 So, hi to all. Hope you are all fine, despite of this corona crisis. So, I welcome you to Shankara's Academy. Today, we are going to be about orientation for the entire test. So, when I say orientation, you will be having the syllabus dates and all. Now, I'm not here to explain those things. I'll just tell you how to prepare and how to deal with the test. What are the things you should not do? What are the things you should be doing necessarily for the entire test batch? And I'll also speak about exactly what are the topics that will come for the test one quality? How to read them? Overall quality, how questions are asked? So, how to read the book? You should not linearly read it. First time when you have read the quality book, linearly would have read. Now, you have to focus on certain areas so as to prepare exactly for the examination. So, I'm going to give you that orientation. How to focus? Which area to focus? So that I have some techniques, I'll do that. And also, exactly in the test, what you have to do? Test taking strategy. That will also be how to approach the questions. How many rounds you have to take? What is the maximum questions you have to give? Like that, those things also I'll be dealing with. Previous questions also I'll be dealing with. Some few questions, for example, so those dilemma questions, how to handle them? Okay, what is the strategy that I'll be telling you? So, first let us discuss the overall test taking strategy. How you should prepare for the test? How we have to take the test? Of course, you will be thinking, okay, syllabus is there, test syllabus is there. And based on that, I'm going to prepare. Now, the first point I just wanted to tell you is, de-link your preparation and test. Can I say this? Should we deal two different things? Yes, the first test quality, this is the syllabus. You have to cover that syllabus. But you should not hold yourself on that itself, not alone. You should be fast-forwarding yourself. Don't just take, okay, these five topics I've given, I've read this, happy. I'm going to stop it, no. Okay, you have to go ahead. And more, sometimes what will happen, the test syllabus will be more, you would have prepared less. So, the day before the test, you will decide, I will not take the test. First blender, major blender. In UPSC, you will never be satisfied. How much ever you read, you won't be satisfied. You won't feel like you're prepared for the test. Okay, so if you are preparing continuously, whatever plan is there, okay, even if you're feeling that your preparation is inadequate, don't worry, take the test. Okay, because test taking is completely a different thing. It gives you a type of experience which you will face in the examination all. So, you have to prepare for that. Knowledge will gain in the course of the test taking. Okay, so after the test, there will be test discussion. And then you will also be evaluating, we'll be taking the question and analyzing where went wrong. So, in that process, your knowledge will add up. It will not reduce. Okay, so the first rule is dealing with your preparation and test, which means you'll be going along with the syllabus, yes, of the test. But in case if you are completing the syllabus soon, don't waste the time, cover extra areas. Supposing if you have not covered the syllabus, okay, or you feel that something better should be done, but then also don't worry, attend the test. Missing test is a great gender. Don't do that mistake. Do take the test regularly. Now, what is the area of coverage? Okay, you have to prioritize always. And your preparation, you have to priority, your priority. Okay, I've told you in class, this is for newcomers. Okay, so the four core subjects, quality, economy, geography, and modern history. And you may ask, sir, science and technology, they're asking a lot of questions. Governance, they're asking questions. Everything will be covered in current affairs. And art and culture, how much ever you study, in four or five questions, they're asking one or two questions you can answer. So if you have completed one basic book for art and culture, which is next priority, second priority, you could answer. Okay, but right now this is the priority area. So here you try to cover as much as possible. Current affairs, how many years current affairs? As general rule, it is one year current affair. Okay, so June 27th means from June 2020, you start covering the current affairs, that will be surface. Okay, I got a message after this 2020 rinse that said, they have asked current affairs question from 2016 onwards, which means you have prepared on 2016 that the same current affairs would have been repeated once again in 2019. That is where they have asked in 2020. So if some of you are serious as saying, they're asking current affairs from two, three years backwards, that will be very rare, one or two questions. Majorly, it will be within one year only. So don't waste your time. Okay, thinking that from 2016 you have to study, don't waste your time. Complete the recent one year current affairs, that itself is very bulky. Okay, then the method of covering one, your own notes plus one monthly magazine. Your own notes plus one monthly magazine. Okay, so whatever you have missed can be covered. Okay, or if you do not have the habit of reading newspaper. Okay, so we have this civil speedier. Okay, so they concise and give everyday video. The same time you apply for newspaper, you can apply there or take two magazines, two monthly magazines and you know, you cover it, cover the current affairs. Okay, IA's parliament is one magazine that you can rely upon. So if you cover like this, each year they're asking about 15 questions on an average from each of the subjects. Okay, so that is quality, economy, geography and all. And you may be asking sir, no, last year they had a difference. In geography, they asked only five questions in 2020. And current affairs, no questions came. Okay, maximum, if you search the entire question paper, you can find four questions from current affairs. Okay, but remember, overall there were 60 questions from four subjects. This is the general trend in the UPSC. Overall, okay, covering all four, definitely there will be 16. If they're reducing in economy, this time they've increased in, sorry, they've increased in quality as well as economy. You know, if you count that 2020 paper, 2019 paper, 2015, 16, 17, you will find that. Current affairs usually 35, this time it was not there. Okay, because agriculture, those areas, they increased the number of questions, environment. This is unexpected, but however, one would have followed the current affairs, definitely could have covered that areas and could have completed it. So, see, in the 60 itself, average, what would be the cutoff, the cutoff a person should get is 100. Let us say 100 is the cutoff. So 50 questions, if it currently comes, then you can clear this examination. Why do you worry for remaining 50? So the point is, when you cover this major areas plus current affairs, already you are in. If you are, many of you know, like we cat another wall, like you would have missed the prince examination by three marks, two marks, four marks, like that. That is because in any one of these objectives, you would have completely left it or you would not have completed your preparation. Okay, so the principle that I give you in your entire preparation is cover average. As much as possible you coverage. Okay, usually I say with this class, don't