Name Origin
From the mineral samarskite, named after a Russian mine official, Colonel Samarski.
"Samarium" in different languages.
Sources
Never found free in nature. Samarium is found in many minerals, including bastnasite, monazite and samarskite.
Primary producers are the USA, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia. Around 700 tons are produced annually.
Abundance
Universe: 0.005 ppm (by weight)
Sun: 0.001 ppm (by weight)
Carbonaceous meteorite: 0.17 ppm
Earth's Crust: 6 ppm
Seawater: Atlantic surface: 4 x 10-7 ppm Atlantic deep: 6.4 x 10-7 ppm Pacific surface: 4 x 10-7 ppm Pacific deep: 1 x 10-6 ppm
Uses
Used in carbon-arc lighting, permanent magnets, lasers, alloys, headphones and as an absorber in nuclear reactors.
Samarium oxide is used in optical glass to absorb infrared.
Samarium-Cobalt magnets; SmCo5 is used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material.
History
Samarium was first discovered spectroscopically in 1853 by Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac by its sharp absorption lines in didymium, and isolated in Paris in 1879 by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran from the mineral samarskite ((Y,Ce,U,Fe)3(Nb,Ta,Ti)5O16). Although samarskite was first found in the Urals, by the late 1870s a new deposit had been located in North Carolina, and it was from that source that the samarium-bearing didymium had originated.
The samarskite mineral was named after Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, the Chief of Staff (Colonel) of the Russian Corps of Mining Engineers in 1845-1861. The name of the element is derived from the name of the mineral, and thus traces back to the name Samarsky-Bykhovets. In this sense samarium was the first chemical element to be named after a living person.
Prior to the advent of ion-exchange separation technology in the 1950s, samarium had no commercial uses in pure form. However, a by-product of the fractional crystallization purification of neodymium was a mixture of samarium and gadolinium that acquired the name of "Lindsay Mix" after the company that made it. This material is thought to have been used for nuclear control rods in some of the early nuclear reactors. Nowadays, a similar commodity product goes under the name of "Samarium-Europium-Gadolinium" concentrate (or SEG concentrate). This is prepared by solvent extraction from the mixed lanthanoids extracted from bastnaesite (or monazite). Since the heavier lanthanoids have the greater affinity for the solvent used, they are easily extracted from the bulk using relatively small proportions of solvent. Not all rare earth producers who process bastnaesite do so on large enough scale to continue onward with the separation of the components of SEG, which typically makes up only one or two percent of the original ore. Such producers will therefore be making SEG with a view to marketing it to the specialized processors. In this manner, the valuable europium content of the ore is rescued for use in phosphor manufacture. Samarium purification follows the removal of the europium. Currently, being in oversupply, samarium oxide is less expensive on a commercial scale than its relative abundance in the ore might suggest.
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I thank you so much for this!
kirra16 5 months ago