Bahram Moshiri, بهرام مشيري - French Revolution, انقلاب فرانسه

The French Revolution has received enormous amounts of historical attention, both from the general public and from scholars and academics. The views of historians, in particular, have been characterized as falling along ideological lines, with liberal, conservative, communist, and anarchist scholars, among others; disagreeing over the significance and the major developments of the Revolution. Alexis de Tocqueville argued that the Revolution was a manifestation of a more prosperous middle class becoming conscious of its social importance. Other thinkers, like the conservative Edmund Burke, maintained that the Revolution was the product of a few conspiratorial individuals who brainwashed the masses into subverting the old order, a claim rooted in the belief that the revolutionaries had no legitimate complaints. Other historians, influenced by Marxist thinking, have emphasized the importance of the peasants and the urban workers in presenting the Revolution as a gigantic class struggle. In general, scholarship on the French Revolution initially studied the political ideas and developments of the era, but it has gradually shifted towards social history that analyzes the impact of the Revolution on individual lives.

Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history, and the end of the early modern period, which started around 1500, is traditionally attributed to the onset of the French Revolution in 1789. The Revolution is, in fact, often seen as marking the "dawn of the modern era". Within France itself, the Revolution permanently crippled the power of the aristocracy and drained the wealth of the Church, although the two institutions survived despite the damage they sustained.

The French Revolution 1789-1799 was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.

The French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in May. The first year of the Revolution witnessed members of the Third Estate proclaiming the Tennis Court Oath in June, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and an epic march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. The next few years were dominated by tensions between various liberal assemblies and a conservative monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. A republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed the next year. External threats also played a dominant role in the development of the Revolution. The French Revolutionary Wars started in 1792 and ultimately featured spectacular French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian peninsula, the Low Countries, and most territories west of the Rhine achievements that had defied previous French governments for centuries. Internally, popular sentiments radicalized the Revolution significantly, culminating in the brutal Reign of Terror from 1793 until 1794. After the fall of Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795 and held power until 1799, when it was replaced by the Consulate under Napoleon Bonaparte.

The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. The growth of republics and liberal democracies, the spread of secularism, the development of modern ideologies, and the invention of total war all mark their birth during the Revolution. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.

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• BAHRAM MOSHIRI
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[nadaram3]

Lanat bar Mohammad va Ale Mohammad

[YekEsfahaniDarParis]

کاشکی تنها مشکل "محمد و نوادگانش" بود. دوست گرامی، بخش زیادی از مشکل "خودمان" است. ما بایستی خودمان را بشناسیم: فرهنگ " بردگی و بردگی" بر ایرانیان چیره شده و در گوشت و پوست ما رخنه کرده است. فرهنگ چاپلوسی و دست بوسی و پابوسی و تا کمر دولا شدن ، نشان از چیست؟ ادبیات ایران مملو از چاپلوسی است. سیاستمداران ما هنوز بدنبال "مدینه" و قبیله "قریش" هستند. نام "برده داران" خودشان را بروی بچه هایشان میگذارند و سفره انداخته و به کربلا و مکه میروند. نگاهی به خانوادۀ پهلوی بیانداز تا ته خط را بخوانی! با سپاس

[chloemstar]

I googled my name "moshir" and this came up...

[MultiShabgard]

دست شما درد نکنه آقای اصفهانی در پاریس! من همۀ ویدئو های شما را به دقت نگاه می کنم و به دیگران توصیه می کنم. مطمئنأ زحمات شما بیهوده نیست و ثمر می دهد.

[babaknovo]

@Armita7000

سخن اتان درست و روشن و دریافتنی بنویسید!

[Armita7000]

sorry for the spelling alcohol and acquire

[Armita7000]

Mr.Moshiri just tell me when did you aquire all these knowledge about history,

when you are in euphoria post-opium or alchohol, or other exctracuriicular activities?! thanks

[artagar]

well done.. thanks

[beshkanbeshkan]

Thank you!