Uploaded by wilsonta1 on Nov 1, 2007
Have you been indoctrination by educators in schools and universities. Know what it is before you answer!
Indoctrination (Propaganda)
1. Uses generalizations, "allness" statements: Lacks specific references and data.
2. One sided: Different or opposing views are either ignored, misrepresented, underrepresented, or denigrated.
3. Card stacking: Data carefully selected to present only the best or worst possible case. Language used to conceal.
4. Misleading use of statistics.
5. Lumpism: Ignores distinctions and subtle differences. Lumps superficially similar elements together. Reasons by analogy.
6. False dilemma (either/or): There are only two solutions to the problem or two ways of viewing the issue -- the "right way" (the writer or speaker's way) and the "wrong way" (any other way).
7. Appeals to authority: Statements by selected authority figures used to clinch an argument. "Only the 'expert' knows."
8. Appeals to consensus (bandwagon): "Everybody's doing it" so it must be right.
9. Appeals to emotions and automatic responses: Uses words and pictures with strong emotional connotations.
10. Labeling: Uses labels and derogatory terms to describe proponents of opposing viewpoint.
11. Ignores assumptions and built-in biases.
12. Language usage promotes lack of awareness.
Education
1. Uses qualifiers: Statements supported with specific references and data.
2. Circumspect and multifaceted: Issues examined from many points of view. Opposition fairly represented.
3. Balanced: Presents representative samples from a wide range of available data on the subject. Language used to reveal.
4. Statistical references qualified with respect to size, duration, criteria, controls source, and subsidizer.
5. Discrimination: Points out differences and subtle distinctions. Uses analogies carefully, pointing out differences and nonapplicability.
6. Alternatives: There are many ways of solving a problem or viewing an issue.
7. Appeals to reason: Statements by authority figures used to stimulate thought and discussion. "Experts" seldom agree.
8. Appeals to fact and logic: Supports arguments with impartially selected data and logic.
9. Appeals to people's capacity for thoughtful, reasoned responses: Uses emotionally neutral words and illustrations.
10. Avoids labels and derogatory language. Addresses the argument, not the people supporting a particular viewpoint.
11. Explores assumptions and built-in biases.
12. Language usage promotes greater awareness
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