Antibodies

"Antibodies of the immunoglobulin G class are Y-shaped glycoproteins that circulate in the bloodstream. They bind to and inactivate foreign molecules—the antigens—and mark them for destruction. Each IgG molecule consists of two light chains and two heavy chains. The heavy chains have carbohydrates attached. The regions of the antibody that bind to antigens are located at the very tips of the two arms. Each arm of the antibody is composed of four domains. Two are called the variable domains, contributed by the heavy and light chains, and hence called VH and VL. The variable domains are attached to two constant domains, again one each from the heavy and light chains, and hence called CH and CL. Variable and constant domains share a similar structure, called the Ig fold. Each domain consists of a pair of beta sheets, one with three strands and one with five. A single covalent disulfide bridge holds the two sheets together, which results in a rigid and very stable domain. As their name implies, the variable domains vary in amino acid sequence from one antibody molecule to another, thus providing the vast diversity in structure required by the immune system. The antigen-binding site in the variable domains is composed of hypervariable loops that are especially susceptible to sequence variations. Sequence variations in the hypervariable loops are responsible for the specificity of antibodies to particular antigens. Antigens bind to the tip of each antibody arm, generally two molecules per antibody. In the example shown here, the antigen binds to the antibody via a large contact surface, providing a tight and highly specific association."

Essential Cell Biology, Second Edition
by Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, Walter
copyright 2004 by Garland Science Publishing

Category:

Science & Technology

Tags:

• Antibody
• Antibodies
• immunoglobulin
• IgG
• glycoprotein
• antigen
• domain
• protein
• peptide
• beta
• sheet
• strand
• amino
• acid
• disulfide
• bond
• bridge
• cell
• biology
• biochemistry
• science

[citizeneagle]

This is exactly what I wanted to know. Thanks

[MrPeace1959]

thanks for all who share ur knowledge, isn't it nice that, it shows that we are all as one human population in this small planet?

[r0galik]

@Jan4Solar Someone writes his comments stoned

[smilebright468]

Thank you so much! This was very helpful!

[04stg]

La animación es excelente.

[Jan4Solar]

If antibodies are called Liquid Gold, is this why Human Blood is termed Liquid Gold on the 3 Dimensional Plane?? Remember that in Light, are all colors and frequencies and we only need visualization and intention to shape our creation.....and every ion of a molecule is different according to it's electromagnetic frequency which is the intention it is to be what it is, like an acorn becomes an oak tree, or like stem cells are the growth of cells.

[gennarog]

Hello,

first of all, congrats for your research and knowledge. Then:

1)what are the top 3 foods that could trigger a genetic mutation, in my body, that would give me an active, "foxo 3a gene"?

2) some doctors say that taking vitamins in tablets is unuseful, as the body absorbs vitamins only when they come from the original source, ex vitC is absorbed only when eating an orange (or other foods containing vit C). Do you agree with this statement?

Gennaro

[JuCyb3rc4t]

@fancyladydiane1 ANA = anti-nuclei antibody, that's all I know

[tomtheshaman]

@XxViiiCkiiixX look it up or ask your professor.

[XxViiiCkiiixX]

can someone explain to me what an immunoglobulin is and what it looks like?

i though it was something like an antibody and that it attaches to the b cell somehow

[fancyladydiane1]

i want to know what is a dangerous level of ana in the blood 5 or under being normal mine was 17 i was told