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Peoples Of The Philippines, A. L. Kroeber, Professor of Anthropology, University Of California / American Museum Of Natural History
From the Preface... THIS Museum issues a series of handbooks of which this volume is the fourth dealing with primitive races. The earlier issues treat of restricted culture areas in North America, but the present volume presents the essential facts as to the racial and cultural characters of the Philippine Islands population. As will be seen in the following pages a large part of the Island population is Christian and far on the road to cultural assimilation. Neither in the Museum collections nor in this book do we attempt to describe the lives of these people, but only state their racial and historic relations to the Pagan and Mohammedan tribes still more or less successfully resisting the encroachments of European culture. As in most studies of this kind, the primitive peoples still surviving are taken as indications of what was once the prevailing culture of the whole population.
The racial exhibits in the American Museum of Natural History are grouped by halls, each hall containing collections from one geographical area. Thus one hall is devoted to the people of the Philippines and the neighboring East Indian islands. The collection in this hall furnishes illustrations of many subjects treated in this book. As a part of the wall decoration, there are many specimens of wood native to the islands, suggesting the floral and economic wealth of the country; but within the exhibition cases are objects selected to represent the skill and art of the less civilized tribes. The bulk of the collections came from the United States exhibit at the St. Louis Expedition of 1904, purchased and presented by Morris K. Jesup in 1905. To this were added later the Laura E. Benedict Bagobo collection and the Frederick Starr collections, purchased from the Jesup Fund. In addition generous donations of collections were made by William S. Kahnweiler, H. E. Bard, Charles H. Senff, and William Demuth. Dean C. Worcester presented his unrivaled collection of photographs from which were taken many of the accompanying illustrations.
We are also indebted to the University of California for the frontispiece. The maps and drawings were prepared by Mr. S. Ichikawa of the Museum staff. It may be added that the author, on leave of absence from the University of California, filled a temporary appointment in the Museum as Associate Curator in charge of the Philippine collections, during which interval this volume was written.
Illustrations
A Bontok Man (Frontispiece)
1. Negrito Man
2. Negrito Girl
3. Leg Ornament of Boar's Bristles. Negrito of Zambales
4. Jew's Harp and Comb worn as Hair Ornament. Negrito
5. Guitar of Bamboo, with Strings Slit Loose. Negrito
6. Bagobo Man with Bead-Embroidered Jacket
7. Bisaya Girl: Malayan Type
8. Tagalog: Malayan Type
9. Nabaloi Woman
10. Bontok Man equipped for War
11. Hunting Snare. Mangyan
12. Rice Terraces on Mountain Side. Ifugao
13. Nabaloi Women weeding a Terraced Rice Field
14. Incised Tube of Bamboo to hold Lime for Betel Chewing. Bagobo
15. Tree House. Gaddang
16. Moro Dwellings
17. Red Jar with White Pattern, Bikol; Moro Jar with Lid
18. Moro Outrigger Canoes
19. Use of the Fire Piston producing a Spark by Sudden Air Compression
20. Steel Fighting Ax. Kalinga
21. Ifugao Bolo or Work and Fighting Knife, with Sheath and Belt
22. Swords of the Mohammedans
23. Pipes of Pottery Nabaloi and Cast Brass Bontok
24. Moro Betel Boxes Cast in Brass
25. Brass Vase. Moro
26. Philippine Baskets
27. Tinggian Women Weaving
28. Bagobo Dance, Showing Dress and Weapons of Pagan Tribes influenced by Mohammedans
29. Filipino Hats
30. Bagobo Ear Ornaments of Shell and Bead-Fringed Comb worn as a Hair Ornament
31. Propulsive Weapons
32. Roof-Shaped Northern Type of Rectangular Shield with Exaggerated Prongs. Kalinga
33. Southern Type of Rectangular Shield with Scalloped Sides and Fringes. Bagobo
34. Circular Type of Shield Used by Mohammedans. Samal Moro
35. Moro Brass Helmet imitated from an Ancient Spanish Style; and Moro Body Armor of Buffalo Horn Plates and Brass Links
36. Moro Cannon
37. Carved Figure of a Spirit. Nabaloi
38. Religious Sacrifice of a Dog. Bontok
39. Philippine Alphabets
40. Patterns incised on Bamboo Lime Boxes
41. Ifugao and Negrito Spoons
42. Moro Musical Instrument
Maps
1. Races of the East Indies
2. Principal Islands, Rivers, Ranges, and Peaks of the Philippines
3. Density of Population in 1903
4 Pagans of Northern Luzon
5. Some Philippine Languages
6. Peoples of the Philippines
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