, desultation, serviceability, upkeep, special repairs. So, like this there are so many sustainability issues as far as facilities are concerned. Then the biomass within a watershed or within areas concerned say like a conservation of biodiversity, then gene banks, tissue culture, energy plantations, irrigated forestry, biosphere, then conservation zones like glass houses for the various agriculture development, etcetera. So, these are some of the important issues which we have to consider when we discuss sustainable development or sustainability as far as various resources like land, water, then biomass, etcetera is concerned. So, for each of these sustainability issues we can develop say performance indicators so that the indicator shows how the system is behaving or how the system is sustainable as far as the issues are concerned. So, in literature you can see that some performance indicators are given as far as the sustainability issues are concerned or these particular points are concerned. So, accordingly when we consider a watershed or particular area we can define that or we can say describe that particular issue is or particular aspect is sustainable for the particular area or particular watershed is concerned. So, now within this perspective now we will go into details of the sustainable watershed management. So, as far as watershed management plans are concerned, what are the sustainability issues and then how we can deal with these kinds of issues. So, these issues within the perspective of watershed management we will discuss here now. So, sustainable watershed management means it is the approach of taking water resources, management practices in a holistic fashion taking into account of the usage, behavior of various sectors and their effects on land and water use that include political, economic, social, technological and environmental consideration. So, this is a broader definition as far as sustainable watershed management is concerned. So, in a brief way we can say that sustainable watershed management means say the various resources within the watershed management watershed is concerned and we are looking to a holistic development by considering the ecological aspects by considering the environmental aspects. So, that whatever the developments presently taking place that should not affect the development what can happen in future. So, that is the concept behind the sustainable watershed management. So, this sustainable watershed management is widely used concepts say as far as various government agencies then bilateral multilateral development agencies like World Bank, then United Nations or the IMF etcetera. So, most of time now you can hear the development issues whether the development is sustainable or the watershed development is sustainable or watershed management plans are sustainable. So, now we very commonly use this word sustainable whether the plans which we consider is sustainable or not. Now, when we consider the sustainable watershed management the purpose of sustainable watershed management is to protect the land and water resources. So, as I mentioned the various resources within the watershed and then the habitat within the watershed supported by resources for future generations and then balance the future growth while protecting the existing. So, these are the some of the purposes as far as sustainable watershed management is concerned. Then major task of the watershed manager. So, when we look into watershed development plans the as far as watershed manager is concerned. So, he or she has to integrate old planning and management activities such that sustainability issues are resolved or looked into. Then to fulfill the main management objectives and sustainability of precious resources. So, these are some of the major task as far as a watershed manager is concerned. So, within this perspective now we can redefine the watershed management. So, in such a way that watershed management is we can consider as by adding the concept of integration and sustainability of lands, water, economic and social resources to upgrade human welfare in a quality environment. So, within the perspective of the sustainability issues which we discussed so far we can redefine the watershed management as the concept of integration of the various resources like land, water within the perspective of economical, social aspects. So, that the total quality of life or total environmental quality is improved. So, that is that way within the perspective of sustainability we can redefine the watershed management. Let us look into the motivation for sustainable watershed management. So, the term sustainability was popularized in a report by Bert Lansch in 1987 in a report of Water World Commission on Environment and Development. So, here as per Bert Lansch the sustainability was implied as an equitable distribution of the resources not only specially between the users in a given location, but temporarily between users over time. So, this was the definition given by Bert Lansch in his report in 1987. So, later on this sustainability and then sustainable issues were taken over in most of the various world forum like Agenda 21 of Rio Summit in 1992, then Dublin Principles, then United Nations and then UNESCO etcetera. So, now after this 1987 report so many of the meetings or many of the world forums they were seriously looking to the issue of sustainability and then it is related issues and then of course, the watershed within the perspective of watershed management. So, when we discuss the watershed management, what are the important principles of sustainable watershed management. So, some of the important principles are listed here. So, technical and socio-economic measures based on sounds, data and experimental investigation. So, this is the first principle. Then successful activities in a small watershed may lead to integration of achievements in a larger river basin. So, when we start the sustainable development watershed management plans for a small watershed. So, like that we can go for a larger river basin. Then the third principle is good coordination among the institutions which are involved and working towards fulfilling the integrated watershed management goals. Then fourth one is avoid local politics to lead people in misuse when designing policies and legislative measures. So, this is where the stakeholder participation comes into picture. So, there is no politics local politics cannot come into picture it is we are looking for holistic development and overall improvement for the system. So, like that another important