Testing Insectcides for Fly Control 1950s

Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Some examples of chemically-related pesticides include: 1) Organophosphate Pesticides - These pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Most organophosphates are insecticides. Some are very poisonous (they were used in World War II as nerve agents). However, they usually are not persistent in the environment; 2) Carbamate Pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. The enzyme effects are usually reversible. 3) Organochlorine Insecticides were commonly used in the past, but many have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects and their persistence (including DDT and chlordane); 4) Pyrethroid Pesticides were developed as a synthetic version of the naturally occurring pesticide pyrethrin, which is found in chrysanthemums. Some synthetic pyrethroids are toxic to the nervous system. For more information on pesticides, go to the USEPA website http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/index.htm . The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 published specific and standardized procedures and guidelines for testing mosquito adulticides for indoor residual spraying and for treatment of mosquito nets. This guidance is available at http://www.who.int/whopes/guidelines/en/ . This includes In general, the following ethical rules: 1) benefits of research should be equitable among the communities and individuals involved. Communal consent must be obtained from community leaders. 2) participants should be informed in clear, comprehensible terms in the local language about the objectives, study protocol, and advantages and inconveniences. Participants should be told they have complete liberty to participate or refuse to participate. The content of an information sheet cleared by the ethics committee should be made available to every community member. 3) Confidentiality of information must be maintained. 4) Assurances should be given that the community and local, regional and national health officials will be informed about the trial's findings. 5) For interventions applied to the entire community, the community must decide collectively, although individuals do have the option to refuse at a household level. A village committee or mechanism that can represent the interests of the community is required. This is clipped from the 1955 film, Everyman's enemy the housefly (18.54 min). The film shows the life of the housefly and its importance in the spread of disease, especially typhoid and dysentry. Control measures applicable to refuse sites, food processing factories and hospitals are also discussed. The entire film is available at the Wellcome Library at http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/index.html .

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