stagnate, very important. The biggest problem, don't stagnate. In between, in any place, don't get stagnated. So supposing in a particular topic, for example, you're reading Indian quality, fundamental rights part, you know, you're taking a lot of time, fastly read it and go to the next topic. For all, it is an important topic you can get additionally half an hour. That's all. After that, you know, you should not be keep breaking your head on a single topic. Okay, instead of that, if you read easy topics, you will cover maximum. Okay, so remember, please cover as much as possible in all these core subjects as well as, see, when I don't mention other subjects, it doesn't mean other subjects are less priority. They are second priority. First, complete this, it will give you confidence. Your course will be always higher. Then you can, you know, pick up, you know, marks from the other areas also. So you can fortify yourself. So cover as much as possible. Please, you know, never ever stagnate. Don't hold on to a topic. Hold on to a particular subject. Okay, so it's like running race. Keep on running. Okay, like a marathon once in reach. Okay, if you stop somewhere, you will not reach even the first round or the second round. Done. Now individual tests, overall preparation, I told you, okay, how to take, so overall core primary subjects plus current affairs, and you should keep covering if you're not stagnate. Okay, so those points and delinking your preparation test, that is very important. An individual test, what you have to do, usually I've seen my own students, they will take the test. Okay, in this area, okay, they will answer only to those questions. They have read the same thing. It will be in UPC and UPC. What you know will be little only 30-40%. Other things and all you have to think there and try to get the answer. So likewise, do that thinking part here itself. Attempt questions. Try to give answers. Only when you make failures here, you will be able to learn. See, there is a phrase, if you shed sweat in the practice field, if you shed sweat in the practice field, no need to shed blood in the battle field. That is why we are having this test. Okay, that's why we are having this test. So you have to make maximum number of attempts. So you will come to know what are the maximum number of mistakes, how you are making mistakes, why you are making mistakes. You can rectify yourself. Don't play safe in the tests. Okay, don't, you know, answer only the area you know. You have to answer almost all the area. And how many questions to answer? Initial first to four, five tests, don't worry about the mark. Take more than 95 should be a target. I would say in the UPS examination, it is 80 to 85. If it is difficult, for example, to 20 to 20 paper means 80. It is other papers means 85 to 90, you can go easy paper. Now your practice to take most number of questions always. When you are taking less number of questions, if negative questions goes, no, even if, you know, if you are well read, you may lose the examination. So always, you know, cover more number of questions. And this you will do, you will listen to the discussion and you will add more information to the question and you will go on research of the option, why this option is given, why this option won't come. So all those things you learn in the discussion. Okay, that can be done by the faculty also. But one thing all of us will forget to document. What is that? How you made the mistake? See, overall the faculty may say, this is the major mistake would have done based on assumptions. Okay, and they can explain more information, give more idea, more clarity. But you only know where you have made the mistake. You would have known the concept, but silly mistake would have done. You would have missed a word or you have not saw the not word or you have not clearly eliminated the option. You are in a hurry or you are marked wrongly in the OMA paper. Okay, so individually, you will know what kind of wrong you did in that question. You have to write it down immediately next to that question. Not only the additional information given by the faculty in the discussion. What exactly, why exactly you went wrong on the question. If you didn't know the question at all, you just attempted, just put. Okay, question from not to bad area. Or you know the area, but you know you are not clear in the concept. Clear concept is not clear. Then if you are made a silly mistake, silly mistake. If you have not noted all the options, if I noted a particular word, you have overlooked the word, then you say overlooked the word. Like that, you know, give comments on the technicality. I would call this technicality, not the academic knowledge. The technicality of question taking. Okay, where you technically failed. Okay, so that point has to be make note. And after analyzing for all the question, take the first page of the question. And in first question, what is the major mistake you are making? Are you overlooking the words? Or you know, you are not able to understand the question. Or you are leaving the options. What is your major problem? List it down. Just going to the next test, you have to read that and go. 100% your, you know, wrongs will not be repeated. We repeat our wrongs because we fail to document our wrongs. Okay, the greatest civilizations involved, whether it is Indian civilization or Chinese civilization or Egyptian civilization or the Jews. Okay. You just watch them. Why they're civilizations, they have documented their faults. All the religious scriptures is nothing but, you know, record of the faults. So they're able to progress faster. Okay. And you know, people in religion, they ask to read Bhagavad Gita again and again. To read Bible again and again. Quran again and again. Why? To remind the mankind that these are the mistakes. So they resist the mistakes easily. Likewise, you also document your technical mistakes, not only academic mistakes. Okay. This point you have missed. Okay. So technical mistakes, you have to make a record of and then go for the next test and progressiveness. You have to record the marks like report card. No. For each test, you have to record the marks. Okay. And see whether there is progress. And sometimes this will be happening. Okay. Medieval India, usually we will not read much. All of us. Okay. Because that area questions vary as even if they're asking, they'll ask from the art and culture. Partly. Or if one direct question, one direct question for that, we need not read that much. Okay. In fact, the volume of minimal history is much. So now, if there is a test on Medieval India, definitely your scores will be less. So when you're making the comparison, don't make exact face to face comparison. That is wrong. That is wrong. Okay. So you have to leave the extreme tests. So supposing if I am taking a test batch, quality paper, I will not take that mark at all. Because I'm teaching quality for nine years. And if I am going to take that marks as my average mark, that won't reflect my preparation. So fully Medieval India paper, that also will skip. Other areas which I have covered that, in that I'll compare and see whether I'm progressing. Okay. Many of you feel defeated, feel demotivated when you get less scores in a non-important area. When we go for the test coverage area, sometimes we'll have to segregate the syllabus in such a way that not much question will come from that particular test. But still it has to be covered because it is part of the