The Ghost in Your Genes - BBC Horizon

Biology stands on the brink of a shift in the understanding of inheritance. The discovery of epigenetics -- hidden influences upon the genes -- could affect every aspect of our lives.

At the heart of this new field is a simple but contentious idea -- that genes have a 'memory'. That the lives of your grandparents -- the air they breathed, the food they ate, even the things they saw -- can directly affect you, decades later, despite your never experiencing these things yourself. And that what you do in your lifetime could in turn affect your grandchildren.

The conventional view is that DNA carries all our heritable information and that nothing an individual does in their lifetime will be biologically passed to their children. To many scientists, epigenetics amounts to a heresy, calling into question the accepted view of the DNA sequence -- a cornerstone on which modern biology sits.

Epigenetics adds a whole new layer to genes beyond the DNA. It proposes a control system of 'switches' that turn genes on or off -- and suggests that things people experience, like nutrition and stress, can control these switches and cause heritable effects in humans.

In a remote town in northern Sweden there is evidence for this radical idea. Lying in Överkalix's parish registries of births and deaths and its detailed harvest records is a secret that confounds traditional scientific thinking. Marcus Pembrey, a Professor of Clinical Genetics at the Institute of Child Health in London, in collaboration with Swedish researcher Lars Olov Bygren, has found evidence in these records of an environmental effect being passed down the generations. They have shown that a famine at critical times in the lives of the grandparents can affect the life expectancy of the grandchildren. This is the first evidence that an environmental effect can be inherited in humans.

In other independent groups around the world, the first hints that there is more to inheritance than just the genes are coming to light. The mechanism by which this extraordinary discovery can be explained is starting to be revealed.

Professor Wolf Reik, at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, has spent years studying this hidden ghost world. He has found that merely manipulating mice embryos is enough to set off 'switches' that turn genes on or off.

For mothers like Stephanie Mullins, who had her first child by in vitro fertilisation, this has profound implications. It means it is possible that the IVF procedure caused her son Ciaran to be born with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome -- a rare disorder linked to abnormal gene expression. It has been shown that babies conceived by IVF have a three- to four-fold increased chance of developing this condition.

And Reik's work has gone further, showing that these switches themselves can be inherited. This means that a 'memory' of an event could be passed through generations. A simple environmental effect could switch genes on or off -- and this change could be inherited.

His research has demonstrated that genes and the environment are not mutually exclusive but are inextricably intertwined, one affecting the other.

The idea that inheritance is not just about which genes you inherit but whether these are switched on or off is a whole new frontier in biology. It raises questions with huge implications, and means the search will be on to find what sort of environmental effects can affect these switches.

After the tragic events of September 11th 2001, Rachel Yehuda, a psychologist at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, studied the effects of stress on a group of women who were inside or near the World Trade Center and were pregnant at the time. Produced in conjunction with Jonathan Seckl, an Edinburgh doctor, her results suggest that stress effects can pass down generations. Meanwhile research at Washington State University points to toxic effects -- like exposure to fungicides or pesticides -- causing biological changes in rats that persist for at least four generations.

This work is at the forefront of a paradigm shift in scientific thinking. It will change the way the causes of disease are viewed, as well as the importance of lifestyles and family relationships. What people do no longer just affects themselves, but can determine the health of their children and grandchildren in decades to come. "We are," as Marcus Pembrey says, "all guardians of our genome."

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Science & Technology

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[ZeusDeusEx]

The real substance in this documentary could be concluded in 20-50 sentences or so.

[CooDocu]

@ZeusDeusEx Yeah, I found after watching it that I hadn't learned a great deal as they stretched some things out a little. Still interesting though.

[ZeusDeusEx]

@PKWysocki Yes, sure. That's why intellectuals and people soaked up by the entertainment industry doesnt get the same amount of Nobel Prizes; many compared to zero.

[PKWysocki]

@ZeusDeusEx the way BBC made it, it's been a pleasure to watch it all the same.

[KyaniDave]

nature chooses who can have kids....you shouldn't have messed with it. all species has a fail safe.....some can breed and others can't....some are not allowed to breed by a stronger animal such as lions......IVF is something that should not be done. It goes against nature.

[fireserpent26]

@DonMega187 indeed!

[TheLizzy1551]

@DonMega187 if we do that, the female race will drop rapidly because everyone will want to keep their family going, and the whole world will end up like china.

[BWCmike]

sounds grossly exaggerated or maybe complete nonsense.

[DaftAida]

@papwalker99 We could add The Rockefellers, The Fords and yes, the family lines within papacy and jesuits most very certainly and I know of their deeds well. Selected these core 'brands of tyranny' as CoL shareholders dictating biowarfare with a specific obsession with genes. These few names are selected because they belong to the insane cabal considering themselves part of the 'master race' aka 'chosen people' by G-d to enslave others of a differing composition and genesis; us.

[NWOareScum]

@DonMega187 - you can't prove something using measures that ignore intuition and what people have lived by all along.

you can only say that you have proved it - within those parameters that your belief system has decided constitute proof.

science needs to take what people know inherently into account, if it's to be taken seriously in holistic terms.

if you ignore certain ways reality works like, how can you then prove they exist or not?

you can't, for you they will never exist.

[DonMega187]

@DonMega187 u must always keep in mind high doses of almost ANYTHING can be harmful. just eating lots of carrots will turn u orange hah

[DonMega187]

@fireserpent26 haha could be there's a little hidden warning there against pesticides. but u know no sensible documentary crew will critize use of pesticides as they have the backing of us government of the highest authority and will surely bring u lots of trouble. so they had to sneak it in. although the fact here being the rats are getting huge amounts of it, but perhaps we also suffer from more slower effect of the same kind