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Crude Oil Quality Tests Crude Oil Test Methods
API Gravity, Density, Relative Density of crude oil D287, D1298, D5002
Sediment Content in crude oil* D473
Water Content in crude oil* D4006
Sulfur Content in crude oil (also see sulfur testing) D4294
S&W (Centrifuge) D96, D4007
Crude Oil Assay: Visit the crude oil petroleum assay page.
Carbon Residue - Conradson / MCRT D189, D4530
Chloride - Organic (includes Naphtha Cut) D4929
Chlorides - Total UOP588, D4929
Chlorides - Inorganic UOP588
Crude Oil Assay Test Methods, By Quotation** Crude Oil Assay
Distillation, Atmospheric D86 Modified
Distillation, Fractional D2892 By Quotation**
Distillation (Vacuum Potstill) D5236 By Quotation**
Distillation, Reduced Pressure D1160
Distillation, Simulated by G.C. D5307
Hydrogen Sulfide (See Mercaptan Sulfur)
Light ends in crude oil GC
Mercaptan Sulfur & Hydrogen Sulfide SMS2268-1/UOP163
Mercury Detection (Trace Levels)
Metals in crude- Ni/V/Na (Solvent Dilution) AAS, AES D5863B
Metals in crude Ni/V/Fe (Digestion, Ashing) AAS, AES D5863A
See Fuels Section for more details on analyses for metals
Methanol content in crude oil GC
Pour Point D97
Pour Point of Crude Oils D5853 (Procedure A)
Pour Point of Crude Oils D5853 (Procedure B)
Reid Vapor Pressure D323
Salt Content D3230 / D6470 / IP77
Sediment by Membrane Filtration D4807
Sulfur / Sulphur Content and Detection
Sulfur Species Detection
Vapor Pressure D6377
Viscosity - Kinematic at 40 & 100C (100 & 210F if necessary) D445
Viscosity - Kinematic at other temps D445
Water Content - Karl Fischer D4377 / D4928
Water removal by centrifuge prior to testing for Sulfur etc.
Wax Content UOP46
Types of Crude Oils
The petroleum industry often characterizes crude oils according to their geographical source, e.g., Alaska North Slope Crude. Oils from different geographical areas have their own unique properties; they can vary in consistency from a light volatile fluid to a semi-solid. Classification of crude oil types by geographical source is generally not a useful classification scheme for response personnel, because general toxicity, physical state, and changes that occur with time and weathering are not primary considerations. Rather, the classification scheme provided below is more useful in a response scenario.
Class A: Light, Volatile Oils. These oils are highly fluid, often clear, spread rapidly on solid or water surfaces, have a strong odor, a high evaporation rate, and are usually flammable. They penetrate porous surfaces such as dirt and sand, and may be persistent in such a matrix. They do not tend to adhere to surfaces; flushing with water generally removes them. Class A oils may be highly toxic to humans, fish, and other biota. Most refined products and many of the highest quality light crudes can be included in this class.
Class B: Non-Sticky Oils. These oils have a waxy or oily feel. Class B oils are less toxic and adhere more firmly to surfaces than Class A oils, although they can be removed from surfaces by vigorous flushing. As temperatures rise, their tendency to penetrate porous substrates increases and they can be persistent. Evaporation of volatiles may lead to a Class C or D residue. Medium to heavy paraffin-based oils fall into this class.
Class C: Heavy, Sticky Oils. Class C oils are characteristically viscous, sticky or tarry, and brown or black. Flushing with water will not readily remove this material from surfaces, but the oil does not readily penetrate porous surfaces. The density of Class C oils may be near that of water and they often sink. Weathering or evaporation of volatiles may produce solid or tarry Class D oil. Toxicity is low, but wildlife can be smothered or drowned when contaminated. This class includes residual fuel oils and medium to heavy crudes.
Class D: Nonfluid Oils. Class D oils are relatively non-toxic, do not penetrate porous substrates, and are usually black or dark brown in color. When heated, Class D oils may melt and coat surfaces that become very difficult to clean. Residual oils, heavy crude oils, some high paraffin oils, and some weathered oils fall into this class.
These classifications are dynamic for spilled oils ... weather conditions and water temperature greatly influence the behavior of oil and refined petroleum products in the environment. For example, as volatiles evaporate from a Class B oil, it may become a Class C oil. If a significant temperature drop occurs (e.g., at night), a Class C oil may solidify and resemble a Class D oil. Upon warming, the Class D oil may revert back to a Class C oil.
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Monitor y probeta de agua en aceite modelo EASZ-1
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