principle as far as sustainable watershed management is the community participation this issues also we have discussed earlier. So, within the sustainable watershed management we can say represents the development plans in such a way that the first pillar is technology. So, the various the developmental aspects with the help of technology then we can look into the planning and policy that is another pillar of as far as the sustainable watershed management is concerned. Then the overall education and overall the development of the region. So, these are some of the important aspects of sustainable watershed management. Now, let us look into what are the important framework as far as the sustainable watershed management is concerned. So, as we discussed earlier the important purpose of sustainable watershed management is to introduce the program that balance that balance the growth with the natural source protection for the sustainability. So, that is the main purpose as far as SWM or sustainable watershed management framework is concerned. So, in all these there are three stages first is technical stage, second one is the planning stage and then watershed community outreach. So, technical stage means we identify the impacts of rapid growth on a watershed resources various resources as far as watershed is concerned and then second one is the planning stage. So, here we develop the management strategies that balance regional growth with natural resource protection within the area and third one is the watershed community outreach. So, here innovative approach to protect the regions resources through community wide public events we can look into. So, within the sustainable watershed management framework. So, we have to see the various aspects like a technical aspects then planning aspects then how the stakeholders involved and then the public or people participation is concerned. So, now, within this perspective let us look into the what are the various elements of sustainable watershed management. So, there are four important elements as far as sustained watershed management is concerned first one is the natural resources then what kind of technology we use to say develop this natural resource and manage this natural resources and then maintain this natural resources. Then various institutions will be coming to picture to develop, manage, implement and maintain this natural resources. Then of course, with this the developmental activities of this natural resources they have to how the economical situation changes how the total socio economics improvements take taking place. So, that way for basic elements as shown in this figure. So, these elements are interconnected. So, therefore, we have to look at all these elements in an integrated way. So, that way many times we will call the sustainable watershed management as a integrated sustainable watershed management. So, when we integrate all these elements together. So, we can call the sustainable watershed management as integrated sustainable watershed management. So, now, let us look into the various elements these four elements which we have seen in the last slide. So, first one is the natural resource management. So, this describe the various resources available within the watershed. So, the natural resource management focuses on scientific and technical understanding of the resources, ecology and life supporting capacities of this resources. So, these resources can be either land, water or forest or any other resources like mineral resources within that watershed. So, we the focus here is how we can scientifically and technologically develop these resources and manage it in an appropriate way. So, that sustainability issues are looked properly. Then in addition this also focus on the understand right of stakeholders with regard to the use of natural resources. So, as we discussed in the last lecture when we discussed about the stakeholder analysis there we have seen that stakeholders participation is very important we have to see their problems and then we have to make plans accordingly. So, as far as the watershed is concerned the land, the water or the other resources available within the watershed. We have to see that how the stakeholders needs or how we can cope up with the demands as far as the various natural resources available within the watershed. So, then a natural resource management may include like interventions related to some of the issues like land related issues like reducing soil erosion, then water related issues like increasing water availability, then improving the quality of water, then increasing the productivity as far as biomass is concerned, then improve adaptability especially in the context of climate change. So, you can see that nowadays a major issues climate change. So, how the changes taking place with respect to the rainfall pattern with respect to the temperature with respect to the various hydrological say parameters are concerned. So, there also we have to see that how we can adapt the various issues are concerned, then how we can deal with those things within the perspective of natural resource management. So, then a second important element is technology. So, technology means how we can utilize the modern technology to improve the available resources or to develop the available resources in an optimal way in a sustainable way. So, the technology is used to improve the various resources available for the betterment. So, the improved technology is the improved way of use of information system to understand the natural resources and also implementation by engineering or biological measures. So, this is the technological issues are concerned as far as sustainable watershed management elements. Then a technological measures in SWM includes its suitability to the environmental or climatic system the locality which we consider. Then how we can make various things simple to construct so that the whatever we make it can be maintained by unskilled labour. So, without very skilled labour how we can do the things, then the technological measures should address the material as well as labour availability. So, whether we can utilize the locally available material or locally available labour, then whether the technological measures can be indigenous, then whether we can provide better access to information as far as the people or the stakeholders are concerned. So, these are some of the issues as far as technology is concerned and then third element is the institutions as far as SWM is concerned. So, institutions can be formal and non-formal group of individuals bound