syllabus. We cannot skip it. So in those tests, when you're getting less score, don't get demotivated. Go ahead. And one more thing is, if you are, the first time you're taking exclusive test batch, not a repeater, initially for the first four tests, your score will be very bad. Sometimes it may go negative also, 10, 20, because I have asked you to attempt more number of questions. So when you attempt more number of questions, more number of negatives, your score will be less. But the first four tests, what is your idea to learn the technique, to learn where you're making a mistake. So don't worry about your mark. Leave, or don't get demotivated. Just think that, this time I've got this score, I have potential to improve. I've noted down all the academic or understanding where I went wrong. Technically also where I went wrong, I've noted down. So now I'll be doing efficiently. Like that, motivate yourself and keep in the run. Next is, we have to talk about the techniques that should be followed during the test. Okay. First of all, there are different types of questions. Okay. Types of questions means I'm not dealing with telling that it is a two line question. I like that. I'm not describing the question. Based on your testing, you should categorize the questions. What is the type of questions? Okay. You have to categorize inside the examination or inside during the test. So before categorizing, I have left an important point to read the instructions properly. Okay. We will directly jump and suddenly they may add many new things. You may miss the point. Okay. So especially in CSAT paper and all, read the instruction. In case of CSAT paper, generally, at least CSAT paper will make a slight turnover of the pages. Okay. To see in which area the questions are. So accordingly, you can prepare your strategy. Set your mind. Okay. So this year, that was the problem. There was a lot of mental ability questions. But if you have just started the question paper, your mind would ready. Okay. There are more number of mental ability questions. So definitely easy mental ability questions you have to take and go. But CSAT paper, no issues. Okay. The only thing is you have to check whether all the question sheets are there. Okay. So all page number is correct. Like that you check it. So read the instructions properly and then categorize the questions. How do we have to categorize the questions? Okay. First, you have to know, call those questions meaning very easy questions. For you, I'm not saying for everybody because inside the examination, you don't know, okay, whether it is a easy question, difficult question and all. So whichever question is, you know, easy questions for you, call it as short, short questions. It has to be taken in the first round. It has to be taken in the first round itself. First round itself. Okay. So at least three rounds you can take. Okay. Because you have to cover as many as questions. You should not stagnate in the question paper. In one question, you will not be able to answer easy questions. So first, try to answer easy questions. Difficult ones can be dealt later. Always remember this. So short, easy questions for you, the examination on it should go for the first round. And the short questions mark in the OMAR also simultaneously. That will save time that will give confidence. But in case of, you know, the other questions, 50-50 type, which means if four options are there, you will be able to choose two options you will get confusion. That type of questions are called as 50-50 type questions. Okay. So in the first round itself, what you have to do is short short questions, you have to mark in the OMAR. No need to make any sign for the short short questions because you have already answered it. Okay. So no mark on them. But 50-50 type of questions, no. If you decided that two is able to be eliminated, having a doubt, having a dilemma between two options, don't overthink very important. Don't overthink. Leave the question there. Leave it for the second round. 50-50 type question. Leave it for second round. But you must remember you must make some symbol. Okay. Because you must know what type of categorization you have given. Okay. So leave it for second round and make some symbol. Okay. So for example, I will make a survey. Okay. Suppose question number 11, 50-50, I will make round. So in the second round when I am coming, I will ask you questions which are not at all marked. And I will not see other symbols. I will just look for any circle questions. So I save a lot of time. See, most of the time, aspirants waste time by re-reading questions which you will never answer again and again. Suppose one question is question number 15. Completely, you don't know the question. It is better to give a symbol. You don't read it at all. In the second round, you have to give a symbol. Some kind of symbol you have to give. So that you can look it in the second round. Then, there is another type of question. In between, if you have doubts, hold on. After this discussion, this topic is over. I will give you time for asking them. Then, we have a type of question where one option eliminated question. So these questions has to be taken only when you are not having enough number of questions. And it should be taken only in the third round. Make some symbol. You can use your own symbols. I generally prefer to use a symbol like this. So, double cross. So that, this means this is period in the third round. So after first round itself, I am making this markings. When I come to the second round, these questions I leave because it is high rest questions. The chance of these questions becoming wrong is higher because you are able to eliminate only one option. So better to go for 50-50 type of questions in the second round. Then in the third round you can deal with these questions. Then you will not be eliminate the questions but there is a type of questions called as instinct based questions. What is instinct based questions? You are not eliminate but looking at the question sharply you will say this should be the answer. Somewhere your mind will throw up the answer. So that also you make a mark. Some mark. This also third round. Definitely take these questions in the third round. Because now your mind is warmed up but remember do not take instinct based questions in the first round because you know every question you will feel instinct answers. That is a big issue. So first your mind should warm up to the test taking scenario. So the first and second round leave it. Third round definitely take the instinct questions. Maximum correct will come. That is why in the first round itself when you feel some confidence in that question you have some things. So I will just give a mark like this. So that we can go to that round. The instinct questions you are marking and you are taking the third round and then there is another questions called as not at all known questions. Unknown questions. Meaning you know nothing you cannot even understand the question. That area you think like art and culture questions you will feel as if you know you are left inside a desert or an island. So at that time don't worry. Okay. Sometimes you will be touching ego for example Buddhism how much ever you prepare for Buddhism. Okay. Every year they ask questions from Buddhism and every year it will be difficult. And you feel like I read so much of things I know I should touch the question. Don't do that mistake. If you don't know it's a factual purely factual question accept it. Okay. Think that you will deal with dealing some other questions and leave it I take a bold decision. Okay. I'll just strike across the question so that I'm not tempted to look at the question again. So decision making once again you basically want you to decide then and there. So first round is all about categorizing and then answering only the short short questions. Then you go for the second and third questions. Now what you have to do after the first round you have to calculate your score approximate calculation after categorization of the question you have to go for approximate calculation. So how I will do it you see in OMR it is easy for counting if you count 4, 4 like that if you count like literally 1, 2, 3, 4 you will miss some number in between so once again you will start counting counting itself will waste a lot of time okay. So the easy way of counting is count in clusters 4, 4 okay. So 4. 