Har Kissi Ko nahi Miltah Pyar zindagi mein-Janbaaz(1986)

Director:

Feroz Khan
Writers:

Madan Joshi (dialogue)
K.K. Shukla (written by)

Release Date:

10 June 1986 (India)

Wolfgang Köhler (January 21, 1887 June 11, 1967) was a German psychologist and phenomenologist who, like Max Wertheimer, Fritz Perls, and Kurt Koffka, contributed to the creation of Gestalt psychology.Köhler was born in the port city of Reval (now Tallinn), Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire. His family was of German origin, and shortly after his birth, they moved back to that country. There, raised in a setting of teachers, nurses and other scholars, he developed lifelong interests in the sciences as well as the arts, and especially in music.Gestalt psychology

In 1910-13, he was an assistant at the Psychological Institute in Frankfurt where he worked with fellow psychologists Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka. He and Koffka functioned as subjects for Wertheimers now-famous studies of apparent movement (or the phi phenomenon), which led them in turn to conclusions about the inherent nature of vision. They collaborated on the founding of a new holistic attitude toward psychology called Gestalt theory (from the German word for whole"), aspects of which are indebted to the earlier work of Stumpf (Köhlers teacher) and Christian von Ehrenfels (whose lectures at the University of Prague Wertheimer had attended).
[edit] Problem solving

In 1913, Köhler left Frankfurt for the island of Teneriffe in the Canary Islands, where he had been named the director of the Prussian Academy of Sciences anthropoid research station. He remained there for six years, during which he wrote a book on problem solving titled The Mentality of Apes (1917). In this research, Köhler observed the manner in which chimpanzees solve problems, such as that of retrieving bananas when positioned out of reach. He found that they stacked wooden crates to use as makeshift ladders, in order to retrieve the food. If the bananas were placed on the ground outside of the cage, they used sticks to lengthen the reach of their arms. Köhler concluded that the chimps had not arrived at these methods through trial-and-error (which American psychologist Edward Thorndike had claimed to be the basis of all animal learning, through his law of effect), but rather that they had experienced an insight (also sometimes known as an aha experience), in which, having realized the answer, they then proceeded to carry it out in a way that was, in Köhlers words, unwaveringly purposeful.Having fallen out of favor with the Nazis (for having opposed the dismissal of his Jewish colleagues), Köhler emigrated to the U.S. in 1935. He was offered a professorship at Swarthmore College, where he remained on the faculty for twenty years. In 1956, he became a research professor at Dartmouth College, and soon after also served as the president of the American Psychological Association. He died in Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1967.

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