together by some common purpose to achieve set of objectives. So, as far as watershed management plans are concerned we have some set of objectives. So, the institutions can be like the various government departments, then gram panchayats, then the farmers group, women group or the water users associations etcetera. So, these are some of the it can be say formal institutions or non-formal institutions like user groups. So, the institutions involved in sustainable watershed management includes like these institutions can address the governance issues that includes accountability, transparency, equity, efficiency and then people participation issues are concerned. Then institutions helps to understand the rules and customs of a locality including land tenure system, property rights and collective actions. Then also the institutions can looks into interstakeholder issues. So, we have seen that from the various stakeholders how effectively the stakeholders can come together or the various stakeholder issues can be sought out. So, the institutions can be either formal or non-formal groups. So, then the fourth element is economics. So, the any of these developmental activities the sustainable watershed management is concerned. The projects or the plans should be financially viable. So, that the implementation measures are concerned we say whatever we spend we should be able to get it back in the course of time. And then economic issues focus on development operation and maintenance of various activities and this issues also address the cost effectiveness as well as affordability concept of various development activities or watershed management plans are concerned. So, as far as cost effectiveness here cost effectiveness means, low cost of construction and maintenance at easier availability of labor and material. So, whether we can use locally available material for construction or locally available labor can be utilized. So, that the local people also get employment then high output income from activities. So, we have to see that whatever we spend. So, from that whether we can get the best output. So, that the project is economically viable. Then affordability means access to capital and ability to pay. So, whether if we are looking for a particular watershed management plan then if the particular expense whether we can meet or whether we can borrow the capital or the once it is borrowed whether the particular agency particular groups can pay it back. Then whether the particular plans are concerned whether any subsidies are possible. So, all those issues we have to consider when we look into the economics of the sustainable watershed management is a concern. So, now we have seen the the for elements of sustainable watershed management. So, now for a successful sustainable watershed management we have to see how we can proceed as far as by coordinating by integrating all these SWM elements are concerned. So, here as far as SWM approach is concerned the SWM approach that shows the activities that should be designed in phases that would essentially involve four core elements as we discussed earlier. So, that way we have to look into the SWM approach. So, this the phases are the planning phase. So, we have to once we make the watershed management plans. So, we should have better plans viable plans economically viable plans. So, the through people participation stakeholder analysis we can make the plans. So, that is first one is the planning phase. Then once the plans are finalized and particular according to the priorities we can choose the plans and then implementation phase. So, there say the institutions comes into picture, economics comes into picture, then the people participation people coming to picture. So, people can contribute either through economic means or through their say efforts. So, like that second phase is implementation phase and then once it is implemented the plans are implemented. Then next phase is post implementation phase where we have to see that the plans are working properly whether the whatever we are expecting from that plan whether we are getting that say for example, if we are considering a well whether we are getting sufficient water from the well and then we are maintaining the well properly. So, that we can use this well for many years. So, that way we have to see the post implementation phase also. So, as far as the planning phase when we consider sustainable watershed management is concerned the activities proposed in general include the natural resource management. So, we have to see that when the for the considered watershed what are the natural resources available then what way it is already utilized and then which way we have to further develop it. So, we have to look into the developing understanding of local resources available. Generally resources we can do a resource planning or resource mapping which includes blend of scientific and local knowledge. So, this we can do a survey and then we can use even the various techniques sophisticated techniques for resource mapping like the use of GIS we can do this natural resource mapping. Then technology is concerned the scientific understanding about the problems and possible solution that leads to the sustainability is concerned. So, we can see that say as far as the plans are concerned sustained watershed management plans are concerned we can look into whether we the plans are optimal. We can do go for some optimization techniques. So, that say for example, use of water or the release policy from a reservoir we can optimize and then we can get the optimal output from the development plans. Then a water resource modeling approach is concerned we can blend with applications of remote sensing and GIS techniques as we already discussed earlier. So, remote sensing can be used for the mapping or the land use land cover imaging etcetera and then when we put into a GIS platform we can further use the you can have better development plans as far as the planning phase is concerned. Then as far as planning phase is concerned the roles of institutions. So, institution as we have already seen it can be formal or non formal groups then we say through a stakeholder analysis we can understand the roles of each institution. Then also we can identify the existing government policies for a dot tiling of funds and ensuring that the proposed activities should be whether it is in in line with the policies of the government or policies as far as the watershed is concerned and also we can do a policy analysis as we discussed in the last lecture. Then also the next one is as far