4, 8 then 12 16 like that okay. So count in clusters you will also complete faster and you will not need to repeat the count because I have experienced this in my test series and all first time and all I will use to literally count that will take lot of time 10 minutes 15 minutes sometimes you know sometimes it gives shocks also once again you know recount to ensure okay. So to avoid recounting like US elections you have to if you are prepared well as it should if you have covered the enough syllabus current affairs fully there is 4 topics well all the topics all the areas we have covered definitely in the first round itself okay. 30 to 35 questions will come or if at least 25 is coming be happy you are off the way off the well fast and you know if you do this way within 45 minutes of the examination this begin you would have covered all 100 questions you are leaving it for the second third round when the first round is over 25 to 30 questions you have 45 you are sure that you will get that much and also you have 1 hour 15 minutes extra and you also categorize the questions so you can deal with the difficult questions so remember in test taking also keep a watch before you and see to that the first round is completed in 45 minutes next second now in second also if you are taking once again more than 30 seconds in a question second time by the time first round you have gone now your mind will be very effectively working so second time you are seeing the 50-50 questions you will be able to identify the correct answer but that time also you are feeling no sir I am not confident I am not able to eliminate this don't over think 30 to 40 seconds maximum 1 minute after that leave the question and go to the next question because among the 50-50 questions now maybe the last 50-50 type of questions you mark everything you know but beginning 2 to 3 questions once again may create trouble for you so 50-50 questions you mark once again if it gives you a dilemma for 30 minutes and more immediately you go for completely all the things then you can come and see the difficult ones can be treated later see if the easy sticks you have enough firewood for your cooking that is it's a problem actually now if you see a tree you want to cut the bark of the tree you will spend 6 hours 8 hours or even 2 days 3 days to cut and use that but if you just pick the firewood which has fallen branches which has fallen from the tree that itself is enough for cooking that day the next day you can come and see what I am talking about the UK preparation also pick the easy ones first then we can deal with the difficult ones so now first round and second round completed itself you should have come around 80 that is the best preparation if you are not coming around 80 then go for the third round third round is only when you have not reached 80 questions in the first two rounds if you have reached 80 questions in the first two rounds leave it you are safe thank god and 100% you clear you clear only when you are having the shortage of questions then to deal with the shortage go for the third round the third round also first you have to look for the easy questions first so that see whether you are able to cross that magic figure of 80 don't go linearly so first round is very crucial if you do the categorization properly second and third round that can be done very slowly and you can the very bad thing about this is we will not leave things we will stick to something thinking that how come this small question is unanswerable I will answer then only I will go to the next question there will be difficult questions for around 30 to 35 for all even the toppers even the toppers in prelims they also will make mistakes or they will also not know two questions 20 to 25 questions will come wrong to them 90 so 90 minus 20 70 in that 70 once again for 26 marks only will go so 64 64 60 60 120 130 see how high the score is so that is why put more and when you put more if more answer to be correct your preparation coverage should be there and your test taking also it should be a comprehensive test taking you should correct don't mix up things so this is about you know the test taking skills okay I've told you please do apply that when you practice it only the strategy will go into your mind okay and and CSAT this will be heavily helpful my students have used this in CSAT they have picked up the easy questions easy question itself 35 many of them have been stuck with the difficult questions 5 to 10 questions and they wasted their entire time thinking some 20 to 30 minutes will go without even you are aware that time is flying because you will be intensively thinking so that is why don't overthink I give you another basic principle think but don't overthink think in the examination apply logic when you feel that you are over thinking move on to the next question now we have to talk these are the topics for quality okay in the first test make note of these historical background less importance you can fast read it but it is less priority fast complete and how to read historical background just don't memorize the drafting committees don't memorize the what happened in this act so Indian constitution you are reading federalism parliament reform of government decentralization joint electorate reservation for ICST so go and see in which it has initiated that's all in 1909 they will start then 1932 come in and award will be there okay then Poonapak will be there all these things resulted in reservation for ICST and joint electorate in the Indian constitution so if you link and read you will remember easy decentralization 1861 act they start decentralization from 1861 act federalism 1935 act so first go to the idea that is very difficult we will not remember everything so federalism which acts okay so if you analyze and read itself things will get into your mind secularism okay so you go back and see okay what is the need for secularism communal award was given for muslims also those extended muslims partition of Bengal 1905 so that along with surat split okay so those things and all you can mark so that historical background for that like you know he does also Nehru what is his character he is a prime minister so union powers committee he will be head minorities commission minorities committee headed by Patel okay so think like some people are accusing that Patel is a majority but he was in charge of minority think something okay so that it will go to the okay but however when you read analytically it reinforces modern India it also give more ideas for you