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Les troupes aéroportées sont, en règle générale, des unités de l'armée de terre qui sont transportées au combat par des moyens aériens et larguées en parachute dans des opérations aéroportées. On les appelle habituellement les commandos parachutistes ou les paras. Au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, des planeurs ont également été utilisés comme vecteurs, notamment lors du débarquement de Normandie, permettant par leur capacité d'emport de débarquer des moyens matériels plus importants : jeep, blindés légers...
La Seconde Guerre mondiale, avec ses grandes offensives basées sur des ruptures de front, multiplia l'emploi des unités aéroportées. La première grande opération aéroportée coordonnée est organisée au printemps 1941 par les Allemands, qui s'emparent ainsi de la Crète. Certains manques dans la préparation de cette opération provoquèrent de fortes pertes, et les Allemands n'utilisèrent plus ces troupes qu'avec parcimonie.

Fallschirmjäger sind der Teil der Luftlandetruppen einer Streitkraft, deren originäre Hauptaufgabe nach erfolgtem Absetzen der überwiegend infanteristische Kampf gegen feindliche Kräfte ist. Die Luftlandung kann mittels Fallschirmsprung oder Hubschraubern durchgeführt werden, wobei meist nur solche Einheiten als Fallschirmjäger bezeichnet werden, die tatsächlich mit einem Fallschirm ihr Zielgebiet erreichen.

In vielen Armeen bildet die Fallschirmjägertruppe eine eigene Truppengattung innerhalb der Infanterie eines Heeres. Im deutschen Heer bilden die Fallschirmjäger eine eigene Truppengattung innerhalb der zu den Kampftruppen zählenden Infanterie. Verwandt mit den Fallschirmjägern sind andere luftbewegliche Kampftruppen, die organischer Teil anderer Truppengattungen, aller Teilstreitkräfte oder militärischer Organisationsbereiche sein können.

Kampfschwimmer und andere Spezialisten, die zwar eine Fallschirmsprungausbildung und auch den infanteristischen Kampf führen, aber nicht zu einer Fallschirmjägereinheit gehören, gelten nach Selbstverständnis der Fallschirmjäger nicht als Fallschirmjäger und umgekehrt.
Paratroopers are soldiers trained in parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force.

Paratroopers are used for tactical advantage as they can be inserted into the battlefield from the air, thereby allowing them to be positioned in areas not accessible by land. It is one of the three types of "forced entry" strategic techniques for entering a theater of war. This ability to enter the battle from different locations allows paratroopers to evade fortifications that are in place to prevent attack from a specific direction, and the possible use of paratroopers forces an army to spread their defenses to protect other areas which would normally be safe by virtue of the geography. (Another common use for paratroopers is to establish an airhead.)

This doctrine was first practically applied to warfare by the Italians and the Soviets. During World War II, however, the forces of these two countries were overstretched in their battle with their enemies and the elite paratroopers were mainly used on land. Instead, paratroopers were first used extensively in World War II by the Allies and the Germans (and in German service, were referred to as Fallschirmjäger.)

In World War II paratroopers most often used parachutes of a round design. These parachutes could be steered to a small degree by pulling on the risers (four straps connecting the paratrooper's harness to the connectors) and suspension lines which attach to the parachute canopy itself. German paratroopers, whose harnesses had only a single riser attached at the back, could not manipulate their parachutes in such a manner. Due to the limited capacity of period cargo aircraft (for example the Ju-52) they rarely, if ever, jumped in groups much larger than 20 from one aircraft. In English language parlance, this load of paratroopers is called a "stick", while any load of soldiers gathered for air movement is known as a "chalk". The terms[citation needed] come from the common use of white chalk on the sides of aircraft and vehicles to mark and update numbers of personnel and equipment being emplaned. Today, paratroopers still use round parachutes, or round parachutes modified as to be more fully controlled with toggles. The parachutes are usually deployed by a static line. Mobility of the parachutes is often deliberately limited to prevent scattering of the troops when a large number parachute together. Some military exhibition units, but most often special forces units, use "ram-air" paragliders which offer higher ability to turn and maneuver and are deployed without a static line from high altitude.

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