as planning phase is concerned economy. So, as we all discussed the financial management plans of each project we have to see then we have to see that the community participation is ensured through either monetary terms or in form of kind like material or labor then ensuring financial transaction in a transparent manner. So, all those issues to be considered as far as the planning phase is concerned. Then the next one is the implementation phase. Implementation phase is concerned this cover the development of necessary infrastructure with community participation. So, whatever plans made on priority basis we have to implement it. So, there we will we have to look for the capacity building then the capacity building between the stakeholders important. So, these are important activity during the phase. The activities under the phase phase are like natural resource management as we already discussed. So, there we can identify the land tenure status of the areas for which interventions has been proposed under the planning phase. Then we can carry out dialogue with land owners for effective utilization like that. Then also technology is concerned we can look into the say for example, engineering surveys for identifying feasibility of intervention for a particular location is concerned particular watershed is concerned. Then we can carry out related scientific studies for identifying beneficiaries from the interventions. Then institutions are concerned in implementation phase we can see the capacity building of local institutions how we can improve it so, that they can contribute in a better way. Then developing effective delivery mechanism for each interventions. So, project wise how each institutions can say contribute for that particular project in an effective way. And then as far as economy is concerned in the implementation phase we have we can do cost analysis for individual intervention, individual projects then affordable cost contribute by the community to cover partial capital. So, if the same we are spending say 1 million rupees then how much can be the community can contribute or how much we can recover through various subsidies. So, like that various economic issues also we have to consider in the implementation phase. Then next one is the post implementation phase. So, here as I mentioned so, the plans we have already made then the implementation is done. Next one is say the post implementation. So, how we can maintain and then how we can evaluate whether the system is working fine and then we are getting the expected output from the implemented project. So, the post implementation phase the main objectives are to ensure sustainability of proposed interventions even after course of the intervention. So, once the intervention is planned implemented then next one is we have to see that whether that particular intervention is sustainable. So, we can look into the design of effective institution mechanism where local community take charge of the management of interventions. So, when we look into the when we critically analyze the various projects implemented in the watershed management plans we can see that the main issue is the the the post implementation phase. So, like the the maintenance or the the sustainability of the the projects which we are implemented. So, there say we have to see that we have to ensure that once the implementation agency before finishing the project we have to see that particular interventions are done. So, that local people or local community or particular institutions take care that particular project. Also the the post implementation phase it assess the impact of interventions taken. So, like working on methodology of monitoring and evaluation approach for individual interventions then using key performance indicators approach for assessing the progress of the project. Then with respect to input output. So, how much say for example, money is spent then how much is the money we can get through after the implementation in the post implementation phase. So, like that various aspects we have to consider as far as the post implementation phase is concerned. So, so far what we have discussed is the as far as sustainable watershed management plans are concerned. So, we have to first look into the the planning phase and then we have to look into the implementation phase. Then we have to look into the post implementation phase. So, that the sustainability issues are looked into and the project become sustainable and the the project become a success. So, within this perspective of sustainable watershed management let us look into case study. So, the case study presented here is the success of Pani Panjaita case study from Maharashtra. Pani Panjaita in English it is meaning is water council. So, this is a voluntary activity of a group of farmers committed through sustainable development of village through equitable distribution of water to all through sustainable watershed developments to improve life of inhabitants with the participational communities. So, this is the main say theme of Pani Panjaita. So, Pani Panjaita is the name first given to a movement for motivating farmers. So, Nighon village of the drought prone Prandar Thaluk of Maharashtra state. So, here the rain this is a drought prone area the average annual rainfall is about 500 millimeter. So, once the rainfall is over no water is available for say irrigation or even domestic or bringing purpose. So, that way the there was a major water scarcity issues and then the villagers when the the rainfall season is over the villagers used to migrate to other places in looking for a job. So, then so here social reform called Vilas Rao Thaluk came say he came to this particular area in 1970s and started this project called Pani Panjaita. So, here through various interventions he tried to sort out the conflict over water and then he tried to implement various watershed management practices like water harvesting, then lift irrigation and then people participation in various developments of the area. So, that way this Pani Panjaita movement has been started in this region and then this has been started in 1970s and it has become a huge success that is what the analysis showed in say say which this project was started in 1970s. So, here the main objectives of Pani Panjaita this project was to identify local needs say that means village level, then local resources, local talents, local strength and to integrate them. So, whatever is available within that village or within that particular watershed. So, all those things say in the the the organizations we are trying