to cover the problems examination concept based questions now salient feature is the most important area salient feature of Indian constitution you have to spend more time you know you need to have a detailed okay whatever there in Lakshmikanth book is not enough salient features as you know as well as preamble both okay so if you have attended my class class notes we visit the class notes because I have covered the in detail for problems examination as well as main point of view so we read them okay that will help you to take questions on this area those who have not attended my class there is a book political science and international relation okay the name of the book is introduction to my class my class notes is enough because from those important points as well as other points I have told in the class itself and I have cut down unnecessary things from that book okay so don't waste time if you have attended the class stick to my class notes if not you have attended my class notes then I suggest to read that book then citizenship it is third priority so far they have not asked VPSP fundamental UD then historical background and finally citizenship chapter the recent amendments to the citizenship citizenship amendment act NRC NPR census those areas there may be a question on national population register national register on citizen CAA citizenship amendment act census okay census that house listing socio-economic census okay so those areas can at least one question at least one question every year from fundamental rights part now what you will do is you will memorize all the fundamental rights that is the wrong strategy in the Lakshmikan book and institute book first there will be characteristic feature of fundamental rights you have to read that now what are the characteristic features you know most of the fundamental rights is available against state only okay some of the fundamental rights is available against private individual also that is one of the character right now you have to go and study each article and see which of the article is available against state only which are the articles which is available for private individual also okay you do the work when you do only you will understand the fundamental rights part I will give some some you know not exhaustive but some article 17 abolition of integrity against private individual article 23 against private individual article 24 against private individual article 15 class 2 against private individual deeper look you will be able to identify all these okay so which of the articles article 15 class 2 17 23 24 and the remaining and all cross check whether it is only against state why it is not against private individual think see you should ask why question always why this is available against private individual why this is only against state you will get answer and easily your mind also will record that in mind so in examination what will become is because you will literally linearly study fundamental rights you should not do that you should study fundamental rights through characteristic features okay so first the characteristics which are said it is available against the state see here also keyword when you have studied the characteristic features most of the time the last fundamental rights are against the state in examination looking at against the state you have cross checked all the things so you are able to keep in mind okay this character as well as the respective article some of the rights is available only for citizens some are available for foreigners also so which are the rights that is available for citizens please cooperate with me quickly take note article 15 16 19 29 30 there is one article article 22 class 1 it is not available for enemy areas not available for enemy areas reminding all the articles is available for foreigners also reminding all the articles for foreigners also now fundamental rights are not absolute they have reasonable restriction that is another character now there are some fundamental rights which is absolute what are they article 17 and article 30 the absolute fundamental right they don't have reasonable restrictions now go on cross check why other are having reasonable restrictions some are positive some rights are negative and some are positive some are negative rights some are positive rights so you have to see each article article 14 in article 14 equality before law is negative equal protection of law is positive I will tell you what is negative and what is positive most of you will confuse the area only negative means absence of action positive means there is some action okay State, equal protection of law, there is action from the state, so we call it as positive. Article 15, negative. Article 16, negative. The state shall not discriminate. There is no intervention of state. The exception to this article will be positive. I believe that I don't want to confuse you, but we just see articles. Article 17, abolition of untouchability. It is positive. See, why it is positive? Here, you may say, abolition of untouchability means the state has to abolish untouchability. State should do some action. And the state should create a law to punish people who are involved in untouchability. So, abolition of untouchability is positive. Abolition of titles. See, the content, the topic is abolition of titles. They are doing it one-time abolition. And when the content will say, the state shall not give title to its citizen. The citizen shall not receive. So, article 18 is negative. Article 18 is negative. Freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly, association, occupation and all. Whether it is negative or positive. Give me answers, no. You may think it is negative, but it is not negative. See, positive is there should be action of state as well as state will give some privilege to the citizens. So, freedom of speech and expression is like a privilege. And you know, whenever freedom of speech and expression is violated, the state goes and acts. Reason Charlie Hebdo incident in France that explains, no, the state goes and supports the freedom of speech and expression of the individual. So, it is positive. What about article 21? It is negative. But it has been made positive by inferred rights. The original article 21 is, there shall be no cut element of right to life and liberty except according to pressure established by law. But later on, they changed into due process of law and said, you should give additional right to clean environment, right to food, right to water, right to information at all order. So, originally it was negative. It was made positive by inferred rights. Article 22 negative. Article 23-24 positive because the state has to provide rehabilitation, welfare. Article 25 positive, right. Article 26 negative. Article 27 negative. Now, you guys know, if you try to memorize this, you will not be able to remember. Now, I am able to tell you because I have thought through why it is positive, why it is negative. Negative means there won't be action of the state. There will be no state intervention. Positive means it will be giving some privilege to the citizens or there will be some action of the state. State will act to ensure it. Article 30 is positive. Article 30 is positive. Article 29 negative. Article 28, there is while some provisions positive or negative, they won't go that far. So, leave that article. You just think through. Next is, fundamental rights are justiciable. Fundamental rights are