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Zochoten 増長天 (Zōchōten) literally means "lord who expands, lord who enlarges." This is sometimes translated as Sprouting Growth, to indicate Zochoten's role as a catalyst of spiritual growth.
Zochoten is one of the four Shintenno, a group of fierce-looking (忿怒相 funnusō) guardian deities who protect the four cardinal directions. In artwork, the four typically surround the central deity on Buddhist altars. Zochoten protects the southern quarter. Like the other members of the Shintenno group, Zochoten is dressed in armor (yoroi 鎧) and standing atop a demon (jaki 邪鬼). Zochoten is often depicted holding a halberd in the right hand, with the left hand clenched on the hip. However, the deity's attributes are not rigidly prescribed. The oldest statue of Zōchōten in Japan (see photo below), dated to the middle 7th century, is located at Hōryūji Temple 法隆寺 in Nara.
Zochoten by tradition is attended/served by the Gaki 餓鬼 (hungry ghosts; Skt. = Preta-gati) and the Kuhanda 鳩槃荼 (Skt. = Kumbhanda), a type of spirit-sucking Yasha 夜叉 (Skt. = Yaksha) who drain the vitality of people, said in some texts to have human form but with the head of horse, or said to be demons shaped like gourds, or to have scrotums shaped like gourds, or to have large scrotums; need to give Japanese name and source). In the Nichiren sects, Zochoten is #27 on the Gohonzon 御本尊 diagram.
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