to integrate. Then to carry out experiments for optimum use of natural resource like water, land and solar energy, then to carry out experiments to demonstrate effective water conservation and maintain soil fertility, then to carry out experiments for implementation of organic farming, natural farming and setting small village industries for value radiation in the agriculture products, then it interact with the decision makers to incorporate proved or rural development methods into policy of the governments, then to provide education training and infrastructure in order to implement the above objectives. So, these are these were the objectives of this Pani Panjaita movement. So, actually you can see that by looking to these objectives it is a holistic development by considering the the particular watershed the the various resources like land, water, then people, flora and fauna. So, that was the the theme of this Pani Panjaita. So, there are some five important principles of Pani Panjaita. So, first one is the sustainable water use within the perspective of land and water use is consensed, then the available water say water through either rainwater harvesting or through liquefaction. So, equity should be maintained. So, that is a another important aspect of this Pani Panjaita. So, every family in the village should get to the water in an equitable distributed way. So, the family are the families are allowed water for cultivation, allocation is based on land holding, but how many members are there for particular family, then efficiency. So, people the the villagers cannot go from any kind of farming, but the the water efficient agriculture should be implemented. So, water intensity crop should not be grown in the village. So, that like says for example, sugar cane. So, this type of say agriculture is not promoted in this area. So, protective irrigation is one important aspect, then participation. So, all the farmers in the area should participate in areas activities. So, cropping scheduled should be decided by mutual agreement with member farmers, then another important principle is the economy. So, say whatever water supply taxes were collected and then so that the system is sustainable and properly maintained. So, water taxes should be paid by all members by the dates fixed up failing which water supply should be cut for that members farm. So, so for example, when say we analyze say one particular village called Ponday village model as far as Panipanjaya it is concerned. So, this particular village in this region the problems in the village like the area was experiencing lower rainfall before this scheme was implemented, average rainfall was about 500 mm, over abstraction of ground water then the land was degraded, then there was no sufficient water available for irrigation and even for people domestic use water was not available. So, within this Panipanjaya the activities undertaken were resource mapping and like developed they developed a geographical understanding of project area and then well monitoring like identifying the recharging and as well as discharging wells and pumping test to identify potential pumping regions, then water quality test to understand surface water and water interaction and quality. So, these were some of the activities undertaken for this particular village. So, some of the outcomes from after implementing this Panipanjaya project was migration from the village has been stopped after a few years about 5 years of the implementation of this project. Then agriculture yield was increased due to increased water table and in situ moisture, then lift irrigation schemes has increased in the village and the function sustainability. Then villagers are able to produce two crops a year with an irrigation provision of about 8 months, increase in local employment and do opportunity in the village. So, finally, once the area is analyzed overall socio-economic and community development has been taken place after implementing this Panipanjaya say for this particular area. So, these are some of the important references used for today's lecture. So, this Panipanjaya aspects you can see in this website. So, before closing this lecture one tutorial question like illustrate solution approach for sustainable water watershed management for your particular watershed which you are living. So, some of the steps are identified here like identify the extent of watershed, watershed delineation using appropriate GIS based analysis, then carry out resource mapping, identify the problems, identify areas having problems such as soil erosion floods etc. Then important steps for identifying the problems and attributing reason for that particular problems. So, you can do a sustainable watershed management approach for your particular watershed. So, this is a tutorial question. Then as self-evaluation questions, two questions are put here. What are the common sustainability issues for indicative waters of development management? So, these issues we have already discussed in the lecture. Then discuss the principles and framework for sustainable watershed management approach. So, this also we discussed in the lecture. Three questions are put as assignments. First one is explain the elements of sustainable watershed management. Second one is illustrate sustainable watershed management approach. Third one is discuss a case study of sustainable watershed management. So, finally, one unsolved problem. So, the problem is like this traditional soil and water conservation plans has failed due to its single point in emphasis on building engineering structures. In addition, the villagers neither understand the basic purpose of creating these structures nor find any incentives for maintaining them. Also, these structures are vanishing after few years of completion of project. So, within this perspective, you can identify suitable sustainable watershed management approach to address the problem mentioned here. So, some of the hints are given. So, like you can carry out a stakeholder analysis, consider traditional practices used by farmers, suggest local methods, identify soil conservation measures, identify proper monitoring evaluation, etc. So, this for your particular area you can look into some of the implemented projects in earlier stages like some of the structures construct like a check dam and then analyze as mentioned here. So, with this the fourth lecture in this watershed management and the first lecture in the second module is over. So, the various we have discussed the mainly the sustainable watershed management and various issues. Thank you.