justiciable. And you know that justiciable means you can go to the court of law, you can directly go to the Supreme Court. So, Article 32. So, through that you can learn Article 32. Then, very important, they are not sacrosanct and permanent. They are not sacrosanct and permanent. This point you leave it. When you are asking in the examination they say fundamental rights are sacrosanct. First time those who read it will feel that it is a correct statement. Sacrosanct means something only. So, you think fundamental rights are so holy. It's true. But why we are saying it is not sacrosanct? It can be changed. It can be amended. If something is sacrosanct, we cannot change it. But fundamental rights can be changed. So, remember fundamental rights are not sacrosanct and it is not permanent. And as you know, fundamental rights can be suspended. So, which rights are suspended when? And why fundamental rights can be suspended during emergency? So, those points you can learn that is easy for you. Now, another important point. There are some fundamental rights which are non-self-executory. Some are self-executory. Some are self-executory. Some are non-self-executory. So, I will tell you what is self-executory. If fundamental right is implemented by itself, fine, self-executory. But it is not complete. Parliament has to legislate. Then only it can be implemented means it is non-self-executory. When we need a parliamentary law to execute, implement a fundamental right, then it is non-self-executory. Non-self-executory. It cannot be implemented executed by itself. The word executory means implementable. Example, untouchability, article 17, article 23, article 24. These and all, these articles, forced labour, child labour, prevention, untouchability and all, cannot be implemented by itself. Can we abolish untouchability just by saying untouchability is abolished? No, that is not possible. So, that is why they are saying let's go for parliamentary law. Let a parliamentary law be created and that law will help in implementation of these articles. So, these articles are non-self-executory. So, article 17, article 23, 24, article 33, 34 are non-self-executory. Further, you go and check the list. There are two more points. And this exercise will ensure that you need not reread the fundamental rights again. You easily internalize them. So, what are the non-self-executory articles? Articles 17, 23, 24, 33 and 34. Other articles know in article 16, 32, one provision alone. Not the entire article, article 16 and 32. One provision is non-self-executory. You check and find out what provision is that. Now, one more thing. In book, you have the significance of fundamental rights. See, for all salient features, fundamental rights, DPSP, fundamental duties, their characteristics and significance, you have to read. So, there is a topic, significance of fundamental rights. In that, when you read that characteristics, you will find some words, fundamental rights helps us in moral development. Fundamental rights is limitation of the state power. Fundamental rights protects the individual liberty. So, they have not mentioned, Lakshmikanth or Institute Book would have not mentioned an article in that. You just connect it to an article, you will understand the concept and the concept will get into your mind. There is one word, fundamental rights will give moral development. How moral development? There is no childhood ever. So, you can use your childhood for your development. There is no forced labour. There is no beggar system. There is no forced prostitution. So, which in all helps in a moral life. So, it is helped in moral development. There is right to occupation. There is right to assembly. So, material development is possible. So, the significance area, from that, read the fundamental rights. So far, you would have been making the mistake. You would have skipped these characters and the significance of fundamental rights and read the articles linearly. You will never understand fundamental rights. And even if you read, you will not be able to answer. So, follow this method. Easily, you can complete. Even revision will not be acquired much. Maybe before the examination, this article numbers, once again, whatever you have prepared, you have to memorize and go again. Just not to make any mistake. Now, otherwise, conceptual understanding and all will stay stick into your mind. Not a problem. Okay. Okay. In DPSP, how they will ask the questions. Okay. So, this is where, very important, you need to always categorize things. You need to categorize. So, in DPSP, usually how they will ask what is Gandhian principle? What is social principle? What is liberal intellectual principles? Instead of literally reading, divide, categorize. So, how we are categorizing based on ideologies and based on what is newly added, newly added, why it is added. So, this is the scope of the prelims examination. Cooperative societies, why they have added. Production of environment, why they added. Okay. So, like that if you read, that is enough. For mains, what are the hurdles in implementation of DPSP? So, now you need not prepare in that way. Okay. But make note how to, in case of DPSP, what are the hurdles in implementing the existing DPSP? Okay. Then, you know, you should see for the exceptions always. So, this one strategy is, you know, how to read politics. Now, this strategy, you don't only use here. Okay. I am giving an example how to categorize in DPSP. Fundamental rights also you can categorize. How can categorize? What are political rights? What are social rights? What are cultural rights? So, last year they asked the question, untouchability comes under which part of the fundamental rights. Right to equality, literally. Okay. The UMSA said it is right against exploitation also. Yes. But in constitution under which category they have given, right to equality. So, you can categorize form groups. Okay. Similar kind of articles you should relate them to. Then exceptions, you have to read the exceptions that is very important. Another technique it is. So, what are the directives which is given outside DPSP? This you can apply across quality. So, what is the characteristics of DPSP? DPSP is non-justiceable. So, which are till now non-justiceable, which are justiceable? That categorization you don't prepare. Okay. So, which of the DPSPs have been made justiceable? For example, article 40 made justiceable. Okay. In article 42, social security, labor legislation has been created. Then article 43, village industries, some schemes have been developed. So, you should categorize which are being just made, justified, which are made schemes like that you have to categorize them. So, they may ask a question. Then, what are the reasons for being non-justiceable is the main question. But, you know, what are justiceable? What are not justiceable is prison's question. That is, DPSP can be made justiceable or enforceable by law. DPSP can be made justiceable by court of law. See, this is a repeat question and brilliance examination. Now, you tell me which statement is correct, which statement is wrong? One statement is correct, one statement is wrong. Once again, don't think, you know, when I type something is correct. Wait for political. Yes, I want answers. Very good. The first statement is correct. Because by parliamentary law, you can make DPSP justiceable. Okay. So, first we are learning, no, it is non-justiceable. Immediately when you say justiceable, you make confused. It is justiceable