Use of CT scanning
When computed tomography, also called cone beam computed tomography or CBCT (3D X-ray imaging) is used preoperatively to accurately pinpoint vital structures, the zone of safety may be reduced to 1 mm through the use of computer-aided design and production of a surgical drilling and angulation guide.
[edit]Complementary procedures
Sinus lifting is a common surgical intervention. A dentist or specialist with proper training such as a periodontist, prosthodontist, or oral surgeon thickens the inadequate part of atrophic maxilla towards the sinus with the help of bone transplantation or bone expletive substance. This results in more volume for a better quality bone site for the implantation. Prudent clinicians who wish to avoid placement of implants into the sinus cavity pre-plan sinus lift surgery using the precision diagnostic guidance afforded by a 3D CBCT X-ray, as in the case of posterior mandibular implants discussed earlier.
Bone grafting will be necessary in cases where there is a lack of adequate maxillary or mandibular bone in terms of front to back (lip to tongue) depth or thickness; top to bottom height; and left to right width. Sufficient bone is needed in three dimensions to securely integrate with the root-like implant. Improved bone height -- which is very difficult to achieve -- is particularly important to assure ample anchorage of the implant's root-like shape because it has to support the mechanical stress of chewing, just like a natural tooth. If an implant is too shallow, chewing may cause a dangerous jawbone crack or full fracture.
Typically, implantologists try to place implants at least as deeply into bone as the crown or tooth will be above the bone. This is called a 1:1 crown to root ratio. This ratio establishes the target for bone grafting in most cases. If 1:1 or better cannot be achieved, the patient is usually advised that only a short implant can be placed and to not expect a long period of usability.
A wide range of grafting materials and substances may be used during the process of bone grafting / bone replacement. They include the patient's own bone (autograft), which may be harvested from the hip (iliac crest) or from spare jawbone; processed bone from cadavers (allograft); bovine bone or coral (xenograft); or artificially produced bonelike substances (calcium sulfate with names like Regeneform; and hydroxyapatite or HA, which is the primary form of calcium found in bone). The HA is effective as a substrate for osteoblasts to grow on. Some implants are coated with HA for this reason, although the bone forming properties of many of these substances is a hotly debated topic in bone research groups. Alternatively the bone intended to support the implant can be split and widened with the implant placed between the two havles like a sandwich. This is referred to as a 'ridge split' procedure..
Bone graft surgery has its own standard of care. In a typical procedure, the clinician creates a large flap of the gingiva or gum to fully expose the jawbone at the graft site, performs one or several types of block and onlay grafts in and on existing bone, then installs a membrane designed to repel unwanted infection-causing microbiota found in the oral cavity. Then the gingiva is carefully sutured over the site. Together with a course of internal antibiotics and external antibiotic mouth rinses, the graft site is allowed to heal (several months).
The clinician typically takes a new panoramic x-ray to confirm graft success in width and height, and assumes that positive signs in these two dimensions safely predicts success in the third dimension, depth. Where more precision is needed, usually when mandibular implants are being planned, a 3D or cone beam X-ray may be called for at this point to enable accurate measurement of bone and location of nerves and vital structures for proper treatment planning. The same X-ray data set can be employed for the preparation of computer-designed placement guides.
Correctly performed, a bone graft produces live vascular bone which is very much like natural jawbone and is therefore suitable as a foundation for implants.
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TheLeilisa 1 year ago