In 1202, Leonardo Pisano (aka Fibonacci) published his seminal work Liber Abaci, introducing the base-ten numeral system to the Western World. In the same book, he posed a mathematical problem featuring the following sequence of numbers...
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, 514229, 832040, 1346269, 2178309, 3524578, 5702887, 9227465, 14930352, 24157817, 39088169...
Beginning with two 1s, each successive term is the sum of the previous two numbers.
This sequence appears in geometry, alegebra, number theory, and many other branches of mathematics.
It also appears in nature.
For example, the humber of ancestors at every generation of the male honey bee on its family tree is always a Fibonacci number.
The number of spirals of bracts on a pinecone is always a Fibonacci number.
In the close-packed arrangement of tiny florets in the core of a daisy blossom, there are twenty-one counterclockwise and thirty-four clockwise spirals.
The older sunflowers get, the more spirals they develo. However, the number of spirals is always a pair of Fibonacci numbers: 13:21, 21:24, 34:55, 55:89
Most flowers have the same number of petals as corresponds with a Fibonacci number.
The phyllotaxis ratio (leaf arrangement) of most species of plant corresponds with Fibonacci numbers; arrangements that maximise the space and light for each leaf.
As the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence grow larger, the ratio between any two consecutive terms approaches one of the most famous numbers in mathematics.
The Greek letter phi is used to represent this ratio, also known as the Golden Section, the Golden Number of the Divine Proportion.
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