or enforceable by law. When it is given law, it is parliamentary law, meaning. But, when they are giving DPSP can be made justiceable by court of law. It means judiciary. Since, you know, law is given in both sentences, you should not think both are same. So, second statement is wrong. Okay. So, if you know this classification, fine. Likewise, you apply for fundamental duties also. What is the character of fundamental duties? Non-justiceable, same thing. It can be enforced by law, but it cannot be enforced by court of law. Same for fundamental duties also same thing. For preamble also same thing. Okay. So, they are common characteristics features. Okay. So, repeatedly asking this question once in two years. Okay. If you have a clear cut idea here, you won't put wrongly in that question. This year also we had one question. Okay. With respect to DPSP, they have asked the same question. With reference to provisions contained in part four of the constitution, which of the following statement is correct? They shall be enforceable by courts. Statement is correct or wrong? I will repeat the statement. DPSP shall be enforceable by courts. Wrong statement. They shall not be enforceable by any court. Repeat. They shall not be enforceable by any court. Correct or wrong? Correct. Statement is correct. Okay. No court cannot be. So, the third statement I am not, because not relevant to our discussion, but this point is repeated for DPSP and fundamental duties. They don't ask what exactly. Okay. If at all question is coming from DPSP and fundamental duties, either it is based on ideologies or newly added exceptions or characterizations. So, I have given you the priority areas. So, how to deal with, you know, direct questions. I told that direct and factual questions go fast. Don't wait. Interpretative questions. Okay. When I discuss few questions, at the end, you will understand that. Some three or four questions I will do. With that, you can understand, you know, how to go for interpretation questions. Before that, some more, you know, approach to prepare Indian quality. As I told you already, you should first after reading a provision, you should ask why that provision is there? Why that provision is there? What will happen if the provision is not there? What will happen if the provision is not there? Then third, you have to, you know, have a real-time example. So, if you are reading speaker's power, you know, when I read speaker's powers, you know, at that time, you know, Somnath Chatterjee, Stenyur and Meera Kumar took over as speaker. And now you will be calculating my age. I know. First time when I read quality, they were there. So, based on them, still I remember the functions of speaker. Okay. Even in the middle of the night, you wake me up and ask what are the functions of speaker I will be able to tell by remembering their faces. So, real-time examples, if you call it as associate memory, then only you will not get confused in the examination on clarity purposes. Then key concepts to define them in your own words and memorize them. I have memorized like this, federalism, two or more government division of powers, state autonomy. These are the key words in federalism, parliamentary form of government, interdependence and coordination between executive and legislature, sovereignty, externally independent, internally supreme. Secularism equal respect to all religions and principle distance to all religions. Thinking that secularism has principle distance. I know why it is called as principle distance. I have some examples in my mind. So, any question on secularism, I can easily handle. Now, you may ask, sir, where are these definitions? It is there in your book, there in your book. Only thing is, you have to take a short version because federalism, they'll explain five, six lines. In two lines, shortly, what is federalism? If one statement is giving an idea, sentence is giving an idea, mark it, memorize it. So, in case of concept-based question is coming, you can apply that definition and you will be able to easily arrive at the answer. So, define your own words. Like that, exactly I told you, silent features in preamble, sovereignty, socialism, secularism, federalism, independent judiciary, integrated judiciary, single solution. For all of them, you have a definition in your own words. Then, as I told, categorize things. Categorize. I gave you the example to DPSP. Exemption is also another thing. That also I explained. Okay. Now, you have to read quality like making law. What is the process of making law? Three readings. So, how to read? First time, read casually. So, for the first test, okay, till fundamental duties is there, rapidly, fastly read everything. Don't bother to memorize or understand. Just, you know, to get familiarity with the words to read through. Whatever understanding you're getting, find with it. In second time, previous questions, 2015 to 2019, previous questions, review them. And then, now you read in depth. You will get orientation. And also, I told you where to concentrate. Follow that approach also. That is the third reading. Have a question paper, in depth reading. And then, with my approach, you read. Your reading is complete. Okay. So, this is about your approaches. Okay. So, if you follow this approach, quality is going to be a cakewalk for you. Now, sometimes you will not get real-time example for what you're reading. Okay. So, at that time, what you have to do is, you imagine something okay, just like, you know, assume that, you know, you are a being an industry collector. And if this particular provision is there, how will you implement it? Or how it will protect your interest? Like that and all, if you think, you know, you will be able to easily remember the articles. Or when you're reading president, read as if you are the president of India. Okay. So, what are the areas where you can exercise powers? Where are the loopholes you can play with? Okay. Like that, if you think, automatically, you know, it will be interesting. And you will remember for life. And you will become an efficient bureaucrat also. Fine. Next is, some previous questions, as I said, we will discuss that to get an idea. See, this question is from Salem Fijers, Parliamentary System of Government. You will immediately become federal form of government in independent judiciary. The Salem Fijers repeatedly they're asking. This is 2020 question. Okay. 2020 question. First, all political parties in the parliament are represented in the government. See, I have remembered like this parliament means parliamentary form of government means interdependent and coordination between executive and legislature. Executive and legislature is coordinating and they're interdependent. Meaning, if prime minister does not work properly, Lok Chopa can remove the prime minister. If Lok Chopa is not working properly, prime minister can remove. So, both will cooperate. Fine. So, read the answers. No, first one will not come. All political parties in the parliament are represented in the government. That is not possible. Okay. So, by real-time example, the government is responsible to the parliament and can be removed by it. Whatever definition now, the same definition isn't different words. That's all. So, that is why I asked you to create definition in your words for these Salem Fijers and Priyambal from the book itself. Okay. And the short form, whenever that question is coming, that definition should bang on your mind. Then the government is elected by the people and can be removed by them. The government is elected by the people. Okay. That is democracy and the people cannot remove the government. Right. So, even if you are saying through elections, they can be removed. It is democracy. It's not parliamentary form and government is chosen by the parliament but cannot be removed by it before it gets fixed term. Okay. So, no, not like that. Government is responsible to the parliament and can be removed by it is the most appropriate answer. Here, while taking the questions, you will overlook the words. First time, when a person reads the statement, the constitution of India defines its basic structure in terms of federalism, secularism, fundamental rights and democracy. Okay. You will feel it is correct. Yes, because federalism is basic structure, secularism is basic structure, fundamental rights. But you would have overlooked the word defines. Is it the constitution which defines the basic structure? No, judiciary defines. So, the statement is wrong. So, you would have overlooked it. Many of them in 2020 examination, they put it wrong, the statement. Then this one, constitution of India provides for judicial review to safeguard the citizens' liberties and preserve the ideas on which the constitution is based. Reading the third line and fourth line, you will feel that yes, it is correct. Okay. But reading this judicial review, purposefully, you know, they have given this quote. So, in the first statement, you will read basic structure only. Here, you will be looking judicial review. And you would have already learned in the books that judicial review, word is not given in the constitution. That is highlighted in various tests also. Okay. So, you will think that, you know, constitution does not provide for judicial review. But look at this word. They are not saying constitution of India defines judicial review. It says provides for judicial review. So, the exact word may not be there, but the mechanism is there. So, the second statement alone is correct. Okay. So, too early is the correct answer. So, do not overlook the quality. There will be, generally, it will be overlooking. Sometimes, you will have a confusion how to answer, whether by interpretation, go by the constitution. Always go by the constitution. What is given in the constitution, based on that. Okay. Okay. This question we already saw, enforceable by. Okay. Now, think like a bureaucrat when you are answering quality questions. Think like a bureaucrat. Suppose they are asking that true meaning of freedom of speech and expression. They may be given, okay, freedom of speech and expression is your freedom to say whatever you want. Then freedom of speech and expression is limited by restrictions. So, both appear to be correct answer, but restriction is the correct answer because as for bureaucrat restriction is important. There was one question in 2018, which one of the following reflects the most appropriate relationship between law and liberty. Most appropriation relationship between law and liberty. So, there was a dilemma in that year, okay, between these two. No law, no liberty. Frequent change of law will be danger to liberty. Now, people find it very difficult to find answer because both appear to be correct. No law, no liberty means if there is no law, might will be right. Over is having power in the society, they will get all the liberty. But when there is law, all will get equal liberty. Even the weaker section will get liberty. So, law must be there to ensure liberty for all. If law is not there, liberty will be smashed by the powerful. So, there must be a law in order to have liberty. Next, frequent change of law will be danger to liberty. To see if the law is constantly changed, you will not be free to act. Today, they will say walking one kilometer is your freedom. Tomorrow, change of law. Walking one kilometer is not illegal. For example, reason company laws, within three years they changed many times, many amendments were made. Companies law amendment act 2013, companies law amendment act 2016, company laws amendment act 2019. Frequent change. So, what happened? Business people feel that they do not have liberty. They do not know what will be done. So, frequent change of law will be danger to liberty. Now, this is an interpretation based question. How to deal with it? Put bureaucratic filter. Now, think as a bureaucrat. As a bureaucrat, will you go for the first definition or second definition? You tell me. As a bureaucrat, you have to maintain the law and order. First one is correct. Very good. First one is correct because you want to maintain law and order. You want law so that you can maintain liberty for all citizens. But frequent change of law will danger to be liberty will be a statement given by an activist. So, quality interpretation based questions usually will be like this. Whether you look in the perspective of activist or whether you look in the perspective of bureaucrat. In UPSC, you have to give the answer based on the perspective of bureaucrat. Think already you are a bureaucrat. What is your job based on that interpret the fundamental rights, based on that interpret the constitution? See, I will give this. Governors office is an independent constitutional authority. Now, whether the statement is correct or not. Government office is independent constitutional authority. As per constitution, you are a bureaucrat who will go and implement the constitution. So, you will say that governor's office is an independent constitutional authority. Think like a bureaucrat. Not like a journalist or an activist. Now, I am making a statement. Governor should not be appointed by the central government. I am giving a statement. It is an opinion. Now, whether the statement is correct or not. I would say it is wrong because for bureaucrats, we need unity of the country. That is our priority. So, central government only should appoint a governor. Then only the administration will be proper. Otherwise, states may declare independence for themselves. State may act against the interest of the union government. There won't be coordination between center and the states. So, this is why I am asking an interpretation based question. Okay, you go for bureaucratic listening. And now, I would like you to watch my YouTube video in Shankarai's academy channel. Okay. I told you now, after first reading, you have to read the previous question. Then only you have to answer. So, I have done it for you. Okay, selecting important questions. Quality question. Part one, part two. Two parts are there. And I have been teaching here for nine years. And I have cleared my problems continuously with these techniques and my consecutive interviews. So, I have cleared with these strategies. Okay. And these strategies have never pulled me down. Even now, I am confident if you give me any paper, I will score 120 plus. So, that is because of the practice that I know I have shared my experience here. Done. I pray to God that, you know, you do well all the tests. You are able to prepare good health is there. Good mental attitude is there. No family problems. Everybody is supporting you. And this coming attempt, you are clearing, especially for the repeaters now. Don't ever worry. There are people who have got service in fourth attempt, fifth attempt and all. I don't want to say that you will take that much attempt. The coming attempt, you will clear. Okay. So, work with all hope. Okay. Thank you all. God bless you.